A General Theory of Turbulence-Regulated Star Formation, From Spirals to ULIRGs

Abstract

We derive an analytic prediction for the star formation rate in environments ranging from normal galactic disks to starbursts and ULIRGs in terms of the observables of those systems. Our calculation is based on three premises: (1) star formation occurs in virialized molecular clouds that are supersonically turbulent; (2) the density distribution within these clouds is lognormal, as expected for supersonic isothermal turbulence; (3) stars form in any sub-region of a cloud that is so overdense that its gravitational potential energy exceeds the energy in turbulent motions. We show that a theory based on this model is consistent with simulations and with the observed star formation rate in the Milky Way. We use our theory to derive the Kennicutt-Schmidt Law from first principles, and make other predictions that can be tested by future observations. We also provide an algorithm for estimating the star formation rate that is suitable for inclusion in numerical simulations.

20 pages, 9 figures, emulateapj format, accepted for publication in ApJ

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• Forced turbulence in thermally bistable gas: A parameter study
• CO excitation, molecular gas density and interstellar radiation field in local and high-redshift galaxies
• A${}^3$COSMOS: A census on the molecular gas mass and extent of main-sequence galaxies across cosmic time
• The observable prestellar phase of the IMF
• The earliest stars and their relics in the Milky Way
• Galactic interstellar turbulence in the southern sky seen through spatial gradients of the polarization vector
• EDGE-CALIFA survey: Self-regulation of Star formation at kpc scales
• Metal Mixing and Ejection in Dwarf Galaxies is Dependent on Nucleosynthetic Source
• On the Star Formation Law for Spiral and Irregular Galaxies
• On the origin of the mass-metallicity gradient relation in the local Universe
• Physical conditions of molecular gas in the Circinus galaxy: Multi-J CO and CI 1-0 observations
• Impact of relativistic jets on the star formation rate: a turbulence-regulated framework
• Supernova Driving. II. Compressive Ratio in Molecular-Cloud Turbulence
• A measurement of the turbulence-driven density distribution in a non-star-forming molecular cloud
• Improved Cosmic-Ray Injection Models and the Galactic Center Gamma-Ray Excess
• Cosmological simulations of dwarfs: the need for ISM physics beyond SN feedback alone
• Star formation from dense shocked regions in supersonic isothermal magneto-turbulence
• Numerical Calibration of the HCN$-$Star Formation Correlation
• HI Power Spectra and the Turbulent ISM of Dwarf Irregular Galaxies
• An Evolutionary Model For Submillimeter Galaxies
• The nature of the ISM in galaxies during the star-formation activity peak of the Universe
• Star cluster formation with stellar feedback and large-scale inflow
• Cosmic-ray propagation in the bi-stable interstellar medium. I. Conditions for cosmic-ray trapping
• On the dust abundance gradients in late-type galaxies: I. Effects of destruction and growth of dust in the interstellar medium
• Evolving Molecular Cloud Structure and the Column Density Probability Distribution Function
• Feeding vs. Falling: The growth and collapse of molecular clouds in a turbulent interstellar medium
• Cosmological Implications of a Stellar Initial Mass Function that Varies with the Jeans Mass in Galaxies
• Molecular hydrogen regulated star formation in cosmological SPH simulations
• On the Observed Diversity of Star Formation Efficiencies in Giant Molecular Clouds
• Star Formation in Nuclear Rings of Barred Galaxies
• The IMF and multiplicity of stars from gravity, turbulence, magnetic fields, radiation and outflow feedback
• Photoevaporation of Jeans-unstable molecular clumps
• Molecular Outflows Identified in the FCRAO CO Survey of the Taurus Molecular Cloud
• The CO-dark molecular gas mass in 30 Doradus
• The distribution of density in supersonic turbulence
• Clustered Star Formation in Magnetic Clouds: Properties of Dense Cores Formed in Outflow-Driven Turbulence
• Testing kinematic distances under a realistic Galactic potential
• Interpreting the sub-linear Kennicutt-Schmidt relationship: The case for diffuse molecular gas
• Hierarchical Stellar Structures in the Local Group Dwarf Galaxy NGC 6822
• Slow Star Formation in the Milky Way: Theory Meets Observations
• A Simple Model for the Relationship Between Star Formation and Surface Density
• Deep optical images of Malin 1 reveal new features
• Eventful Evolution of Giant Molecular Clouds in Dynamically Evolving Spiral Arms
• Star Formation in Molecular Clouds
• Planck's dusty GEMS. IV. Star formation and feedback in a maximum starburst at z=3 seen at 60-pc resolution
• Young star cluster populations in the E-MOSAICS simulations
• Enhanced Core Formation Rate in a Turbulent Cloud by Self-gravity
• The evolution of turbulent galactic discs: gravitational instability, feedback and accretion
• On the effective turbulence driving mode of molecular clouds formed in disc galaxies
• Testing Feedback Regulated Star Formation in Gas Rich, Turbulent Disk Galaxies
• ALMA ${}^{12}$CO (J=1--0) imaging of the nearby galaxy M83: Variations in the efficiency of star formation in giant molecular clouds
• Isotropically Driven versus Outflow Driven Turbulence: Observational Consequences for Molecular Clouds
• Feedback-Driven Evolution of the Far-Infrared Spectral Energy Distributions of Luminous and Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies
• Discovery of massive star formation quenching by nonthermal effects in the center of NGC 1097
• Towards a radially-resolved semi-analytic model for the evolution of disc galaxies tuned with machine learning
• The HI Probability Distribution Function and the Atomic-to-Molecular Transition in Molecular Clouds
• On the time variability of the star formation efficiency
• Star formation in 'the Brick': ALMA reveals an active proto-cluster in the Galactic centre cloud G0.253+0.016
• Protostellar Outflow Evolution in Turbulent Environments
• ALMA observations of NGC 6334S $-$ I: Forming massive stars and cluster in subsonic and transonic filamentary clouds
• Conditions for supernovae driven galactic winds
• The emergence of dark matter-deficient ultra-diffuse galaxies driven by scatter in the stellar mass-halo mass relation and feedback from globular clusters
• Molecular Line Observations in Two Dusty Star-Forming Galaxies at z = 6.9
• Magnetic field fluctuations in anisotropic, supersonic turbulence
• Lyα emission from galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization
• A model for the onset of self-gravitation and star formation in molecular gas governed by galactic forces: II. the bottleneck to collapse set by cloud-environment decoupling
• Lessons from cosmic history: The case for a linear star formation -- H2 relation
• The star-formation law at GMC scales in M33, the Triangulum Galaxy
• Star formation in the first galaxies - III. Formation, evolution, and characteristics of the first stellar cluster
• Code Comparison in Galaxy Scale Simulations with Resolved Supernova Feedback: Lagrangian vs. Eulerian Methods
• The Probability Distribution of Density Fluctuations in Supersonic Turbulence
• The DiskMass Survey. VIII. On the Relationship Between Disk Stability and Star Formation
• Velocity Gradient in the Presence of Self-Gravity: Identifying Gravity-induced Inflow and Determining Collapsing Stage
• The Giant Molecular Cloud Environments of Infrared Dark Clouds
• Giant Molecular Clouds in the Spiral Arm of IC 342
• The Origin of Interstellar Turbulence in M33
• The ALMOND Survey: Molecular cloud properties and gas density tracers across 25 nearby spiral galaxies with ALMA
• Feedback Regulated Star Formation: Implications for the Kennicutt-Schmidt Law
• A dwarf-dwarf merger and dark matter core as a solution to the Globular Cluster problems in the Fornax dSph
• The role of turbulence in star formation laws and thresholds
• Gravitational Instability in Radiation Pressure Dominated Backgrounds
• The IMF as a function of supersonic turbulence
• The Density Distribution in Turbulent Bi-stable Flows
• Kiloparsec-Scale Simulations of Star Formation in Disk Galaxies. I. The unmagnetized and zero-feedback limit
• The Distribution of Mass Surface Densities in a High-Mass Protocluster
• The resolved scaling relations in DustPedia: Zooming in on the local Universe
• The fragmentation properties of massive protocluster gas clumps: an ALMA study
• Exploring the link between star and planet formation with Ariel
• Automated bar detection in local disc galaxies from the SDSS - The colors of bars
• The turbulent fragmentation of the interstellar medium: The impact of metallicity on global star formation
• The Supersonic Project: Shining Light on SIGOs - a New Formation Channel for Globular Clusters
• On the compressive nature of turbulence driven by ionising feedback in the pillars of the Carina Nebula
• On the turbulence driving mode of expanding HII regions
• Testing Star Formation Laws on Spatially Resolved Regions in a $z\approx 4.3$ Starburst Galaxy
• The density structure of supersonic self-gravitating turbulence
• The Effects of Radiative Transfer on the PDFs of Molecular MHD Turbulence
• Panchromatic Spectral Energy Distributions of Dusty Galaxies with RADISHE. I. Predictions for Herschel: Correlating Colors with Galactic Energy Sources
• Rapid Filamentary Accretion as the Origin of Extended Thin Discs
• Ionized carbon as a tracer of the assembly of interstellar clouds
• Effects of initial density profiles on massive star cluster formation in giant molecular clouds
• Populations of Young Stellar Objects in Nearby Molecular Clouds
• Simulations of the star-forming molecular gas in an interacting M51-like galaxy: cloud population statistics
• A multi-shock model for the density variance of anisotropic, highly-magnetised, supersonic turbulence
• Filaments and striations: anisotropies in observed, supersonic, highly-magnetised turbulent clouds
• Some Stars are Totally Metal: A New Mechanism Driving Dust Across Star-Forming Clouds, and Consequences for Planets, Stars, and Galaxies
• Accurate tracer particles of baryon dynamics in the adaptive mesh refinement code Ramses
• Low-mass galaxy formation in cosmological AMR simulations: the effects of varying the sub-grid physics parameters
• Formation of star clusters and enrichment by massive stars in simulations of low-metallicity galaxies with a fully sampled initial stellar mass function
• A Kennicutt-Schmidt Law for Intervening Absorption Line Systems
• Kiloparsec-scale Variations in the Star Formation Efficiency of Dense Gas: the Antennae Galaxies (NGC 4038/39)
• The Kennicutt-Schmidt Star Formation Relation at z~2
• Relationship between turbulence energy and density variance in the Solar neighbourhood molecular clouds
• The role of collision speed, cloud density, and turbulence in the formation of young massive clusters via cloud-cloud collisions
• Supernova Driving. III. Synthetic Molecular Cloud Observations
• Planck's dusty GEMS. V. Molecular wind and clump stability in a strongly lensed star-forming galaxy at z=2.2
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: a new method to estimate molecular gas surface densities from star formation rates
• Global Simulations of Galactic Discs: Violent Feedback from Clustered Supernovae during Bursts of Star Formation
• Galaxies with grains: unraveling dust evolution and extinction curves with hydrodynamical simulations
• Resolved Molecular Gas and Star Formation Properties of the Strongly Lensed z=2.26 Galaxy SDSS J0901+1814
• SPICE: the connection between cosmic reionisation and stellar feedback in the first galaxies
• APOGEE chemical tagging constraint on the maximum star cluster mass in the $\alpha$-enhanced Galactic disk
• Infrared Radiation Feedback Does Not Regulate Star Cluster Formation
• The driving of turbulence in simulations of molecular cloud formation and evolution
• A Test of Star Formation Laws in Disk Galaxies. II. Dependence on dynamical properties
• A model for the minimum mass of bound stellar clusters and its dependence on the galactic environment
• Molecular cloud regulated star formation in galaxies
• A semi-analytic model of the turbulent multi-phase interstellar medium
• A Test of Star Formation Laws in Disk Galaxies
• A tight relation between the age distributions of stellar clusters and the properties of the interstellar medium in the host galaxy
• Studying Relation Between Star Formation and Molecular Clumps on Subparsec Scales in 30 Doradus
• Star formation efficiencies of molecular clouds in a galactic center environment
• Simulating Supersonic Turbulence in Magnetized Molecular Clouds
• The evolutionary tracks of young massive star clusters
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: gas content and interaction as the drivers of kinematic asymmetry
• SHOCKFIND - An algorithm to identify magnetohydrodynamic shock waves in turbulent clouds
• From large scale gas compression to cluster formation in the Antennae overlap region
• Shaping the Brown Dwarf Desert: Predicting the Primordial Brown Dwarf Binary Distributions from Turbulent Fragmentation
• On the Fueling of Massive Black Holes and the Properties of their Host Spheroids
• The Effects of Magnetic Fields and Outflow Feedback on the Shape and Evolution of the Density PDF in Turbulent Star-Forming Clouds
• ALMA observations of HCN and HCO+ outflows in the merging galaxy NGC 3256
• The Velocity Statistics of Turbulent Clouds in the Presence of Gravity, Magnetic fields, Radiation, and Outflow Feedback
• No Tension: JWST Galaxies at $z>10$ Consistent with Cosmological Simulations
• The relation between the turbulent Mach number and observed fractal dimensions of turbulent clouds
• Does turbulence determine the initial mass function?
• Suppressed star formation in circumnuclear regions in Seyfert galaxies
• Microwave Continuum Emission and Dense Gas Tracers in NGC 3627: Combining Jansky VLA and ALMA Observations
• Cloud Properties and Correlations with Star Formation in Numerical Simulations of the Three-Phase ISM
• The evolution of temperature and density structures of OB cluster-forming molecular clumps
• Spatially resolved star-formation relations of dense molecular gas in NGC 1068
• A Markov model for non-lognormal density distributions in compressive isothermal turbulence
• First extragalactic measurement of the turbulence driving parameter: ALMA observations of the star-forming region N159E in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• On the Timescale for Star Formation in Galaxies
• Molecular Cloud Evolution VI. Measuring cloud ages
• Cosmological simulations of the same spiral galaxy: the impact of baryonic physics
• The role of the turbulence driving mode for the Initial Mass Function
• Pitfalls when observationally characterizing the relative formation rates of stars and stellar clusters in galaxies
• The Nuclear Region of NGC1365: Star Formation, Negative Feedback, and Outflow Structure
• Interstellar MHD Turbulence and Star Formation
• Hierarchy and size distribution function of star formation regions in the spiral galaxy NGC 628
• Molecular Cloud Properties and CO Line Emission in z >~ 6 Galaxies
• The effect of mass loss in models of red supergiants in the Small Magellanic Cloud
• Less wrong: a more realistic initial condition for simulations of turbulent molecular clouds
• On the Origin of Multiple Populations During Massive Star Cluster Formation
• When is star formation episodic? A delay differential equation negative feedback model
• Equilibrium Star Formation In A Constant Q Disk: Model Optimisation and Initial Tests
• The Interstellar Medium and Star Formation of Galactic Disks. I. ISM and GMC properties with Diffuse FUV and Cosmic Ray Backgrounds
• Molecular and atomic line surveys of galaxies II: unbiased estimates of their star formation mode
• Low Mass Stars as Tracers of Star and Cluster Formation
• Cluster Formation in Contracting Molecular Clouds
• The organization of cloud-scale gas density structure: high resolution CO vs. 3.6 $\mu$m brightness contrasts in nearby galaxies
• Large-eddy simulations of isolated disc galaxies with thermal and turbulent feedback
• Transition of BH feeding from the quiescent regime into star-forming cold disk regime
• From haloes to galaxies -- II. The fundamental relations in star formation and quenching
• Star Cluster Formation from Turbulent Clumps. II. Gradual Star Cluster Formation
• The Effect of Supernovae on the Turbulence and Dispersal of Molecular Clouds
• Resolved HI Imaging of a Population of Massive HI-Rich Galaxies with Suppressed Star Formation
• Gas Column Density Distribution of Molecular Clouds in the Third Quadrant of the Milky Way
• The relation between the true and observed fractal dimensions of turbulent clouds
• Shaping the structure of a GMC with radiation and winds
• The Star Formation Law in a Multifractal ISM
• Can Sgr A* flares reveal the molecular gas density PDF?
• Two phase galaxy formation: The Gas Content of Normal Galaxies
• A new method for spatially resolving the turbulence driving mixture in the ISM with application to the Small Magellanic Cloud
• Effects of Spiral Arms on Star Formation in Nuclear Rings of Barred-spiral Galaxies
• PRUSSIC I - a JVLA survey of HCN/HCO+/HNC (1-0) emission in z$\sim$3 dusty galaxies: Low dense-gas fractions in high-redshift star-forming galaxies
• Galaxy Collisions - Dawn of a New Era
• The Accelerating Pace of Star Formation
• Far-Infrared Spectral Energy Distributions and Photometric Redshifts of Dusty Galaxies
• The density distribution and physical origins of intermittency in supersonic, highly magnetised turbulence with diverse modes of driving
• Dense Regions in Supersonic Isothermal Turbulence
• Duality in spatially resolved star-formation relations in local LIRGs
• Little Blue Dots in the Hubble Space Telescope Frontier Fields: Precursors to Globular Clusters?
• The small and the beautiful: How the star formation law affects galactic disk structure
• Dense Cloud Formation and Star Formation in a Barred Galaxy
• A new method for measuring the 3D turbulent velocity dispersion of molecular clouds
• Molecular and atomic line surveys of galaxies I: the dense, star-forming phase as a beacon
• Effect of Cosmic UV Background on Star Formation in High Redshift Galaxies
• On the initial mass-radius relation of stellar clusters
• Stellar age spreads in clusters as imprints of cluster-parent clump densities
• Resolved Star Formation Efficiency in the Antennae Galaxies
• Revealing a spiral-shaped molecular cloud in our galaxy - Cloud fragmentation under rotation and gravity
• Resolved simulations of jet-ISM interaction: Implications for gas dynamics and star formation
• Sub-kpc star-formation law in the local luminous infrared galaxy IC 4687 as seen by ALMA
• Planck's Dusty GEMS. VIII. Dense-gas reservoirs in the most active dusty starbursts at z~3
• The extended law of star formation: the combined role of gas and stars
• A Sample of Intermediate-Mass Star-Forming Regions: Making Stars at Mass Column Densities <1 g/cm^2
• The MALATANG Survey: Dense Gas and Star Formation from High Transition HCN and HCO+ maps of NGC253
• Mass-size scaling M~ r^1.67 of massive star-forming clumps -- evidences of turbulence-regulated gravitational collapse
• SIEGE III: The formation of dense stellar clusters in sub-parsec resolution cosmological simulations with individual star feedback
• Star Formation on Galactic Scales: Empirical Laws
• Dust attenuation, dust content and geometry of star-forming galaxies
• Energy balance and Alfvén Mach numbers in compressible magnetohydrodynamic turbulence with a large-scale magnetic field
• Competitive Accretion in Sheet Geometry and the Stellar IMF
• A Search for correlations between turbulence and star formation in LITTLE THINGS dwarf irregular galaxies
• Nature of supersonic turbulence and density distribution function in the multiphase interstellar medium
• The correlation between WISE 12 $\mu$m emission and molecular gas tracers on sub-kpc scales in nearby star-forming galaxies
• The spectrum of magnetized turbulence in the interstellar medium
• The nature of giant clumps in high-z discs: a deep-learning comparison of simulations and observations
• The role of turbulence, magnetic fields and feedback for star formation
• The SOFIA FEEDBACK Legacy Survey: Rapid molecular cloud dispersal in RCW 79
• Molecular gas and star formation in nearby starburst galaxy mergers
• Spatially-resolved Dense Molecular Gas Excitation in the Nearby LIRG VV 114
• Wide-field CO isotopologue emission and the CO-to-H${}_2$ factor across the nearby spiral galaxy M101
• The driving mode of shock-driven turbulence
• Resolved Molecular Gas Observations of MaNGA Post-starbursts Reveal a Tumultuous Past
• Radio jet-ISM interaction and positive radio-mechanical feedback in Abell 1795
• A Kennicutt-Schmidt relation at molecular cloud scales and beyond
• A law for star formation in galaxies
• The Supersonic Project: To cool or not to cool Supersonically Induced Gas Objects (SIGOs)?
• The Effects of Metallicity and Abundance Pattern of the ISM on Supernova Feedback
• Molecular Clouds as Gravitational Instabilities in Rotating Disks: A Modified Stability Criterion
• The Kennicutt-Schmidt law and the main sequence of galaxies in Newtonian and Milgromian dynamics
• Merger-induced star formation in low-metallicity dwarf galaxy NGC 4809/4810
• The Evolution of the ISM in the Mildly Disturbed Spiral Galaxy NGC 4647
• Probing the multi-scale interplay between gravity and turbulence - Power-law like gravitational energy spectra of the Orion Complex
• Detailed Balance and Exact Results for Density Fluctuations in Supersonic Turbulence
• Observational Constraints on the Molecular Gas Content in Nearby Starburst Dwarf Galaxies
• The molecular gas resolved by ALMA in the low-metallicity dwarf merging galaxy Haro 11
• Formation of OB Associations in Galaxies
• Determining Star Formation Thresholds from Observations
• Star-Forming S0 Galaxies in SDSS-IV MaNGA Survey
• Chemo-dynamical simulations of dwarf galaxy evolution
• Diffusion of large-scale magnetic fields by reconnection in MHD turbulence
• Differences in star formation activity between tidally triggered and isolated bars: a case study of NGC 4303 and NGC 3627
• The distribution and properties of DLAs at z $\le$ 2 in the EAGLE simulations
• Runaway stars masquerading as star formation in galactic outskirts
• PHANGS-ALMA: Arcsecond CO(2-1) Imaging of Nearby Star-Forming Galaxies
• Virial Clumps in Central Molecular Zone Clouds
• The Nature of Turbulence in the LITTLE THINGS Dwarf Irregular Galaxies
• The Column Density Variance in Turbulent Interstellar Media: A Fractal Model Approach
• The Youngest Globular Clusters
• Description of turbulent dynamics in the interstellar medium: multifractal/microcanonical analysis I. Application to Herschel observations of the Musca filament
• Coupling local to global star formation in spiral galaxies: the effect of differential rotation
• Extreme Galaxies During Reionization: Testing ISM and Disk Models
• The Timescales of Star Cluster Emergence: The Case of NGC 4449
• On the Diagnostic Power of FIR/Sub-mm SED Fitting in Massive Galactic Molecular Clumps
• Spinning Bar and a Star-formation Inefficient Repertoire: Turbulence in Hickson Compact Group NGC7674
• Testing the star formation scaling relations in the clumps of the North American and Pelican cloud complexes
• Supersonic turbulence in 3D isothermal flow collision
• Star Formation in Massive Clusters via Bondi Accretion
• Is the molecular KS relationship universal down to low metallicities?
• Regulation of star formation by large scale gravito-turbulence
• Dependence of the Star Formation Efficiency on the Parameters of Molecular Cloud Formation Simulations
• Modeling Star Formation as a Markov Process in a Supersonic Gravoturbulent Medium
• The stellar content of the infalling molecular clump G286.21+0.17
• Towards the impact of GMC collisions on the star formation rate
• JWST/NIRSpec and MIRI observations of an expanding, jet-driven bubble of warm H${}_2$ in the radio galaxy 3C 326 N
• G.A.S. I: A prescription for turbulence-regulated star formation and its impact on galaxy properties
• On the probability distribution function of the mass surface density of molecular clouds I
• Molecular Clump Extraction Algorithm Based on Local Density Clustering
• Understanding the Star Formation Efficiency in Dense Gas: Initial Results from the CAFFEINE Survey with ArTéMiS
• Spectroscopic Confirmation of a Population of Isolated, Intermediate-Mass YSOs
• A Synergy of the Velocity Gradients Technique and the Probability Density Functions for Identifying Gravitational Collapse in Self-Absorbing Media
• Modeling Turbulence in Galactic Centers
• Cloud properties across spatial scales in simulations of the interstellar medium
• Core Emergence in a Massive Infrared Dark Cloud: A Comparison Between Mid-IR Extinction and 1.3 mm Emission
• Jet-Feedback on kpc scales: a review
• Dust Buried Compact Sources in the Dwarf Galaxy NGC 4449
• Collapsing Molecular Clouds with Tracer Particles: Part I, What Collapses?
• Evolution of the grain size distribution in Milky Way-like galaxies in post-processed IllustrisTNG simulations
• Molecular Clouds: Internal Properties, Turbulence, Star Formation and Feedback
• Gas Kinematics of the Massive Protocluster G286.21+0.17 Revealed by ALMA
• The density gradient inside molecular-gas clumps as a booster of their star formation activity
• Star formation in evolving molecular clouds
• Connecting the Cosmic Star Formation Rate with the Local Star Formation
• A Dynamically Collapsing Core and a Precursor of a Core in a Filament Supported by Turbulent and Magnetic Pressures
• Star Formation Timescales and the Schmidt Law
• CO-0.30-0.07: A Peculiar Molecular Clump with an Extremely Broad Velocity Width
• Deuterium Fractionation across the Infrared Dark Cloud G034.77-00.55 interacting with the Supernova Remnant W44
• The Supersonic Project: The Early Evolutionary Path of SIGOs
• Low star formation efficiency due to turbulent adiabatic compression in the Taffy bridge
• X-raying molecular clouds with a short flare: probing statistics of gas density and velocity fields
• Reconstructing three-dimensional densities from two-dimensional observations of molecular gas
• Observational studies of pre-stellar cores and infrared dark clouds
• Inefficient star formation in high Mach number environments I. The turbulent support analytical model
• Turbulent entrainment origin of protostellar outflows
• On the probability distribution function of the mass surface density of molecular clouds. II
• 3D structure of the Milky Way out to 10 kpc from the Sun. Catalogue of large molecular clouds in the Galactic Plane
• On the Origin of the High Star-Formation Efficiency in Massive Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn
• Investigating the Upper Scorpius OB association with HERMES. I. The spectroscopic sample and 6D kinematics
• Star formation in Galactic flows
• Turbulence and Star Formation in a Sample of Spiral Galaxies
• Playing with FIRE: A Galactic Feedback-Halting Experiment Challenges Star Formation Rate Theories
• Cold Molecular Gas in Merger Remnants. II. The properties of dense molecular gas
• Threshold between Spontaneous and Cloud-Collisional Star Formation
• Density and Velocity Correlations in Isothermal Supersonic Turbulence
• The effect of tidal forces on the Jeans instability criterion in star-forming regions
• Is this an Early Stage Merger? A Case Study on Molecular Gas and Star Formation Properties of Arp 240
• High dense gas fraction in a gas-rich star-forming galaxy at z = 1.2
• The THESAN-ZOOM project: Star-formation efficiencies in high-redshift galaxies
• Density distributions of outflow driven turbulence
• The life cycle of starbursting circumnuclear gas discs
• Testing assumptions and predictions of star-formation theories
• Dissipative phenomena in extended-bodies interactions I: Methods Dwarf galaxies of the Local Group and their synthetic CMDs
• Fragmentation and Evolution of Molecular Clouds. III: The Effect of Dust and Gas Energetics
• Modelling H${}_2$ and its effects on star formation using a joint implementation of GADGET-3 and KROME
• The Star Formation Laws of Eddington-Limited Star-Forming Disks
• Escaping the maze: a statistical sub-grid model for cloud-scale density structures in the interstellar medium
• Does the HCN/CO ratio trace the star-forming fraction of gas? I. A comparison with analytical models of star formation
• Dense gas scaling relations at kiloparsec scales across nearby galaxies with the ALMA ALMOND and IRAM 30m EMPIRE surveys
• Reconciling extragalactic star formation efficiencies with theory: insights from PHANGS
• The THESAN-ZOOM project: Star formation efficiency from giant molecular clouds to galactic scale in high-redshift starbursts
• The influence of the cloud virial parameter on the initial mass function
• Impact of star formation models on the growth of simulated galaxies at high redshifts
• On the Functional Form of the Universal Star Formation Law
• VALES V: A kinematic analysis of the molecular gas content in $H$-ATLAS galaxies at $z\sim 0.03-0.35$ using ALMA
• The CARMA-NRO Orion Survey: Core Emergence and Kinematics in the Orion A Cloud
• Astrophysics in 2005
• A comparison of ${\text{H}}_2$ formation models at high redshift
• DIISC-II: Unveiling the Connections between Star Formation and ISM in the Extended Ultraviolet Disk of NGC 3344
• Potential contributions of Pop III and intermediate-mass Pop II stars to cosmic chemical enrichment
• Star formation in IRDC G31.97+0.07
• The life cycle of giant molecular clouds in simulated Milky Way-mass galaxies
• HCN $J$=4-3, HNC $J$=1-0, ${\mathrm{H}}^{13}\mathrm{CN}$ $J$=1-0, and $\mathrm{H}{\mathrm{C}}_3\mathrm{N}$ $J$=10-9 Maps of Galactic Center Region II.: Physical Properties of Dense Gas Clumps and Probability of Star Formation
• On turbulent fragmentation and the origin of the stellar IMF
• M31 circum-nuclear region: a molecular survey with the IRAM-interferometer
• Cosmological simulations of the same spiral galaxy: connecting the dark matter distribution of the host halo with the subgrid baryonic physics
• Decaying turbulence in molecular clouds: how does it affect filament networks and star formation?
• Density Exponent Analysis: Gravity-driven steepening of the density profiles of star-forming regions
• Die Hard: The On-Off-Cycle of Galaxies on the Star Formation Main Sequence
• Assessing the accuracy of the star formation rate measurements by direct star count in molecular clouds
• Understanding the Universal Dust Attenuation Scaling Relation of Star-Forming Galaxies
• G337.342-0.119 (the "Pebble"): A Cold, Dense, High-Mass Molecular Cloud with Unusually Large Linewidths and a Candidate High-Mass Star Cluster Progenitor
• The Physical Nature of the Most Metal-Poor Damped Lyman Alpha Systems
• On fragmentation of turbulent self-gravitating discs in the long cooling time regime
• Star formation across cosmic time
• Towards a multi-scale understanding of the gas-star formation cycle in the Central Molecular Zone
• The dense-gas mass versus star formation rate relation: a misleading linearity?
• Inefficient star formation in high Mach number environments II. Numerical simulations and comparison with analytical models
• From 10 Kelvin to 10 TeraKelvin: Insights on the Interaction Between Cosmic Rays and Gas in Starbursts
• Reconstructing the genesis of a globular cluster system at a look-back time of 9.1 Gyr with the JWST
• Gravity or turbulence? VII. The Schmidt-Kennicutt law, the star formation efficiency, and the mass density of clusters from gravitational collapse rather than turbulent support
• Formation of low-mass stars and brown dwarfs
• Solenoidal versus compressive turbulence forcing
• A 260 pc resolution ALMA map of HCN(1-0) in the galaxy NGC 4321
• Wide-binary eccentricity distribution in young star clusters: dependence on the binary separation and mass
• Molecular gas properties in young stellar clusters with a suppressed star cluster wind
• The complex multi-scale structure in simulated and observed emission maps of the proto-cluster cloud G0.253+0.016 (`the Brick')
• The turbulence driving parameter of molecular clouds in disc galaxies
• PRUSSIC III -- ALMA and NOEMA survey of dense gas in high-redshift star-forming galaxies
• The magnetic field in the Flame nebula
• An H$\alpha$ kinematic survey of the $Herschel$ Reference Survey -- I. Fabry-Perot observations with the 1.93m telescope at OHP
• Turbulent gas accretion between supermassive black holes and star-forming rings in the circumnuclear disk
• Finite shock model of density in supersonic turbulence
• Touching the Stars: Using High-Resolution 3D Printing to Visualize Stellar Nurseries
• Simulating the collapse of rotating primordial gas clouds to study the survival possibility of Pop III protostars
• Length-scales and Dynamics of Carina's Western Wall
• Prestellar Cores in Turbulent Clouds: Properties of Critical Cores
• Predicting HCN, HCO${}^{+}$, multi-transition CO, and dust emission of star-forming galaxies -- Extension to luminous infrared galaxies and the role of cosmic ray ionization
• Forming Stars in a Dual AGN Host: Molecular and Ionized Gas in the Nearby, Luminous Infrared Merger, Mrk 266
• Galaxy formation hydrodynamics: From cosmic flows to star-forming clouds
• The molecular environment of the Galactic star forming region G19.61-0.23
• The Hierarchical Dynamical State of Molecular Gas from 3 to 300 pc in NGC 253
• Hot Diggity Dog: Simultaneous CO and Dust Modeling of the Most Luminous WISE Hot Dust-Obscured Galaxy Unveils Extreme Molecular Gas Excitation
• A Massive Dense Gas Cloud close to the Nucleus of the Seyfert galaxy NGC 1068
• Bright [CII]158$\mu$m Streamers as a Beacon for Giant Galaxy Formation in SPT2349$-$56 at $z=4.3$
• A Probabilistic Model to Estimate Number Densities from Column Densities in Molecular Clouds
• Measuring the spectral index of turbulent gas with deep learning from projected density maps
• Kennicutt-Schmidt relation of galaxies over 13 billion years in the COLIBRE hydrodynamical simulations
• Does the HCN/CO ratio trace the star-forming fraction of gas? II. Variations in CO and HCN Emissivity
• Dust and Gas as Seeds for Metal-Poor Star Formation
• Modeling the Disk (three-phase) Interstellar Medium
• Structure of iso-density sets in supersonic isothermal turbulence
• Estimating the evolution of gas in the Fornax dwarf spheroidal galaxy from its star formation history: an illustrative example
• The Arp 240 Galaxy Merger: A Detailed Look at the Molecular Kennicutt-Schmidt Star Formation Law on Sub-kpc Scales
• Theory of Feedback in Clusters and Molecular Cloud Turbulence
• Direct detection of cool molecular gas in a star-forming galaxy at $z=7.31$
• Numerical Methods for Simulating Star Formation
• The implications of clustered star formation for (proto)planetary systems and habitability
• Centrally concentrated star formation in young clusters
• Star Formation in the Galactic Center
• ARCHITECTS I: Impact of subgrid physics on the simulated properties of the circumgalactic medium
• Star formation in cloud cores -- simulations and observations of dense molecular cores and the formation of solar mass stars
• Prospects of Turbulence Studies in High-Energy Density Laser-Generated Plasma: Numerical Investigations in Two Dimensions
• Fire from Ice - Massive Star Birth from Infrared Dark Clouds
• High Mass Star Formation by Gravitational Collapse of Massive Cores
• Diagnosing Turbulence in the Neutral and Molecular Interstellar Medium of Galaxies
• A galactic-scale origin for stellar clustering
• How non-thermal pressure impacts the modelling of star formation in galaxy formation simulations
• Turbulence, Feedback, and Slow Star Formation
• Modeling of molecular clouds with formation of prestellar cores
• The Supernova-ISM/Star formation Interplay
• Star-formation laws in extreme starbursts
• Massive Star and Star Cluster Formation
• On the quenching of star formation in observed and simulated central galaxies: Evidence for the role of integrated AGN feedback
• The Challenge of Modelling Galactic Disks
• Random fragmentation of turbulent molecular clouds lying in the central region of giant galaxies
• Simulating High-Redshift Disk Galaxies: Applications to Long Duration Gamma-Ray Burst Hosts
• On the star formation rate and turbulent dissipation in galactic models
• The MALATANG survey: star formation, dense gas, and AGN feedback in NGC 1068
• Spatially Resolved Star Formation relations in local LIRGs along the complete merger sequence
• On the scale-height of the molecular gas disc in Milky Way-like galaxies
• The Cosmic-ray Knee as a Local Signature of Nearby PeVatrons
• Are globular clusters the natural outcome of regular high-redshift star formation?
• Cluster Assembly in Hierarchically Collapsing Clouds
• From Interstellar Clouds to Stars
• Star Formation