Supermassive Black Hole Formation at High Redshifts via Direct Collapse: Physical Processes in the Early Stage

Abstract

We use numerical simulations to explore whether direct collapse can lead to the formation of SMBH seeds at high-z. We follow the evolution of gas within DM halos of 2 x 10^8 Mo and 1 kpc. We adopt cosmological density profiles and j-distributions. Our goal is to understand how the collapsing flow overcomes the centrifugal barrier and whether it is subject to fragmentation. We find that the collapse leads either to a central runaway or to off-center fragmentation. A disk-like configuration is formed inside the centrifugal barrier. For more cuspy DM distribution, the gas collapses more and experiences a bar-like perturbation and a central runaway. We have followed this inflow down to ~10^{-4} pc. The flow remains isothermal and the specific angular momentum is efficiently transferred by gravitational torques in a cascade of nested bars. This cascade supports a self-similar, disk-like collapse. In the collapsing phase, virial supersonic turbulence develops and fragmentation is damped. For larger initial DM cores the timescales become longer. In models with more organized initial rotation, a torus forms and appears to be supported by turbulent motions. The evolution depends on the competition between two timescales, corresponding to the onset of the central runaway and off-center fragmentation. For less organized rotation, the torus is greatly weakened, the central accretion timescale is shortened, and off-center fragmentation is suppressed --- triggering the central runaway even in previously `stable' models. The resulting SMBH masses lie in the range 2 x 10^4 Mo - 2 x 10^6 Mo, much higher than for Population III remnants. We argue that the above upper limit appears to be more realistic mass. Corollaries of this model include a possible correlation between SMBH and DM halo masses, and similarity between the SMBH and halo mass functions, at time of formation.

20 pages, 15 figures, 3 tables. Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal

References in corpus (25)

• Five-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Cosmological Interpretation
• A luminous quasar at a redshift of z = 7.085
• Formation of Supermassive Black Holes by Direct Collapse in Pregalactic Halos
• The Statistics of Supersonic Isothermal Turbulence
• Supermassive black hole formation during the assembly of pre-galactic discs
• The Formation of Population III Binaries from Cosmological Initial Conditions
• Formation of z ~ 6 quasars from hierarchical galaxy mergers
• A new Jeans resolution criterion for (M)HD simulations of self-gravitating gas: Application to magnetic field amplification by gravity-driven turbulence
• Cosmological puzzle resolved by stellar feedback in high redshift galaxies
• On the Density Distribution in Star-forming Interstellar Clouds
• Fluctuations in the High-Redshift Lyman-Werner Background: Close Halo Pairs as the Origin of Supermassive Black Holes
• Population III star formation in a Lambda CDM universe, I: The effect of formation redshift and environment on protostellar accretion rate
• Black hole formation in the early universe
• Resolving the Formation of Protogalaxies. II. Central Gravitational Collapse
• Quasars at z=6: the survival of the fittest
• Erasing Dark Matter Cusps in Cosmological Galactic Halos with Baryons
• Quasistars: Accreting black holes inside massive envelopes
• Comparing Numerical Methods for Isothermal Magnetized Supersonic Turbulence
• A localised subgrid scale model for fluid dynamical simulations in astrophysics I: Theory and numerical tests
• Dissecting Galaxy Formation: I. Comparison Between Pure Dark Matter and Baryonic Models
• Star Formation in the First Galaxies I: Collapse Delayed by Lyman-Werner Radiation
• Structure Formation Inside Triaxial Dark Matter Halos: Galactic Disks, Bulges and Bars
• The influence of magnetic fields on the thermodynamics of primordial star formation
• Growing Live Disks Within Cosmologically Assembling Asymmetric Halos: Washing Out the Halo Prolateness
• Resolving Gas Dynamics in the Circumnuclear Region of a Disk Galaxy in a Cosmological Simulation

Cited by in corpus (74)

• The Assembly of the First Massive Black Holes
• On the universality of supersonic turbulence
• Formation of Primordial Supermassive Stars by Rapid Mass Accretion
• Gravitational torque-driven black hole growth and feedback in cosmological simulations
• Formation of supermassive black hole seeds
• The characteristic black hole mass resulting from direct collapse in the early universe
• The interplay between a galactic bar and a supermassive black hole: nuclear fueling in a sub-parsec resolution galaxy simulation
• Constraining the high redshift formation of black hole seeds in nuclear star clusters with gas inflows
• Massive black hole factories: Supermassive and quasi-star formation in primordial halos
• On the Maximum Mass of Accreting Primordial Supermassive Stars
• Unveiling the first black holes with JWST: multi-wavelength spectral predictions
• The environment of bright QSOs at z ~ 6: Star forming galaxies and X-ray emission
• Formation of massive protostars in atomic cooling haloes
• Formation of an embryonic supermassive star in the first galaxy
• The Growth Efficiency of High-Redshift Black Holes
• Direct formation of supermassive black holes in metal-enriched gas at the heart of high-redshift galaxy mergers
• The route to massive black hole formation via merger-driven direct collapse: a review
• Massive Black Hole binaries in gas-rich galaxy mergers; multiple regimes of orbital decay and interplay with gas inflows
• A new channel to form IMBHs throughout cosmic time
• Torque-Limited Growth of Massive Black Holes in Galaxies Across Cosmic Time
• The brief era of direct collapse black hole formation
• Formation of the first stars and black holes
• Formation of globular clusters in atomic-cooling halos via rapid gas condensation and fragmentation during the epoch of reionization
• First Identification of Direct Collapse Black Hole Candidates in the Early Universe in CANDELS/GOODS-S
• Forming massive seed black holes in high-redshift quasar host progenitors
• Magnetic fields during the formation of supermassive black holes
• Supermassive Black Holes in the Early Universe
• The Early Growth of the First Black Holes
• Size matters: are we witnessing super-Eddington accretion in high-redshift black holes from JWST?
• How an improved implementation of H2 self-shielding influences the formation of massive stars and black holes
• Finding the First Cosmic Explosions. III. Pulsational Pair-Instability Supernovae
• High redshift supermassive blackholes: accretion through cold flows
• The Biggest Explosions in the Universe
• The impact of reionization on the formation of supermassive black hole seeds
• Direct Collapse to Supermassive Black Hole Seeds with Radiative Transfer: Isolated Halos
• Stars and Black Holes from the very Early Universe
• Supermassive Black Hole Seed Formation at High Redshifts: Long-Term Evolution of the Direct Collapse
• The Biggest Explosions in the Universe. II
• The role of stellar relaxation in the formation and evolution of the first massive black holes
• Direct collapse to supermassive black hole seeds: the critical conditions for suppression of ${\mathrm{H}}_2$ cooling
• The first supermassive black holes
• Direct Collapse to Supermassive Black Hole Seeds with Radiation Transfer: Cosmological Halos
• A Single Progenitor Model for GW150914 and GW170104
• Bulge-driven Fueling of Seed Black Holes
• How the First Stars Regulated Star Formation. II. Enrichment by Nearby Supernovae
• Sowing black hole seeds: Direct collapse black hole formation with realistic Lyman-Werner radiation in cosmological simulations
• Local simulations of MRI turbulence with meshless methods
• Finding the First Cosmic Explosions. IV. 90 - 140 M${}_{\odot }$ Pair-Instability Supernovae
• Massive Black Hole Science with eLISA
• Bright vigorous winds as signposts of supermassive black hole birth
• Direct-collapse supermassive black holes from relic particle decay
• Seeding supermassive black holes with a non-vortical dark-matter subcomponent
• Overlapping inflows as catalysts of AGN activity - II: Relative importance of turbulence and inflow-disc interaction
• Enhanced direct collapse due to Lyman alpha feedback
• The young radio lobe of 3C 84: inferred gas properties in the central 10 parsec
• Radiation-driven turbulent accretion onto massive black holes
• Giant Primeval Magnetic Dipoles
• Light or heavy supermassive black hole seeds: the role of internal rotation in the fate of supermassive stars
• Feeding plankton to whales: high-redshift supermassive black holes from tiny black hole explosions
• Detecting Population III Stars through Tidal Disruption Events in the Era of JWST and Roman
• Direct Collapse to Supermassive Black Hole Seeds: Comparing the AMR and SPH Approaches
• Cosmological magnetic braking and the formation of high-redshift, super-massive black holes
• Growth of massive black holes at high-z via accretion predominantly driven by magnetic outflows
• Structure of the super-Eddington outflow and itsimpact on the cosmological scale
• Biconical-dominated Accretion Flow onto Seed Black Holes in a Hyper-accretion Regime
• Accelerated growth of seed black holes by dust in the early universe
• Black hole formation via gas-dynamical processes
• Direct Collapse Accretion Disks Within Dark Matter Halos: Saturation of the Magnetorotational Instability and the Field Expulsion
• Dissecting Cosmological Filaments at High Redshifts: Emergence of Spaghetti-type Flow Inside DM Haloes
• Direct Collapse to Precursors of Supermassive Black Hole Seeds:Radiation-feedback-generated Outflows
• Neutrino masses, matter-antimatter asymmetry, dark matter, and supermassive black hole formation explained with Majorons
• Signatures of Exploding Supermassive PopIII Stars at High Redshift in JWST, EUCLID and Roman Space Telescope
• Direct Collapse Pre-supermassive Black Hole Objects as Ly$\alpha$ Emitters
• Modeling Cosmological Evolution of Jetted Seyfert Galaxies for z<10