The Relationship Between Gas Content and Star Formation in Molecule-Rich Spiral Galaxies

Abstract

We investigate the relationship between HI, H_2, and the star formation rate (SFR) using azimuthally averaged data for seven CO-bright spiral galaxies. Contrary to some earlier studies based on global fluxes, we find that the SFR surface density exhibits a much stronger correlation with the H_2 than with the HI, as the HI surface density saturates at a value of $\sim$10 Msol pc^{-2} or even declines at large SFR surface densities. Hence the good correlation between the SFR surface density and the total (HI+H_2) gas surface density is driven by the molecular component in these galaxies. We find no clear evidence for a link between the gravitational instability parameter for the gas disk (Q_g) and the SFR, and suggest that Q_g be considered a measure of the gas fraction. This implies that for a state of marginal gravitational stability to exist in galaxies with low gas fractions, it must be due to instability of the stellar disk. In regions where we have both HI and CO measurements, the ratio of HI to H_2 surface density scales with radius R as roughly R^{1.5}, and we suggest that the balance between HI and H_2 is determined primarily by the midplane interstellar pressure. These results favor a "law" of star formation in quiescent disks in which the ambient pressure and metallicity control the formation of molecular clouds from HI, with star formation then occurring at a roughly constant rate per unit H_2 mass. (abstract abridged)

To appear in ApJ. 28 pages with 16 figures (emulateapj5). Full resolution figures available at http://www.atnf.csiro.au/people/twong/preprints/

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• Unusually Luminous Giant Molecular Clouds in the Outer Disk of M33
• The co-evolution of molecular hydrogen and the grain size distribution in an isolated galaxy
• On the Timescale for Star Formation in Galaxies
• VERTICO IV: Environmental Effects on the Gas Distribution and Star Formation Efficiency of Virgo Cluster Spirals
• Starbursting Nuclear CO Disks of Early-type Spiral Galaxies
• Outskirts of Distant Galaxies In Absorption
• Minimal HCN emission from Molecular Clouds in M33
• From haloes to galaxies -- II. The fundamental relations in star formation and quenching
• Deviations from the Schmidt-Kennicutt relations during early galaxy evolution
• The Evolution and Star Formation History of M33
• Large-eddy simulations of isolated disc galaxies with thermal and turbulent feedback
• Star Formation and Gas Accretion in Nearby Galaxies
• Star Formation & Dust Heating in the FIR Bright Sources of M83
• The Star Formation Law in a Multifractal ISM
• The relationship between the neutral hydrogen and dark mass in the galaxies
• A Local Leaky-box Model for the Local Stellar Surface Density - Gas Surface Density - Gas Phase Metallicity Relation
• Two phase galaxy formation: The Gas Content of Normal Galaxies
• Antlia2's role in driving the ripples in the outer gas disk of the Galaxy
• The star-formation history of low-mass disk galaxies: a case study of NGC\,300
• Attenuation modified by DIG and dust as seen in M31
• Schmidt-Kennicutt relations in SPH simulations of disc galaxies with effective thermal feedback from supernovae
• Significance of bar quenching in the global quenching of star formation
• Correlation between SFR surface density and thermal pressure of ionized gas in local analogs of high-redshift galaxies
• PHANGS-MeerKAT and MHONGOOSE HI observations of nearby spiral galaxies: physical drivers of the molecular gas fraction, $R_{\mathrm{mol}}$
• Gas compression and stellar feedback in the tidally interacting and ram-pressure stripped Virgo spiral galaxy NGC 4654
• Variation in GMC Association Properties Across Bars, Spiral Arms, Inter-Arms, and Circumnuclear Region of M100 (NGC 4321) Extracted from ALMA Observations
• Star Formation on Galactic Scales: Empirical Laws
• The extended law of star formation: the combined role of gas and stars
• Formation and evolution of molecular hydrogen in disk galaxies with different masses and Hubble types
• On the density regime probed by HCN emission
• Tully-Fisher Distances and Dynamical Mass Constraints for 24 Host Galaxies of Reverberation-Mapped AGN
• The gas inflow and outflow rate in star-forming galaxies at $z\sim 1.4$
• Resolved CO(1-0) emission and gas properties in luminous dusty star forming galaxies at z=2-4
• The Pressure of an Equilibrium Interstellar Medium in Galactic Disks
• Dissecting Nearby Galaxies with piXedfit: II. Spatially Resolved Scaling Relations Among Stars, Dust, and Gas
• BEDE: Bayesian Estimates of Dust Evolution For Nearby Galaxies
• Ultra-faint dwarf galaxies as a test of early enrichment and metallicity-dependent star formation
• CARMA Survey toward Infrared-bright Nearby Galaxies (STING). IV. Spatially Resolved 13CO in Spiral Galaxies
• The EDGE-CALIFA survey: The resolved star formation efficiency and local physical conditions
• HI Global Scaling Relations in the WISE-WHISP Survey
• FAST-ASKAP Synergy: Quantifying Coexistent Tidal and Ram Pressure Strippings in the NGC 4636 Group
• Observational Constraints on the Molecular Gas Content in Nearby Starburst Dwarf Galaxies
• Performance test of RM CLEAN and its evaluation with chi-square value
• VALES VII: Molecular and ionized gas properties in pressure balanced interstellar medium of starburst galaxies at z ~ 0.15
• The effect of diffuse background on the spatially-resolved Schmidt relation in nearby spiral galaxies
• Virgo High-Resolution CO Survey IV. Spiral-Driven Gas Dynamics in the Non-Barred Seyfert Galaxy NGC 4501
• Star formation in the extended gaseous disk of the isolated galaxy CIG 96
• Centrally Concentrated H I Distribution Enhances Star Formation in Galaxies
• The growth of the disk galaxy UGC8802
• Volumetric Star Formation Prescriptions in Vertically Resolved Edge-on Galaxies
• The Lyman Alpha Reference Sample XI: Efficient Turbulence Driven Lyα Escape and the Analysis of IR, CO and [C II]158 μm
• Determining Star Formation Thresholds from Observations
• Runaway stars masquerading as star formation in galactic outskirts
• A Radio Spectral Line Study of the 2-Jy IRAS-NVSS Sample: Part I
• Impact of H${}_2$-driven star formation and stellar feedback from low-enrichment environments on the formation of spiral galaxies
• Large Molecular Gas Reservoirs in Star Forming Cluster Galaxies
• Dependence of Molecular Cloud Samples on Angular Resolution, Sensitivity, and Algorithms
• Kinetic tomography of the Galactic plane within 1.25 kiloparsecs from the Sun. The interstellar flows revealed by HI and CO line emission and 3D dust
• PHANGS-ALMA: Arcsecond CO(2-1) Imaging of Nearby Star-Forming Galaxies
• The Star Formation Relation for Regions in the Galactic Plane: The Effect of Spatial Resolution
• Under Pressure: Star Clusters and the Neutral Hydrogen Medium of Tidal Tails
• Coupling local to global star formation in spiral galaxies: the effect of differential rotation
• Gas dynamics and star formation in NGC 6822
• A Multi-Scale Study of Star Formation in Messier 33
• G.A.S. I: A prescription for turbulence-regulated star formation and its impact on galaxy properties
• The Evolution of Molecular Gas Fraction Traced by the CO Tully-Fisher Relation
• The puzzle of the cluster-forming core mass-radius relation and why it matters
• Dark Subhaloes and Disturbances in Extended HI Discs
• The Subtle Effects of Mergers on Star Formation in Nearby Galaxies
• The Anatomy of a Star-Forming Galaxy II: the role of FUV heating via dust
• The Gas Content in Galactic Disks: Correlation with Kinematics
• Extreme Star Formation
• Properties of Bulgeless Disk Galaxies II. Star Formation as a Function of Circular Velocity
• Cold Exponential Disks From Interstellar Fountains
• Near-identical star formation rate densities from H$\alpha$ and FUV at redshift zero
• GNOMES II: Analysis of the Galactic diffuse molecular ISM in all four ground state hydroxyl transitions using Amoeba
• Chemical evolution of galaxies: emerging dust and the different gas phases in a new multiphase code
• The Interstellar Medium and Star Formation in Local Galaxies: Variations of the Star Formation Law in Simulations
• The Contribution Of Outer HI Disks To The Merging Binary Black Hole Population
• Another X-ray UFO without a momentum-boosted molecular outflow. ALMA CO(1-0) observations of the galaxy pair IRAS 05054+1718
• From haloes to galaxies. III. The gas cycle of local galaxy populations
• Threshold between Spontaneous and Cloud-Collisional Star Formation
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: Constraints on the Conditions for Star Formation in Galaxy Discs
• HI Spectroscopy of Reverberation-Mapped Active Galactic Nuclei
• Implementing Dust Shielding as a Criteria for Star Formation
• Modelling H${}_2$ and its effects on star formation using a joint implementation of GADGET-3 and KROME
• A comparison of ${\text{H}}_2$ formation models at high redshift
• Constraint on the inflow/outflow rates in star-forming galaxies at z~1.4 from molecular gas observations
• Aperture Synthesis CO(J=1-0) Observations and Near-Infrared Photometry of the Non-Barred Seyfert Galaxy NGC 5033
• VALES V: A kinematic analysis of the molecular gas content in $H$-ATLAS galaxies at $z\sim 0.03-0.35$ using ALMA
• From Gas to Stars Over Cosmic Time
• A Search for 6.7 GHz Methanol Masers in M33
• Modeling molecular hydrogen in low metallicity galaxies
• The relation between mid-plane pressure and molecular hydrogen in galaxies: Environmental dependence
• ALMA Observations of the Molecular Clouds in NGC 625
• Galaxy luminosity function and its cosmological evolution: Testing a new feedback model depending on galaxy-scale dust opacity
• Scaling Relations between Gas and Star Formation in Nearby Galaxies
• The Degeneracy of Galaxy Formation Models
• The EDGE-CALIFA survey: Star formation relationships for galaxies at different stages of their evolution
• Molecular gas in super spiral galaxies
• Main Sequence to Starburst Transitioning Galaxies: Gamma-ray Burst Hosts at $z\sim 2$
• Star formation across cosmic time
• Intertwined Formation of ${\mathrm{H}}_2$, Dust, and Stars in Cosmological Simulations
• Exploring the interplay of dust and gas phases in DustPedia star-forming galaxies
• The fate of the interstellar medium in early-type galaxies. IV. The impact of stellar feedback, mergers, and black holes on the cold ISM in simulated galaxies
• Is SN 2006X from a WD + MS system with optically thick wind?
• Sustaining Star Formation in the Galactic Star Cluster M 36?
• CO emissions from optically selected galaxies at z~0.1-0.2: Tight anti-correlation between molecular gas fraction and 4000 Åbreak strength
• The Star-Formation Efficiency and Density of the Disks of Spiral Galaxies
• A 260 pc resolution ALMA map of HCN(1-0) in the galaxy NGC 4321
• Properties of Molecular Gas in Galaxies in Early and Mid Stages of Interaction. III. Resolved Kennicutt-Schmidt Law
• Star formation drivers across the M33 disk
• The EDGE-CALIFA survey: The effect of active galactic nucleus feedback on the integrated properties of galaxies at different stages of their evolution
• Early Science with the Large Millimeter Telescope: discovery of the 12CO(1-0) emission line in the ring galaxy, VIIZw466
• A cautionary note about composite Galactic star formation relations
• Relating the HI Gas Structure of Spiral Disks to Passing Satellites
• Star Formation and Chemical Evolution of DLAs with Semi-Analytical Model
• Metallicity and HI Column Density Properties of Damped Lyman-$\alpha$ Systems
• A self-supervised, physics-aware, Bayesian neural network architecture for modelling galaxy emission-line kinematics
• The Volumetric Star Formation Law in the Almost Edge-on Galaxy NGC 4302 Revealed by ALMA
• Argon X-ray absorption in the local ISM
• Unveiling the nature and fate of the almost-dark cloud AGC 226178 through HI mapping
• The First Detection of Neutral Hydrogen in Emission in a Strong Spiral Lens
• The Galactic IMF: origin in the combined mass distribution functions of dust grains and gas clouds
• From Gas to Stars over Cosmic Time
• The Arp 240 Galaxy Merger: A Detailed Look at the Molecular Kennicutt-Schmidt Star Formation Law on Sub-kpc Scales
• CO-CHANGES II: spatially resolved IRAM 30M CO line observations of 23 nearby edge-on spiral galaxies
• Relating spatially resolved optical attenuation, dust and gas in nearby galaxies
• Atomic and Molecular Phases of the Interstellar Medium
• The local and global relations between ${\Sigma }_{\star }$ , ${\Sigma }_{\mathrm{SFR}}$ and ${\Sigma }_{\mathrm{mol}}$ that regulate star-formation
• The JCMT Nearby Galaxies Legacy Survey: SCUBA-2 observations of nearby galaxies
• WD + MS systems as the progenitor of SNe Ia
• Comment Regarding the Functional Form of the Schmidt Law
• Galaxies with unusually high abundances of molecular hydrogen
• SILCC -- IX. The multi-phase interstellar medium at low metallicity
• Static Pressure of Hot Gas: Its Effect on the Gas Disks of Galaxies
• Investigating the residuals in the $M_{\bullet }-M_{\ast }$ relation using the SIMBA cosmological simulation
• Molecular Gas in Spiral Galaxies
• Star Formation Thresholds
• Theoretical clues about dust accumulation and galaxy obscuration at high and low redshift
• A comprehensive analysis using 9 dark matter halo models on the spiral galaxy NGC 4321
• On the scale-height of the molecular gas disc in Milky Way-like galaxies
• Turbulence, Feedback, and Slow Star Formation
• Morphological diversity of spiral galaxies originating in the cold gas inflow from cosmic webs
• CO, HI, recent Spitzer SAGE results in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• The Global Star Formation Law: from Dense Cores to Extreme Starbursts