The lifecycle of molecular clouds in nearby star-forming disc galaxies

Abstract

It remains a major challenge to derive a theory of cloud-scale ($\lesssim 100$ pc) star formation and feedback, describing how galaxies convert gas into stars as a function of the galactic environment. Progress has been hampered by a lack of robust empirical constraints on the giant molecular cloud (GMC) lifecycle. We address this problem by systematically applying a new statistical method for measuring the evolutionary timeline of the GMC lifecycle, star formation, and feedback to a sample of nine nearby disc galaxies, observed as part of the PHANGS-ALMA survey. We measure the spatially-resolved ($\sim 100$ pc) CO-to-H$\alpha$ flux ratio and find a universal de-correlation between molecular gas and young stars on GMC scales, allowing us to quantify the underlying evolutionary timeline. GMC lifetimes are short, typically 10-30 Myr, and exhibit environmental variation, between and within galaxies. At kpc-scale molecular gas surface densities ${\Sigma }_{{\mathrm{H}}_2}⩾8$M${}_{\odot }$pc${}^{-2}$, the GMC lifetime correlates with time-scales for galactic dynamical processes, whereas at ${\Sigma }_{{\mathrm{H}}_2}⩽8$M${}_{\odot }$pc${}^{-2}$ GMCs decouple from galactic dynamics and live for an internal dynamical time-scale. After a long inert phase without massive star formation traced by H$\alpha$ (75-90% of the cloud lifetime), GMCs disperse within just 1-5 Myr once massive stars emerge. The dispersal is most likely due to early stellar feedback, causing GMCs to achieve integrated star formation efficiencies of 4-10% These results show that galactic star formation is governed by cloud-scale, environmentally-dependent, dynamical processes driving rapid evolutionary cycling. GMCs and HII regions are the fundamental units undergoing these lifecycles, with mean separations of 100-300 pc in star-forming discs. Future work should characterise the multi-scale physics and mass flows driving these lifecycles.

arXiv comment39 pages, 14 figures; resubmitted to MNRAS after a favourable referee report (November 6, 2019)

References in corpus (159)

• The chemical composition of the Sun
• Gaia Data Release 2. Summary of the contents and survey properties
• Measuring Reddening with SDSS Stellar Spectra and Recalibrating SFD
• The Gaia mission
• The Global Schmidt Law in Star Forming Galaxies
• Cosmic Star Formation History
• The physical properties of star forming galaxies in the low redshift universe
• Correcting for the Effects of Interstellar Extinction
• Star Formation in the Milky Way and Nearby Galaxies
• The CO-to-H2 Conversion Factor
• The Star Formation Efficiency in Nearby Galaxies: Measuring Where Gas Forms Stars Effectively
• The Star Formation Law in Nearby Galaxies on Sub-Kpc Scales
• THINGS: The HI Nearby Galaxy Survey
• SINGS: The SIRTF Nearby Galaxies Survey
• FIRE-2 Simulations: Physics versus Numerics in Galaxy Formation
• A Study of the Gas-Star Formation Relation over Cosmic Time
• Binary Population and Spectral Synthesis Version 2.1: construction, observational verification and new results
• PHIBSS: molecular gas content and scaling relations in z~1-3 normal star forming galaxies
• On the Star Formation Rates in Molecular Clouds
• Different star formation laws for disks versus starbursts at low and high redshifts
• The Relationship Between Gas Content and Star Formation in Molecule-Rich Spiral Galaxies
• Molecular Gas and Star Formation in Nearby Disk Galaxies
• The SINS survey of z~2 galaxy kinematics: properties of the giant star forming clumps
• Star Clusters Across Cosmic Time
• Re-examining Larson's Scaling Relationships in Galactic Molecular Clouds
• HERACLES: The HERA CO-Line Extragalactic Survey
• PHIBSS: Unified Scaling Relations of Gas Depletion Time and Molecular Gas Fractions
• Dust-Corrected Star Formation Rates of Galaxies. II. Combinations of Ultraviolet and Infrared Tracers
• Dust-Corrected Star Formation Rates of Galaxies. I. Combinations of H-alpha and Infrared Tracers
• The CO-to-H2 Conversion Factor and Dust-to-Gas Ratio on Kiloparsec Scales in Nearby Galaxies
• The CO-to-H2 Conversion Factor From Infrared Dust Emission Across the Local Group
• Rapid Formation of Molecular Clouds and Stars in the Solar Neighborhood
• The Auriga Project: the properties and formation mechanisms of disc galaxies across cosmic time
• Star Formation in a Crossing Time
• A Molecular Star Formation Law in the Atomic Gas Dominated Regime in Nearby Galaxies
• A Universal, Local Star Formation Law in Galactic Clouds, Nearby Galaxies, High-Redshift Disks, and Starbursts
• The Resolved Properties of Extragalactic Giant Molecular Clouds
• Star Formation Thresholds in Galactic Disks
• The Aquila comparison Project: The Effects of Feedback and Numerical Methods on Simulations of Galaxy Formation
• A Constant Molecular Gas Depletion Time in Nearby Disk Galaxies
• The Effects of Stellar Rotation. II. A Comprehensive Set of Starburst99 Models
• Extremely Inefficient Star Formation in the Outer Disks of Nearby Galaxies
• Physical properties of molecular clouds for the entire Milky Way disk
• Star Formation Efficiencies and Lifetimes of Giant Molecular Clouds in the Milky Way
• Maximally Star-Forming Galactic Disks I. Starburst Regulation Via Feedback-Driven Turbulence
• The initial mass function : from Salpeter 1955 to 2005
• Bias-free Measurement of Giant Molecular Cloud Properties
• The maximum stellar mass, star-cluster formation and composite stellar populations
• A Unified Model for Galactic Discs: Star Formation, Turbulence Driving, and Mass Transport
• The Big Problems in Star Formation: the Star Formation Rate, Stellar Clustering, and the Initial Mass Function
• Globular clusters as the relics of regular star formation in 'normal' high-redshift galaxies
• The SAURON project XVI: On the Sources of Ionisation for the Gas in Elliptical and Lenticular Galaxies
• New calibrations for abundance determinations in HII regions
• Feedback, Disk Self-regulation and Galaxy Formation
• Extending the Nearby Galaxy Heritage with WISE: First Results from the WISE Enhanced Resolution Galaxy Atlas
• The Second Survey of the Molecular Clouds in the Large Magellanic Cloud by NANTEN. II. Star Formation
• A z=0 Multi-wavelength Galaxy Synthesis I: A WISE and GALEX Atlas of Local Galaxies
• Reconstructing the stellar mass distributions of galaxies using S4G IRAC 3.6 and 4.5 micron images: II. The conversion from light to mass
• Fast and inefficient star formation due to short-lived molecular clouds and rapid feedback
• The ISM in distant star-forming galaxies: Turbulent pressure, fragmentation and cloud scaling relations in a dense gas disk at z=2.3
• Before the first supernova: combined effects of HII regions and winds on molecular clouds
• The PdBI Arcsecond Whirlpool Survey (PAWS). I. A Cloud-Scale/Multi-Wavelength View of the Interstellar Medium in a Grand-Design Spiral Galaxy
• Modeling UV Radiation Feedback from Massive Stars: II. Dispersal of Star-Forming Giant Molecular Clouds by Photoionization and Radiation Pressure
• The dynamical evolution of molecular clouds near the Galactic Centre - I. Orbital structure and evolutionary timeline
• Giant Molecular Clouds in M33 - I. BIMA All Disk Survey
• The Star Formation Rate in disk galaxies: thresholds and dependence on gas amount
• Cloud-Scale Molecular Gas Properties in 15 Nearby Galaxies
• How stellar feedback simultaneously regulates star formation and drives outflows
• Molecular gas kinematics within the central 250 pc of the Milky Way
• An uncertainty principle for star formation. I. Why galactic star formation relations break down below a certain spatial scale
• The Scale Dependence of the Molecular Gas Depletion Time in M33
• The Spatially Resolved Star Formation Law from Integral Field Spectroscopy: VIRUS-P Observations of NGC 5194
• SLUG - Stochastically Lighting Up Galaxies I: Methods and Validating Tests
• Estimating the Star Formation Rate at 1 kpc Scales in Nearby Galaxies
• Reconstructing the stellar mass distributions of galaxies using S4G IRAC 3.6 and 4.5 micron images: I. Correcting for contamination by PAH, hot dust, and intermediate age stars
• Star formation rates and efficiencies in the Galactic Centre
• The Meaning and Consequences of Star Formation Criteria in Galaxy Models with Resolved Stellar Feedback
• A Comparative Study of Giant Molecular Clouds in M51, M33 and the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Gas Kinematics on GMC scales in M51 with PAWS: cloud stabilization through dynamical pressure
• Modeling the Warm Ionized Interstellar Medium and Its Impact on Elemental Abundance Studies
• The Survey for Ionization in Neutral-Gas Galaxies: III. Diffuse, Warm Ionized Medium and Escape of Ionizing Radiation
• The Exciting Lives of Giant Molecular Clouds
• The Abundance Properties of Nearby Late-Type Galaxies.I. The Data
• The Plateau de Bure + 30m Arcsecond Whirlpool Survey reveals a thick disk of diffuse molecular gas in the M51 galaxy
• When Feedback Fails: The Scaling and Saturation of Star Formation Efficiency
• Dynamically Driven Evolution of the Interstellar Medium in M51
• Why are most molecular clouds not gravitationally bound?
• Star Formation in Massive Clusters via the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe and the Spitzer Glimpse Survey
• Molecular and Atomic Gas in the Local Group Galaxy M33
• Breakdown of Kennicutt-Schmidt Law at GMC Scales in M33
• Molecular Cloud Evolution IV: Magnetic Fields, Ambipolar Diffusion, and the Star Formation Efficiency
• SLUG -- Stochastically Lighting Up Galaxies. III: A Suite of Tools for Simulated Photometry, Spectroscopy, and Bayesian Inference with Stochastic Stellar Populations
• Cloud Scale ISM Structure and Star Formation in M51
• Diffuse ionized gas in galaxies across the Hubble sequence at the CALIFA resolution
• A complete 12CO 2-1 map of M51 with HERA: I. Radial averages of CO, HI, and radio continuum
• Studying the YMC population of M83: how long clusters remain embedded, their interaction with the ISM and implications for GC formation theories
• Ultraviolet Through Far-Infrared Spatially Resolved Analysis of the Recent Star Formation in M81 (NGC3031)
• The Star Formation Efficiency per Free Fall Time in Nearby Galaxies
• The physical origin of long gas depletion times in galaxies
• Diffuse Ionized Gas in Three Sculptor Group Galaxies
• The frequency and nature of `cloud-cloud collisions' in galaxies
• SLUG - Stochastically Lighting Up Galaxies. II: Quantifying the Effects of Stochasticity on Star Formation Rate Indicators
• Bar quenching in gas-rich galaxies
• Determining Star Formation Timescale and Pattern Speed in Nearby Spiral Galaxies
• ALMA Observations of the Antennae Galaxies: I. A New Window on a Prototypical Merger
• The SILCC project --- IV. Impact of dissociating and ionising radiation on the interstellar medium and Halpha emission as a tracer of the star formation rate
• The modelling of feedback in star formation simulations
• A 50 pc scale view of star formation efficiency across NGC 628
• Ionization Sources and Physical Conditions in the Diffuse Ionized Gas Halos of Four Edge-On Galaxies
• The Incidence of Highly-Obscured Star-Forming Regions in SINGS Galaxies
• A Model for the Onset of Self-gravitation and Star Formation in Molecular Gas Governed by Galactic Forces: I. Cloud-scale Gas Motions
• The impact of stars stripped in binaries on the integrated spectra of stellar populations
• An uncertainty principle for star formation - II. A new method for characterising the cloud-scale physics of star formation and feedback across cosmic history
• From molecules to Young Stellar Clusters: the star formation cycle across the M33 disk
• How galaxies form stars: the connection between local and global star formation in galaxy simulations
• Simulations of the star-forming molecular gas in an interacting M51-like galaxy
• Spatially resolved stellar, dust and gas properties of the post-interacting Whirlpool Galaxy system
• The Spatial Relation between Young Star Clusters and Molecular Clouds in M 51 with LEGUS
• Physical Properties of Molecular Clouds at 2 parsec Resolution in the Low-Metallicity Dwarf Galaxy NGC 6822 and the Milky Way
• Mass inflow rate into the Central Molecular Zone: observational determination and evidence of episodic accretion
• Short GMC lifetimes: an observational estimate with the PdBI Arcsecond Whirlpool Survey (PAWS)
• Millimeter-Wave Line Ratios and Sub-beam Volume Density Distributions
• How Galactic Environment affects the Dynamical State of Molecular Clouds and their Star Formation Efficiency
• GMC Evolutions in the Nearby Spiral Galaxy M33
• A general theory for the lifetimes of giant molecular clouds under the influence of galactic dynamics
• Characterizing spiral arm and interarm star formation
• A contribution of star-forming clumps and accreting satellites to the mass assembly of z ~ 2 galaxies
• Feedback from massive stars at low metallicities: MUSE observations of N44 and N180 in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• The ALMA view of GMCs in NGC 300: Physical Properties and Scaling Relations at 10 pc Resolution
• Do Giant Molecular Clouds Care About the Galactic Structure?
• The spatial distribution of star and cluster formation in M51
• Formation of Molecular Clouds and Global Conditions for Star Formation
• The Varying Mass Distribution of Molecular Clouds Across M83
• How Universal is the SFR - H2 Relation?
• H$\alpha$ Morphologies of Star Clusters: A LEGUS study of HII region evolution timescales and stochasticity in low mass clusters
• Dense gas is not enough: environmental variations in the star formation efficiency of dense molecular gas at 100pc scales in M51
• Photoionization of High Altitude Gas in a Supernova-Driven Turbulent Interstellar Medium
• Pattern Speeds of BIMA-SONG Galaxies with Molecule-Dominated ISMs Using the Tremaine-Weinberg Method
• Towards the Secondary Bar: Gas Morphology and Dynamics in NGC 4303
• The PdBI Arcsecond Whirlpool Survey (PAWS). The Role of Spiral Arms in Cloud and Star Formation
• The VIRUS-P Exploration of Nearby Galaxies (VENGA): Spatially Resolved Gas-Phase Metallicity Distributions in Barred and Unbarred Spirals
• Tracing the Dynamics of Disk Galaxies with Optical and IR Surface Photometry: Color Gradients in M99
• Stellar Feedback and Resolved Stellar IFU Spectroscopy in the nearby Spiral Galaxy NGC 300
• A fundamental test for stellar feedback recipes in galaxy simulations
• On the Nature of Star Formation at Large Galactic Radii
• Galactic Bar/Spiral Arm Interactions in NGC3627
• The Connection Between Barstrength and Circumnuclear Dust Structure
• Gravitational torques imply molecular gas inflow towards the nucleus of M51
• On the origins of the diffuse H-alpha emission: Ionized gas or dust-scattered H-alpha halos?
• An uncertainty principle for star formation -- III. The characteristic emission time-scales of star formation rate tracers
• Probing for Dark Matter within Spiral Galaxy Disks
• On the Spatially Resolved Star Formation History in M51 I: Hybrid UV+IR Star Formation Laws and IR Emission from Dust Heated by Old Stars
• On the physical mechanisms governing the cloud lifecycle in the Central Molecular Zone of the Milky Way
• Data Compression for the Tomo-e Gozen with Low-rank Matrix Approximation
• Regularly Spaced Infrared Peaks in the Dusty Spirals of Messier 100
• Spatially extended and high-velocity dispersion molecular component in spiral galaxies: single-dish vs. interferometric observations
• The Metallicity Dependence of the HI Shielding Layers in Nearby Galaxies
• An uncertainty principle for star formation - IV. On the nature and filtering of diffuse emission
• A Deeper Look at Faint H$\alpha$ Emission in Nearby Dwarf Galaxies

Cited by in corpus (200)

• The Evolution of the Star-forming Interstellar Medium across Cosmic Time
• From dawn till disk: Milky Way's turbulent youth revealed by the APOGEE+Gaia data
• The cold interstellar medium of galaxies in the Local Universe
• Distances to PHANGS Galaxies: New Tip of the Red Giant Branch Measurements and Adopted Distances
• PHANGS-ALMA Data Processing and Pipeline
• Photodissociation and X-Ray Dominated Regions
• PHANGS CO kinematics: disk orientations and rotation curves at 150 pc resolution
• Giant Molecular Cloud Catalogues for PHANGS-ALMA: Methods and Initial Results
• The dynamics and outcome of star formation with jets, radiation, winds, and supernovae in concert
• Molecular Gas Properties on Cloud Scales Across the Local Star-forming Galaxy Population
• Stellar structures, molecular gas, and star formation across the PHANGS sample of nearby galaxies
• Dynamical Equilibrium in the Molecular ISM in 28 Nearby Star-Forming Galaxies
• Star clusters near and far; tracing star formation across cosmic time
• The PHANGS-JWST Treasury Survey: Star Formation, Feedback, and Dust Physics at High Angular resolution in Nearby GalaxieS
• Stochastic modelling of star-formation histories II: star-formation variability from molecular clouds and gas inflow
• A tale of two DIGs: The relative role of HII regions and low-mass hot evolved stars in powering the diffuse ionised gas (DIG) in PHANGS-MUSE galaxies
• The Physics of Star Cluster Formation and Evolution
• The molecular cloud lifecycle
• Star Formation Efficiency and Dispersal of Giant Molecular Clouds with UV Radiation Feedback: Dependence on Gravitational Boundedness and Magnetic Fields
• Molecular Cloud Populations in the Context of Their Host Galaxy Environments: A Multiwavelength Perspective
• The Diversity and Variability of Star Formation Histories in Models of Galaxy Evolution
• SILCC VI -- Multi-phase ISM structure, stellar clustering, and outflows with supernovae, stellar winds, ionising radiation and cosmic rays
• Simulations of the Milky Way's central molecular zone -- I. Gas dynamics
• Pressure-Regulated, Feedback-Modulated Star Formation In Disk Galaxies
• Heart of Darkness: the influence of galactic dynamics on quenching star formation in galaxy spheroids
• Simulations of the star-forming molecular gas in an interacting M51-like galaxy
• On the duration of the embedded phase of star formation
• Star formation scaling relations at ~100 pc from PHANGS: Impact of completeness and spatial scale
• A model for the formation of stellar associations and clusters from giant molecular clouds
• High-energy particles and radiation in star-forming regions
• H-alpha emission in local galaxies: star formation, time variability and the diffuse ionized gas
• STARFORGE: The effects of protostellar outflows on the IMF
• Stellar clustering shapes the architectures of planetary systems
• Physical Processes in Star Formation
• GASP. XXII The molecular gas content of the JW100 jellyfish galaxy at z~0.05: does ram pressure promote molecular gas formation?
• Environmental dependence of the molecular cloud lifecycle in 54 main sequence galaxies
• From diffuse gas to dense molecular cloud cores
• Measuring the mixing scale of the ISM within nearby spiral galaxies
• Which feedback mechanisms dominate in the high-pressure environment of the Central Molecular Zone?
• Radiation hydrodynamics simulations of massive star cluster formation in giant molecular clouds
• PHANGS-JWST First Results: Multi-wavelength view of feedback-driven bubbles (The Phantom Voids) across NGC 628
• Evolution of Stellar Feedback in HII Regions
• Live Fast, Die Young: GMC lifetimes in the FIRE cosmological simulations of Milky Way-mass galaxies
• Star cluster formation and cloud dispersal by radiative feedback: dependence on metallicity and compactness
• PHANGS-JWST First Results: Mid-infrared emission traces both gas column density and heating at 100 pc scales
• ALMaQUEST -- IV. The ALMA-MaNGA QUEnching and STar formation (ALMaQUEST) Survey
• The impact of pre-supernova feedback and its dependence on environment
• Introducing EMP-Pathfinder: modelling the simultaneous formation and evolution of stellar clusters in their host galaxies
• Comparing the pre-SNe feedback and environmental pressures for 6000 HII regions across 19 nearby spiral galaxies
• The role of galactic dynamics in shaping the physical properties of giant molecular clouds in Milky Way-like galaxies
• Stellar Feedback and Resolved Stellar IFU Spectroscopy in the nearby Spiral Galaxy NGC 300
• ALMA Observations of Massive Clouds in the Central Molecular Zone: Jeans Fragmentation and Cluster Formation
• The Physical Drivers and Observational Tracers of CO-to-H2 Conversion Factor Variations in Nearby Barred Galaxy Centers
• The Two-Dimensional Metallicity Distribution and Mixing Scales of Nearby Galaxies
• PHANGS-JWST First Results: Variations in PAH Fraction as a Function of ISM Phase and Metallicity
• CO excitation, molecular gas density and interstellar radiation field in local and high-redshift galaxies
• The KMOS${}^{3D}$ Survey: Investigating the Origin of the Elevated Electron Densities in Star-Forming Galaxies at $1\lesssim z\lesssim 3$
• PHANGS-JWST First Results: Massive Young Star Clusters and New Insights from JWST Observations of NGC 1365
• The Formation of a Stellar Association in the NGC 7000/IC 5070 Complex: Results from Kinematic Analysis of Stars and Gas
• WISDOM Project -- X. The morphology of the molecular ISM in galaxy centres and its dependence on galaxy structure
• The effects of subgrid models on the properties of giant molecular clouds in galaxy formation simulations
• Momentum feedback from marginally-resolved HII regions in isolated disc galaxies
• Resolved stellar population properties of PHANGS-MUSE galaxies
• Photoevaporation of Jeans-unstable molecular clumps
• A systematic study of the escape of LyC and Ly$\alpha$ photons from star-forming, magnetized turbulent clouds
• Great Balls of FIRE I: The formation of star clusters across cosmic time in a Milky Way-mass galaxy
• An uncertainty principle for star formation -- III. The characteristic emission time-scales of star formation rate tracers
• PHANGS-JWST First Results: Duration of the early phase of massive star formation in NGC628
• The effect of photoionising feedback on the shaping of hierarchically-forming stellar clusters
• PHANGS-JWST First Results: Rapid Evolution of Star Formation in the Central Molecular Gas Ring of NGC1365
• Quantifying the energetics of molecular superbubbles in PHANGS galaxies
• ALMA-IRDC: Dense gas mass distribution from cloud to core scales
• Looking for obscured young star clusters in NCG 1313
• A model for the onset of self-gravitation and star formation in molecular gas governed by galactic forces: II. the bottleneck to collapse set by cloud-environment decoupling
• Dense molecular gas properties on 100 pc scales across the disc of NGC 3627
• Gas-phase Metallicity as a Diagnostic of the Drivers of Star-formation on Different Spatial Scales
• Giant star-forming clumps?
• Applying the Tremaine-Weinberg Method to Nearby Galaxies: Stellar Mass-Based Pattern Speeds, and Comparisons with ISM Kinematics
• The Quest for the Missing Dust: II -- Two Orders of Magnitude of Evolution in the Dust-to-Gas Ratio Resolved Within Local Group Galaxies
• A panchromatic spatially-resolved analysis of nearby galaxies -- I. Sub-kpc scale Main Sequence in grand-design spirals
• Spatial Decorrelation of Young Stars and Dense Gas as a Probe of the Star Formation-Feedback Cycle in Galaxies
• The Gas-Star Formation Cycle in Nearby Star-forming Galaxies II. Resolved Distributions of CO and H$\alpha$ Emission for 49 PHANGS Galaxies
• Variations in the ${\Sigma }_{\mathrm{SFR}}-{\Sigma }_{\mathrm{mol}}-{\Sigma }_{\star }$ plane across galactic environments in PHANGS galaxies
• AlFoCS + Fornax3D: resolved star formation in the Fornax cluster with ALMA and MUSE
• Linking stellar populations to HII regions across nearby galaxies: I. Constraining pre-supernova feedback from young clusters in NGC1672
• The formation of massive stellar clusters in converging galactic flows with photoionisation
• High-resolution synthetic UV-submm images for simulated Milky Way-type galaxies from the Auriga project
• WARPFIELD Population Synthesis: The physics of (extra-)Galactic star formation and feedback driven cloud structure and emission from sub-to-kpc scales
• Constraining the formation of NGC1052-DF2 from its unusual globular cluster population
• MusE GAs FLOw and Wind (MEGAFLOW) V. The dust/metallicity-anisotropy of the Circum-Galactic Medium
• PHANGS-JWST First Results: A Global and Moderately Resolved View of Mid-Infrared and CO Line Emission from Galaxies at the Start of the JWST Era
• Uncertainties in supernova input rates drive qualitative differences in simulations of galaxy evolution
• Molecular gas cloud properties at $z\simeq 1$ revealed by the superb angular resolution achieved with ALMA and gravitational lensing
• A scaling relation for the molecular cloud lifetime in Milky Way-like galaxies
• A 2-3 mm high-resolution molecular line survey towards the centre of the nearby spiral galaxy NGC 6946
• Improving Star Cluster Age Estimates in PHANGS-HST Galaxies and the Impact on Cluster Demographics in NGC 628
• The centres of M83 and the Milky Way: opposite extremes of a common star formation cycle
• Entropy Driven Winds: Outflows and Fountains Lifted Gently by Buoyancy
• Empirically-motivated early feedback: momentum input by stellar feedback in galaxy simulations inferred through observations
• PHANGS: Constraining Star Formation Timescales Using the Spatial Correlations of Star Clusters and Giant Molecular Clouds
• Diverse Molecular Structures Across The Whole Star-Forming Disk of M83: High fidelity Imaging at 40pc Resolution
• Far and extreme ultraviolet radiation fields and consequent disc destruction in star-forming regions
• The organization of cloud-scale gas density structure: high resolution CO vs. 3.6 $\mu$m brightness contrasts in nearby galaxies
• Properties of giant molecular clouds in the strongly barred galaxy NGC1300
• PHANGS-JWST First Results: Stellar Feedback-Driven Excitation and Dissociation of Molecular Gas in the Starburst Ring of NGC 1365?
• The Effect of Supernovae on the Turbulence and Dispersal of Molecular Clouds
• From hydrodynamics to N-body simulations of star clusters: mergers and rotation
• Formation of the simplest amide in molecular clouds: formamide (NH${}_2$CHO) and its derivatives in H${}_2$O-rich and CO-rich interstellar ice analogs upon VUV irradiation
• Shaping the structure of a GMC with radiation and winds
• ALMA observations of the Extended Green Object G19.01$-$0.03: I. A Keplerian disc in a massive protostellar system
• Large-scale expansion of OB stars in Cygnus
• Multi-Scale Stellar Associations across the Star Formation Hierarchy in PHANGS-HST Nearby Galaxies: Methodology and Properties
• The Dependence of the Hierarchical Distribution of Star Clusters on Galactic Environment
• Evolution of circumstellar discs in young star-forming regions
• The Elephant in the Bathtub: when the physics of star formation regulate the baryon cycle of galaxies
• On the initial mass-radius relation of stellar clusters
• Stellar winds and photoionization in a spiral arm
• Molecular gas and star formation in nearby starburst galaxy mergers
• Towards a multi-tracer timeline of star formation in the LMC -- I.\ Deriving the lifetimes of H\,{\sc i} clouds
• Proper motions of OB stars in the far Carina Arm
• Observational constraints on the likelihood of ${}^{26}$Al in planet-forming environments
• Far and extreme UV radiation feedback in molecular clouds and its influence on the mass and size of star clusters
• PHANGS-JWST First Results: A combined HST and JWST analysis of the nuclear star cluster in NGC 628
• WISDOM Project -- XV. Giant Molecular Clouds in the Central Region of the Barred Spiral Galaxy NGC 5806
• Clumps as multiscale structures in cosmic noon galaxies
• On the Simultaneous Modelling of Dust and Stellar Populations for Interpretation of Galaxy Properties
• Molecular Clouds as Gravitational Instabilities in Rotating Disks: A Modified Stability Criterion
• ALMA Resolves Giant Molecular Clouds in a Tidal Dwarf Galaxy
• Star cluster formation and feedback in different environments of a Milky Way-like galaxy
• Binary progenitor systems for Type Ic supernovae
• Empirical SED Templates for Star Clusters Observed with HST and JWST: No Strong PAH or IR Dust Emission after Five Myr
• PHANGS-ALMA: Arcsecond CO(2-1) Imaging of Nearby Star-Forming Galaxies
• Clusters, Clouds, and Correlations: Relating Young Clusters to Giant Molecular Clouds in M33 and M31
• Connection among environment, cloud-cloud collision speed, and star formation activity in the strongly barred galaxy NGC1300
• Fast cloud-cloud collisions in a strongly barred galaxy: Suppression of massive star formation
• Towards a multi-tracer timeline of star formation in the LMC -- II. The formation and destruction of molecular clouds
• Building the molecular cloud population: the role of cloud mergers
• CO(2-1)/CO(1-0) line ratio on $\sim$100 parsec scale in the nearby barred galaxy NGC1300
• Linking stellar populations to HII regions across nearby galaxies. II. Infrared Reprocessed and UV Direct Radiation Pressure in HII Regions
• WISDOM project -- XI. Star Formation Efficiency in the Bulge of the AGN-host Galaxy NGC 3169 with SITELLE and ALMA
• The absolute proper motions of the Arches and Quintuplet clusters
• Theoretical modelling of two-component molecular discs in spiral galaxies
• The internal proper motion kinematics of NGC346: past formation and future evolution
• Synthetic CO emission and the $X_{\mathrm{CO}}$ factor of young molecular clouds: a convergence study
• A Search for correlations between turbulence and star formation in THINGS galaxies
• MUSE crowded field 3D spectroscopy in NGC 300 III. Characterizing extremely faint HII regions and diffuse ionized gas
• The impact of binaries on the evolution of star clusters from turbulent molecular clouds
• Towards the impact of GMC collisions on the star formation rate
• Pre-supernova feedback mechanisms drive the destruction of molecular clouds in nearby star-forming disc galaxies
• Regulation of star formation by large scale gravito-turbulence
• Comparing the Locations of Supernovae to CO (2-1) Emission in their Host Galaxies
• Noise-Net: Determining physical properties of HII regions reflecting observational uncertainties
• Great Balls of FIRE III: Modeling Black Hole Mergers from Massive Star Clusters in Simulations of Galaxies
• The formation of globular clusters with top-heavy initial mass functions
• Isotopic enrichment of planetary systems from Asymptotic Giant Branch stars
• A galactic outflow traced by its extended Mg II emission out to a $\sim 30$ kpc radius in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field with MUSE
• Investigating the ultraviolet and infrared radiation through the turbulent life of molecular clouds
• Constraining the LyC escape fraction from LEGUS star clusters with SIGNALS HII region observations: A pilot study of NGC 628
• Illuminating a tadpole's metamorphosis III: quantifying past and present environmental impact
• The impact of HII regions on Giant Molecular Cloud properties in nearby galaxies sampled by PHANGS ALMA and MUSE
• Simulations of pre-supernova feedback in spherical clouds
• An uncertainty principle for star formation -- V. The influence of dust extinction on star formation rate tracer lifetimes and the inferred molecular cloud lifecycle
• HYACINTH: HYdrogen And Carbon chemistry in the INTerstellar medium in Hydro simulations
• Playing with FIRE: A Galactic Feedback-Halting Experiment Challenges Star Formation Rate Theories
• The THESAN-ZOOM project: Star-formation efficiencies in high-redshift galaxies
• A Virgo Environmental Survey Tracing Ionised Gas Emission (VESTIGE) XVII. Statistical properties of individual HII regions in unperturbed systems
• Reconciling extragalactic star formation efficiencies with theory: insights from PHANGS
• A sensitive, high-resolution, wide-field IRAM NOEMA CO(1-0) survey of the very nearby spiral galaxy IC 342
• The Spatial Power Spectrum and Derived Turbulent Properties of Isolated Galaxies
• On the limitations of H alpha luminosity as a star formation tracer in spatially resolved observations
• The EDGE-CALIFA survey: Star formation relationships for galaxies at different stages of their evolution
• Giant molecular clouds and their Type classification in M74: Toward understanding star formation and cloud evolution
• Molecular clouds in M51 from high-resolution extinction mapping
• The life cycle of giant molecular clouds in simulated Milky Way-mass galaxies
• Star formation across cosmic time
• Duration and properties of the embedded phase of star formation in 37 nearby galaxies from PHANGS-JWST
• Gibbs Point Process Model for Young Star Clusters in M33
• Galaxy Manifold: Characterizing and understanding galaxies with two parameters
• Exploring extreme conditions for star formation: a deep search for molecular gas in the Leo ring
• The S-PLUS Fornax Project (S+FP): Mapping H$\alpha$+[NII] emission in 77 Fornax galaxy members reaching $\sim$4 Rvir
• ACA CO(J=2-1) Mapping of the Nearest Spiral Galaxy M33. II. Exploring the Evolution of Giant Molecular Clouds
• Photocleavage of aliphatic C--C bonds in the interstellar medium
• Revisiting the Galactic Winds in M82 II: Development of Multiphase Outflows in Simulations
• Narrow absorption lines from intervening material in supernovae. II. Galaxy properties
• Gravitational instability and spatial regularity of the gas clouds and young stellar population in spiral arms of NGC 628
• The superclouds of the local Milky Way
• Luminosity functions and IMF variations from large samples of HII regions and molecular clouds
• Massive Star Clusters in the Semi-Analytical Galaxy Formation Model L-Galaxies 2020
• Molecular cloud matching in CO and dust in M33 II. Physical properties of giant molecular clouds
• A FUV-optical approach for studying hierarchical star formation in nearby galaxies with UVIT
• The ALPINE-CRISTAL-JWST Survey: Gas-phase abundance gradients of main sequence star-forming galaxies and their kinematics at $4<z<6$
• The Star Formation Factory revisited I. The impact of metallicity on collapsing star-forming clouds
• The impact of bars on the properties of HII regions in the TIMER survey
• A comprehensive catalogue of OB cluster candidates in M31 and their association with giant molecular clouds
• CO Structures with Narrow Lines in Nearby Quiescent Regions
• Spatially Resolved Star Formation relations in local LIRGs along the complete merger sequence
• Supernovae and photoionizing feedback in spiral arm molecular clouds
• PHANGS-MUSE: the HII region luminosity function of local star-forming galaxies
• How to inflate a wind-blown bubble
• Revealing the Connection Between the Filamentary Hierarchy and Star Cluster Formation in a Simulated NGC 628 Galaxy