Revisiting the Galactic Winds in M82 II: Development of Multiphase Outflows in Simulations

Abstract

We performed a suit of three-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations with a resolution of $\sim 10$ parsecs to investigate the development of multiphase galactic wind in M82. The star formation and related feedback processes are solved self-consistently using a sink particle method, rather than relying on various assumptions that were used in previous studies. Our simulations produce a starburst event lasting around 25 Myr, which has a total stellar mass of 1.62 - 3.34 $\times 10^8{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$, consistent with observational estimates. The total injected supernova energy is between $1.14\times 10^{57}$ and $2.4\times 10^{57}\mathrm{erg}$. Supernova (SN) feedback heats portions of the cool gas in the central disc to warm and hot phases, and then drives the gas in all three phases out, eventually forming multiphase outflows. These outflows can replicate key properties of the winds observed in M82, such as morphology, mass outflow rate, and X-ray emission flux, provided the gas return from star-forming clumps to the interstellar medium is implemented appropriately. The maximum mass outflow rate of all gas (hot) is about 6-12 (2-3)${\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }/yr$ at $r\sim 4.0$ kpc, corresponding to a mass loading factor of 2-4. However, the outflow velocities in our simulations are slower than observational estimates by $\sim 20\%-60\%$. The gas return process significantly influences the outflow properties, while the initial gas distribution in the nuclear region has a moderate effect. However, our results face some challenges in achieving convergence as the resolution increases. We discuss potential improvements to address these issues in future work.

30 pages, 19 figures. ApJ published

References in corpus (73)

• On the variation of the Initial Mass Function
• The Global Schmidt Law in Star Forming Galaxies
• Galactic Winds
• Core-Collapse Supernovae from 9 to 120 Solar Masses Based on Neutrino-powered Explosions
• On the Maximum Luminosity of Galaxies and Their Central Black Holes: Feedback From Momentum-Driven Winds
• Starburst-driven Mass Loss from Dwarf Galaxies: Efficiency and Metal Ejection
• Modelling Accretion in Protobinary Systems
• What Shapes the Luminosity Function of Galaxies?
• A Recipe for Galaxy Formation Shaun Cole
• Theoretical Challenges in Galaxy Formation
• Absorption-Line Probes of Gas and Dust in Galactic Superwinds
• Ubiquitous outflows in DEEP2 spectra of star-forming galaxies at z=1.4
• The Athena++ Adaptive Mesh Refinement Framework: Design and Magnetohydrodynamic Solvers
• Outflows in Infrared-Luminous Starbursts at z < 0.5. II. Analysis and Discussion
• Cool Outflows in Galaxies and their Implications
• The Star Formation Rate of Supersonic MHD Turbulence
• Properties of Galactic Outflows: Measurements of the Feedback from Star Formation
• Modeling Collapse and Accretion in Turbulent Gas Clouds: Implementation and Comparison of Sink Particles in AMR and SPH
• Momentum Injection by Supernovae in the Interstellar Medium
• Starburst-driven galactic winds: I. Energetics and intrinsic X-ray emission
• Outflow Feedback Regulated Massive Star Formation in Parsec-Scale Cluster Forming Clumps
• Supernova feedback efficiency and mass loading in the starburst and galactic superwind exemplar M82
• The Systematic Properties of the Warm Phase of Starburst-Driven Galactic Winds
• Grackle: a Chemistry and Cooling Library for Astrophysics
• The Asymmetric Wind in M82
• Demographics and Physical Properties of Gas Out/Inflows at 0.4 < z < 1.4
• The lifecycle of molecular clouds in nearby star-forming disc galaxies
• Molecular Gas in M82: Resolving the Outflow and Streamers
• Embedding Lagrangian Sink Particles in Eulerian Grids
• Radiation pressure from massive star clusters as a launching mechanism for super-galactic winds
• Cosmic Chemical Evolution
• Before the first supernova: combined effects of HII regions and winds on molecular clouds
• Three-phase Interstellar medium in Galaxies Resolving Evolution with Star formation and Supernova feedback (TIGRESS): Algorithms, Fiducial model, and Convergence
• Modeling UV Radiation Feedback from Massive Stars: II. Dispersal of Star-Forming Giant Molecular Clouds by Photoionization and Radiation Pressure
• How To Model Supernovae in Simulations of Star and Galaxy Formation
• Ionized gas outflows and global kinematics of low-z luminous star forming galaxies
• Cosmic-ray Driven Outflows in Global Galaxy Disk Models
• The Nature of Starburst Activity in M82
• Clustered Supernovae Drive Powerful Galactic Winds After Super-Bubble Breakout
• The Physical Nature of Starburst-Driven Galactic Outflows
• Characterizing mass, momentum, energy and metal outflow rates of multi-phase galactic winds in the FIRE-2 cosmological simulations
• Towards a more realistic sink particle algorithm for the RAMSES code
• The Eddington Limit in Cosmic Rays: An Explanation for the Observed Faintness of Starbursting Galaxies
• Enhanced Momentum Feedback from Clustered Supernovae
• The Role of Cosmic Ray Transport in Shaping the Simulated Circumgalactic Medium
• Properties of the Multiphase Outflows in Local (Ultra)luminous Infrared Galaxies
• Theory and Diagnostics of Hot Star Mass Loss
• A Review of Recent Observations of Galactic Winds Driven by Star Formation
• Galactic Winds in Low-Mass Galaxies
• Kiloparsec Scale Properties of Star-Formation Driven Outflows at z~2.3 in the SINS/zC-SINF AO Survey
• Gas expulsion in massive star clusters? Constraints from observations of young and gas-free objects
• Metallicity-dependent wind parameter predictions for OB stars
• Disruption of giant molecular clouds and formation of bound star clusters under the influence of momentum stellar feedback
• Temperature and Metallicity Gradients in the Hot Gas Outflows of M82
• JADES: The incidence rate and properties of galactic outflows in low-mass galaxies across 3 < z < 9
• Implementation of Sink Particles in the Athena Code
• Radiation hydrodynamics simulations of massive star cluster formation in giant molecular clouds
• HI Kinematics Along The Minor Axis of M82
• Measurement of the Mass and Stellar Population Distribution in M82 with the LBT
• Evolution of M82-like starburst winds revisited: 3D radiative cooling hydrodynamical simulations
• Supergalactic winds driven by multiple superstar clusters
• Simulating radiative feedback and star cluster formation in GMCs: I. Dependence on gravitational boundedness
• The Physics of Galactic Winds Driven by Cosmic Rays II: Isothermal Streaming Solutions
• 15 years of VLBI observations of two compact radio sources in Messier 82
• Wide-field global VLBI and MERLIN combined monitoring of supernova remnants in M82
• The Star Cluster System in the Nearby Starburst Galaxy M82
• Suzaku Metal Abundance Patterns in the Outflow Region of M82 and the Importance of Charge Exchange
• NOEMA High Fidelity Imaging of the Molecular Gas in and around M82
• Kinematics, Structure, and Mass Outflow Rates of Extreme Starburst Galactic Outflows
• The observable properties of cool winds from galaxies, AGN, and star clusters -- II. 3D models for the multiphase wind of M82
• Spatially Resolved Star Formation History Along the Disk of M82 Using Multi-Band Photometric Data
• Filaments in Galactic Winds Driven by Young Stellar Clusters
• Extended Hot Gas Halos Around Starburst Galaxies

Cited by in corpus (1)

• Fading in the Flow: Suppression of cold gas growth in expanding galactic outflows