The Formation of Massive Stars from Turbulent Cores

Abstract

Observations indicate that massive stars form in regions of very high surface density, ~1 g cm^-2. Clusters containing massive stars and globular clusters have a comparable column density. The total pressure in clouds of such a column density is P/k~10^8-10^9 K cm^-3, far greater than that in the diffuse ISM or the average in GMCs. Observations show that massive star-forming regions are supersonically turbulent, and we show that the molecular cores out of which individual massive stars form are as well. The protostellar accretion rate in such a core is approximately equal to the instantaneous mass of the star divided by the free-fall time of the gas that is accreting onto the star (Stahler, Shu, & Taam 1980). The star-formation time in this Turbulent Core model for massive star formation is several mean free-fall timesscales of the core, but is about equal to that of the region in which the core is embedded. The typical time for a massive star to form is about 10^5 yr and the accretion rate is high enough to overcome radiation pressure due to the luminosity of the star. For the typical case we consider, in which the cores out of which the stars form have a density structure varying as r^{-1.5}, the protostellar accretion rate grows linearly with time. We calculate the evolution of the radius of a protostar and determine the accretion luminosity. At the high accretion rates that are typical in regions of massive star formation, protostars join the main sequence at about 20 solar masses. We apply these results to predict the properties of protostars thought to be powering several observed hot molecular cores, including the Orion hot core and W3(H2O). In the Appendixes, we discuss the pressure in molecular clouds and we argue that ``logatropic'' models for molecular clouds are incompatible with observation.

ApJ accepted; 28 pages, some clarification of the text, results unchanged

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• Bondi-Hoyle Accretion in an Isothermal Magnetized Plasma
• Multi-scale dynamics in star-forming regions: the interplay between gravity and turbulence
• The Giant Molecular Cloud Environments of Infrared Dark Clouds
• The Dynamical State of Filamentary Infrared Dark Clouds
• Initial phases of massive star formation in high infrared extinction clouds. I. Physical parameters
• A high resolution study of complex organic molecules in hot cores
• Star formation in dense clusters
• Mass and luminosity evolution of young stellar objects
• Sulfur-Bearing Molecules In Massive Star-Forming Regions: Observations Of OCS, CS, H2S and SO
• A Massive Protostar Forming by Ordered Collapse of a Dense, Massive Core
• The SQUALO project (Star formation in QUiescent And Luminous Objects) I: clump-fed accretion mechanism in high-mass star-forming objects
• Uniform Infall toward the Cometary H II Region in the G34.26+0.15 Complex?
• Numerical Simulations of Turbulent Molecular Clouds Regulated by Radiation Feedback Forces II: Radiation-Gas Interactions and Outflows
• ALMA view of G0.253+0.016: Can cloud-cloud collision form the cloud?
• Deuterium Fractionation as an Evolutionary Probe in Massive Proto-stellar/cluster Cores
• Zooming in to Massive Star Birth
• Identification of prestellar cores in high-mass star forming clumps via ${\mathrm{H}}_2{\mathrm{D}}^{+}$ observations with ALMA
• Variations in the Mass Functions of Clustered and Isolated Young Stellar Objects
• Evidence of a SiO collimated outflow from a massive YSO in IRAS 17233-3606
• Mass Transfer in Close, Rapidly Accreting Protobinaries: An Origin for Massive Twins?
• Kiloparsec-Scale Simulations of Star Formation in Disk Galaxies. I. The unmagnetized and zero-feedback limit
• Physical Conditions of the Earliest Phases of Massive Star Formation: Single-Dish and Interferometric Observations of Ammonia and CCS in Infrared Dark Clouds
• A Hi-GAL study of the high-mass star-forming region G29.96-0.02
• Molecular CO outflows in the L1641-N cluster: kneading a cloud core
• SiO Outflow Signatures Toward Massive Young Stellar Objects with Linearly Distributed Methanol Masers
• The Circumstellar Structure and Excitation Effects around the Massive Protostar Cepheus A HW 2
• The formation of massive stellar clusters in converging galactic flows with photoionisation
• Linking pre- and proto-stellar objects in the intermediate-/high-mass star forming region IRAS 05345+3157
• The fragmentation properties of massive protocluster gas clumps: an ALMA study
• The VLA/ALMA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity (VANDAM) Survey of Orion Protostars IV. Unveiling the Embedded Intermediate-Mass Protostar and Disk within OMC2-FIR3/HOPS-370
• A Galactic survey of radio jets from massive protostars
• Simulating protostellar evolution and radiative feedback in the cluster environment
• The 3-D Kinematics of the Orion Nebula Cluster: NIRSPEC-AO Radial Velocities of the Core Population
• A new hybrid radiative transfer method for massive star formation
• STIS Spectral Imagery of the OB Stars in NGC 604: The Most Luminous Stars
• Massive Stars: Their Birth Sites and Distribution
• Dynamics of a Massive Binary at Birth
• Stellar models and isochrones from low-mass to massive stars including pre-main sequence phase with accretion
• Molecular analysis of a high-mass prestellar core candidate in W43-MM1
• The Possibly Remnant Massive Outflow in G5.89-0.39: I - Observations and Initial MHD Simulations
• Discovery of Large-Scale Gravitational Infall in a Massive Protostellar Cluster
• A multiwavelength study of young massive star forming regions: II. The dust environment
• SMA Observations of W3(OH) Complex: Physical and Chemical Differentiation between W3(H${}_2$O) and W3(OH)
• SiO collimated outflows driven by high-mass YSOs in G24.78+0.08
• Massive pre-main sequence stars in M17
• High-resolution APEX/LAsMA ${}^{12}$CO and ${}^{13}$CO (3-2) observation of the G333 giant molecular cloud complex : I. Evidence for gravitational acceleration in hub-filament systems
• Hunting for Runaways from the Orion Nebula Cluster
• Dynamics of the 6.7 and 12.2 GHz methanol masers around Cepheus A HW2
• SiO excitation from dense shocks in the earliest stages of massive star formation
• Star Formation & Young Stellar Content in the W3 GMC
• A pilot survey of the binarity of Massive Young Stellar Objects with $K$ band adaptive optics
• Interstellar Plunging Waves: ALMA resolves the physical structure of non-stationary MHD shocks
• Properties of massive star-forming clumps with infall motions
• ATOMS: ALMA Three-millimeter Observations of Massive Star-forming regions -- XII: Fragmentation and multi-scale gas kinematics in protoclusters G12.42+0.50 and G19.88-0.53
• Gravitational Slingshot of Young Massive Stars in Orion
• Outflow and Infall in a Sample of Massive Star Forming Regions II: Large Scale Kinematics
• Chemistry and physics of a low-metallicity hot core in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Mother of Dragons: A Massive, quiescent core in the dragon cloud (IRDC G028.37+00.07)
• A 42.3-43.6 GHz spectral survey of Orion BN/KL: First detection of the v=0 J=1-0 line from the isotopologues 29SiO and 30SiO
• Dynamical Accretion Flows -- ALMAGAL: Flows along filamentary structures in high-mass star-forming clusters
• The role of low-mass star clusters in massive star formation. The Orion Case
• Deep GeMS/GSAOI near-infrared observations of N159W in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• The Impact of Feedback in Massive Star Formation. II. Lower Star Formation Efficiency at Lower Metallicity
• Young Star Clusters In Nearby Molecular Clouds
• The Physical Properties of High-Mass Star-Forming Clumps: A Systematic Comparison of Molecular Tracers
• Formation of massive stars under protostellar radiation feedback: Very metal-poor stars
• Millimeter and submillimeter high angular resolution interferometric observations: dust in the heart of IRAS 18162-2048
• Two Massive, Low-Luminosity Cores Toward Infrared Dark Clouds
• Thermal balance and comparison of gas and dust properties of dense clumps in the Hi-GAL survey
• The chemical structure of young high-mass star-forming clumps: (II) parsec-scale CO depletion and deuterium fraction of $\mathrm{HC}{\mathrm{O}}^{+}$
• Herschel observations of the Galactic HII region RCW 79
• Dichotomy in the Dynamical Status of Massive Cores in Orion
• The Balloon-Borne Large Aperture Submillimeter Telescope (BLAST) 2005: A 10 deg^2 Survey of Star Formation in Cygnus X
• Physical characterisation of southern massive star-forming regions using Parkes NH${}_3$ observations
• 6.7GHz Methanol Maser Associated Outflows: An evolutionary sequence
• Multi-scale view of star formation in IRAS 21078+5211: From clump fragmentation to disk wind
• Competitive accretion in the protocluster G10.6-0.4?
• Occurrence Frequency of CO Outflows in Massive Protostellar Candidates
• Gas Accretion by Globular Clusters and Nucleated Dwarf Galaxies and the Formation of the Arches and Quintuplet Clusters
• Massive core/star formation triggered by cloud-cloud collision: Effect of magnetic field
• The ALMA Survey of 70 $\mu$m Dark High-mass Clumps in Early Stages (ASHES). V. Deuterated Molecules in the 70 $\mu$m dark IRDC G14.492-00.139
• EVN observations of 6.7 GHz methanol maser polarization in massive star-forming regions III. The flux-limited sample
• Probing the cold magnetized Universe with SPICA-POL (B-BOP)
• Dense molecular cocoons in the massive protocluster W3 IRS5: a test case for models of massive star formation
• Large-scale CO J=1-0 observations of the giant molecular cloud associated with the infrared ring N35 with the Nobeyama 45-m telescope
• Tracing early evolutionary stages of high-mass star formation with molecular lines
• Relic proto-stellar disks and the origin of luminous circumstellar interaction in core collapse supernovae
• Surveying the Giant HII Regions of the Milky Way with SOFIA: I. W51A
• Near-infrared integral field spectroscopy of Massive Young Stellar Objects
• Primordial mass segregation in simulations of star formation?
• The evolution of temperature and density structures of OB cluster-forming molecular clumps
• The pre-ZAMS nature of Mol160/IRAS23385+6053 confirmed by Spitzer
• An evolved disk surrounding the massive main sequence star MWC 297?
• Stellar Rotation: A Clue to the Origin of High Mass Stars?
• Deuterium fractionation and H2D+ evolution in turbulent and magnetized cloud cores
• Subsonic islands within a high-mass star-forming IRDC
• Early-Forming Massive Stars Suppress Star Formation and Hierarchical Cluster Assembly
• GASTON: Galactic Star Formation with NIKA2. Evidence for the mass growth of star-forming clumps
• An analysis of star formation with Herschel in the Hi-GAL Survey. II. The tips of the Galactic bar
• Fragmentation and Kinematics of dense molecular cores in the filamentary infrared-dark cloud G011.11-0.12
• Upper stellar mass limit by radiative feedback at low-metallicities: metallicity and accretion rate dependence
• A rotating molecular disk toward IRAS 18162-2048, the exciting source of HH 80-81
• ALMA reveals the magnetic field evolution in the high-mass star forming complex G9.62+0.19
• Evolution of young protoclusters embedded in dense massive clumps. A new grid of population synthesis SED models and a new set of L/M evolutionary tracks
• A possible observational bias in the estimation of the virial parameter in virialized clumps
• The SOFIA Massive (SOMA) Star Formation Survey. II. High Luminosity Protostars
• Earliest Stages of Protocluster Formation: Substructure and Kinematics of Starless Cores in Orion
• Very Massive Stars (VMS) in the Local Universe
• Star-forming cores embedded in a massive cold clump: Fragmentation, collapse and energetic outflows
• The Core Mass Function in the Orion Nebula Cluster Region: What Determines the Final Stellar Masses?
• The chemical structure of young high-mass star-forming clumps: (I) Deuteration
• Massive star formation and feedback in W49A: The source of our Galaxy's most luminous water maser outflow
• An All-Sky Sample of Intermediate-Mass Star-Forming Regions
• Fragmentation and kinematics in high-mass star formation: CORE-extension targeting two very young high-mass star-forming regions
• Protostar mass functions in young clusters
• Environment and Protostellar Evolution
• Surveying the Giant HII Regions of the Milky Way with SOFIA: II. M17
• Star Cluster Formation from Turbulent Clumps. II. Gradual Star Cluster Formation
• Cluster Formation in Contracting Molecular Clouds
• A tale of two clusters: dynamical history determines disc survival in Tr14 and Tr16 in the Carina Nebula
• B-fields And dust in interstelLar fiLAments using Dust POLarization (BALLAD-POL): I. The massive filament G11.11-0.12 observed by SOFIA/HAWC+
• Continuity of accretion from clumps to Class 0 high-mass protostars in SDC335
• A Highly collimated Water Maser Bipolar Outflow in the Cepheus A HW3d Massive Young Stellar Object
• The SOFIA Massive (SOMA) Star Formation Survey. IV. Isolated Protostars
• Photon Bubbles in the Circumstellar Envelopes of Young Massive Stars
• A Detailed View of the Circumstellar Environment and Disk of the Forming O-star AFGL 4176
• The Gravitational Instability of Adiabatic Filaments
• Tracers of Discs and Winds around Intermediate and High Mass Young Stellar Objects
• First VLBI observations of methanol maser polarisation, in G339.88-1.2
• An ALMA study of the massive molecular clump N159W-North in the Large Magellanic Cloud: A possible gas flow penetrating one of the most massive protocluster systems in the Local Group
• The High-Mass Protostellar Population of a Massive Infrared Dark Cloud
• The seven most massive clumps in W43-Main as seen by ALMA: Dynamical equilibrium and Magnetic Fields
• EVN observations of 6.7-GHz methanol maser polarization in massive star-forming regions II. First statistical results
• Magnetic field regulated infall on the disc around the massive protostar Cepheus A HW2
• First polarimetry results of two candidate high-mass protostellar objects
• Dense Regions in Supersonic Isothermal Turbulence
• The SOFIA Massive (SOMA) Star Formation Survey. III. From Intermediate- to High-Mass Protostars
• Physical and chemical complexity in high-mass star-forming regions with ALMA. I. Overview and evolutionary trends of physical properties
• The low-mass initial mass function of the field population in the Large Magellanic Cloud with Hubble Space Telescope WFPC2 Observations
• Tightening the belt: Constraining the mass and evolution in SDC335
• Astrochemical confirmation of the rapid evolution of massive YSOs and explanation for the inferred ages of hot cores
• On the origin of close massive binaries in the M17 star-forming region
• Molecular gas in the compact H{\sc ii} region RCW 166; possible evidence for an early phase of cloud-cloud collision prior to the bubble formation
• X-ray embedded stars as driving sources of outflow-driven turbulence in OMC1-S
• Origin of the dense core mass function in contracting filaments
• Fragmentation in the massive G31.41+0.31 protocluster
• Mid-infrared interferometry of the massive young stellar object NGC 2264 IRS 1
• Massive Protostars in a Protocluster -- A Multi-Scale ALMA View of G35.20-0.74N
• Unraveling the observational signatures of cloud-cloud collision and hub-filament systems in W31
• ATOMS: ALMA Three-millimeter Observations of Massive Star-forming regions -XIII. Ongoing triggered star formation within clump-fed scenario found in the massive ($\sim 1500$ ${\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$) clump
• Line-driven ablation of circumstellar discs: IV. The role of disc ablation in massive star formation and its contribution to the stellar upper mass limit
• A molecular outflow evidencing star formation activity in the vicinity of the HII region G034.8-0.7 and the SNR W44
• The sequence of low and high mass star formation in the young stellar cluster IRAS 19343+2026
• Fast deuterium fractionation in magnetized and turbulent filaments
• The formation of high-mass binary star systems
• High-mass outflows identified from COHRS CO\,(3 - 2) Survey
• Temperature and kinematics of protoclusters with intermediate and high-mass stars: the case of IRAS 05345+3157
• H${}_2$ ortho-to-para conversion on grains: A route to fast deuterium fractionation in dense cloud cores?
• An ALMA study of outflow parameters of protoclusters: outflow feedback to maintain the turbulence
• ALMA Fragmented Source Catalogue in Orion (FraSCO) I. Outflow interaction within an embedded cluster in OMC-2/FIR3, FIR4, and FIR5
• An updated modular set of synthetic spectral energy distributions for young stellar objects
• Study of Molecular Clouds associated with HII Regions
• The Core Mass Function Across Galactic Environments. III. Massive Protoclusters
• An ALMA Glimpse of Dense Molecular Filaments Associated with High-mass Protostellar Systems in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Disk wind feedback from high-mass protostars
• Star-forming gas in young clusters
• Multiscale Dynamical Scenario of High-mass Star Formation in an IRDC Filament G34
• On the accretion process in a high-mass star forming region - A multitransitional THz Herschel-HIFI study of ammonia toward G34.26+0.15
• The Herschel-HIFI view of mid-IR quiet massive protostellar objects
• High-Mass Star Formation
• Simulating ionization feedback from young massive stars: impact of numerical resolution
• Unveiling the traits of massive young stellar objects through a multi-scale survey
• HII region variability and pre-main-sequence evolution
• Submillimeter Array High-angular Resolution Observations of the Monoceros R2 Star Forming Cluster
• Mass distributions of stars and cores in young groups and clusters
• Starless Cloud Core L1517B in Envelope Expansion with Core Collapse
• A large, massive, rotating disk around an isolated young stellar object
• Star Cluster Formation from Turbulent Clumps. III. Across the mass spectrum
• The inflow signature toward different evolutionary phases of massive star formation
• G-virial: Gravity-based structure analysis of molecular clouds
• Evolutionary tracks of massive stars during formation
• A Density Dependence for Protostellar Luminosity in Class I Sources: Collaborative Accretion
• Far-infrared extinction mapping of infrared dark clouds
• EVN observations of 6.7 GHz methanol maser polarization in massive star-forming regions IV. Magnetic field strength limits and structure for 7 additional sources
• Star forming activity in the H II regions associated with IRAS 17160-3707 complex
• Astrochemical modelling of infrared dark clouds
• Methyl Cyanide Observations Toward Massive Protostars
• Star Cluster Formation from Turbulent Clumps. I. The Fast Formation Limit
• ATOMS: ALMA Three-millimeter Observations of Massive Star-forming regions -- VI. On the formation of the "L" type filament in G286.21+0.17
• Origin of the ionized wind in MWC 349A
• SiO Outflows as Tracers of Massive Star Formation in Infrared Dark Clouds
• Cluster formation in molecular clouds: I. stellar populations, star formation rates, and ionizing radiation
• Resolution-dependent Subsonic Non-thermal Line Dispersion Revealed by ALMA
• Emergence of high-mass stars in complex fiber networks (EMERGE). I. Early ALMA Survey: observations and massive data reduction
• Protostellar-disc fragmentation across all metallicities
• HII regions and high-mass starless clump candidates I: Catalogs and properties
• Methanol masers reveal the magnetic field of the high-mass protostar IRAS 18089-1732
• An infrared-submillimeter study of star-forming regions selected by the ISOSS 170um survey
• The TOPGöt high-mass star-forming sample. I. Methyl cyanide emission as tracer of early phases of star formation
• ALMA Observations of the massive molecular outflow G331.512-0.103 II: physical properties, kinematics, and geometry modeling
• The SOMA Radio Survey. I. Comprehensive SEDs Of High-Mass Protostars From Infrared To Radio And The Emergence Of Ionization Feedback
• Circumbinary disc survival during binary-single scattering: towards a dynamical model of the Orion BN/KL complex
• Deconstructing the High-Mass Star-Forming Region IRAS 23033+5951
• Fragmentation of the High-mass "Starless'' Core G10.21-0.31: a Coherent Evolutionary Picture for Star Formation
• Infall in massive clumps harboring bright infrared sources
• Atacama Large Aperture Submillimeter Telescope (AtLAST) Science: Our Galaxy
• The multiplicity of massive stars in the Scorpius OB1 association through high-contrast imaging
• Probing the early phases of high mass star formation with 6.7 GHz methanol masers
• Formation of High-Mass stars in an isolated environment in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• The HIFI spectral survey of AFGL2591 (CHESS). I. Highly excited linear rotor molecules in the high-mass protostellar envelope
• Massive star formation via torus accretion: the effect of photoionization feedback
• Outflow-Confined HII regions. II. The Early Break-Out Phase
• Will ALMA Reveal the True Core Mass Function of Protoclusters?
• High-Resolution Studies of the Multiple-Core Systems toward Cluster-Forming Regions Including Massive Stars
• A Multiwavelength Study of Young Massive Star-Forming Regions. III. Mid-Infrared Emission
• Principal component analysis for estimating parameters of the L1287 dense core by fitting model spectral maps into observed ones
• SiO: Not the perfect outflow tracer: Outflow studies of the massive star formation region IRAS 19410+2336
• High-resolution APEX/LAsMA ${}^{12}$CO and ${}^{13}$CO (3-2) observation of the G333 giant molecular cloud complex : II. Survival and gravitational collapse of dense gas structures under feedback
• Massive Prestellar Cores in Radiation-magneto-turbulent Simulations of Molecular Clouds
• Modeling the water line emission from the high-mass star-forming region AFGL2591
• Star and Planet Formation with ALMA: an Overview
• Properties of the dense cores and filamentary structures in the Vela C molecular cloud
• ALMA-IMF XVII -- Census and lifetime of high-mass prestellar cores in 14 massive protoclusters
• Four highly luminous massive star forming regions in the Norma Spiral Arm.: I. Molecular gas and dust observations
• The disk-outflow system around the rare young O-type protostar W42-MME
• Core Emergence in a Massive Infrared Dark Cloud: A Comparison Between Mid-IR Extinction and 1.3 mm Emission
• Structure, Dynamics and Deuterium Fractionation of Massive Pre-Stellar Cores
• A Catalog of Molecular Clumps and Cores with Infall Signatures
• Gravity or turbulence V: Star forming regions undergoing violent relaxation
• Deuterium Chemodynamics of Massive Pre-Stellar Cores
• Star formation in evolving molecular clouds
• No preferential spatial distribution for massive stars expected from their formation
• Molecular Clouds: Internal Properties, Turbulence, Star Formation and Feedback
• A mapping study of L1174 with 13CO J=2-1 and 12CO J=3-2: star formation triggered by a Herbig Ae/Be star
• Isolated Massive Star Formation in G28.20-0.05
• Pre-main sequence stars in the stellar association N11 in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Gas Kinematics of the Massive Protocluster G286.21+0.17 Revealed by ALMA
• High circular polarization of near infrared light induced by micron-size dust grains
• Magnetic Field of Molecular Gas Measured with the Velocity Gradient Technique I. Orion A
• Magnetic fields and Star Formation around HII regions: The S235 complex
• MALT90 molecular content on high-mass IR-dark clumps
• Infall and Outflow Motions towards a Sample of Massive Star Forming Regions from the RMS Survey
• Massive star formation around I05345+3157 -- I. The dense gas
• A Wide-Field Near-Ir H2 2.122$\mu$m line survey of the Braid Nebula Star Formation Region in Cygnus OB7
• Evidence for a Cloud-Cloud Collision in Sh2-233 Triggering the Formation of the High-mass Protostar Object IRAS 05358+3543
• X-ray and Radio Observations of the Massive Star Forming Region IRAS 20126+4104
• SOFIA {\it FORCAST} Photometry of 12 Extended Green Objects in the Milky Way
• High-Mass Starless Clumps: Dynamical State and Correlation Between Physical Parameters
• Infall and Outflow Towards High-mass Starless Clump Candidates
• Highly structured turbulence in high-mass star formation: an evolved infrared dark cloud G35.20-0.74 N
• Unraveling the inner substructure of new candidate hub-filament system in the HII region G25.4NW
• Nonthermal filaments from the tidal destruction of clouds in the Galactic center
• Our Knowledge of High-Mass Star Formation at the Dawn of Herschel
• The Dependence of Prestellar Core Mass Distributions on the Structure of the Parental Cloud
• Turbulent entrainment origin of protostellar outflows
• Probing the initial conditions of high-mass star formation. III. Fragmentation and triggered star formation
• The Carina High-contrast Imaging Project for massive Stars (CHIPS): II. O stars in Trumpler~14
• Pre-mainsequence stellar evolution in N-body models
• Cloud structures in M17 SWex : Possible cloud-cloud collision
• Star-forming site RAFGL 5085: Is a perfect candidate of hub-filament system ?
• Playing with FIRE: A Galactic Feedback-Halting Experiment Challenges Star Formation Rate Theories
• Infrared study of the star-forming region associated with the UC HII regions G45.07+0.13 and G45.12+0.13
• 870 micron continuum observations of the bubble-shaped nebula Gum 31
• Star Formation in a Strongly Magnetized Cloud
• Early Science with the Large Millimetre Telescope: Fragmentation of molecular clumps in the Galaxy
• ALMA observations of two massive and dense MALT90 clumps
• OH maser toward IRAS 06056+2131: polarization parameters and evolution status
• A Model for Protostellar Cluster Luminosities and the Impact on the CO-H${}_2$ Conversion Factor
• The physical and chemical structure of high-mass star-forming regions. Unraveling chemical complexity with the NOEMA large program "CORE"
• CMZoom III: Spectral Line Data Release
• Vibrationally-excited Lines of HC${}_3$N Associated with the Molecular Disk around the G24.78+0.08 A1 Hyper-compact H${}_{\mathrm{II}}$ Region
• SCOTCH -- Search for Clandestine Optically Thick Compact HIIs
• Linking High- and Low-Mass Star Formation: Observation-Based Continuum Modelling and Physical Conditions
• A misaligned protostellar disk fed by gas streamers in a barred spiral-like massive dense core
• K-band High-Resolution Spectroscopy of Embedded Massive Protostars
• JWST-ALMA Study of a Hub-Filament System in the Nascent Phase
• High-mass star formation toward southern infrared bubble S10
• Dense gas and exciting sources of the molecular outflow in the AFGL 437 star-forming region
• Inadequate turbulent support in low-metallicity molecular clouds
• Non-thermal Radio Emission from Massive Protostars in the SARAO MeerKAT Galactic Plane Survey
• ALMAGAL VI. The spatial distribution of dense cores during the evolution of cluster-forming massive clump
• Gas infall in the massive star formation core G192.16-3.84
• Multiwavelength study of the G345.5+1.5 region
• SCOTCH Search for Clandestine Optically Thick Compact HII regions II
• Star formation in IRDC G31.97+0.07
• Massive star-formation toward G28.87+0.07 (IRAS 18411-0338) investigated by means of maser kinematics and radio to infrared, continuum observations
• High-resolution SOFIA/EXES Spectroscopy of Water Absorption Lines in the Massive Young Binary W3 IRS 5
• Star formation timescale in the molecular filament WB 673
• Redshifted methanol absorption tracing infall motions of high-mass star formation regions
• High-Resolution M-band Spectroscopy of CO towards the Massive Young Stellar Binary W3 IRS5
• A statistical study towards the high-mass BGPS clumps with the MALT90 survey
• Near-Infrared Observations of Outflows and YSOs in the Massive Star-Forming Region AFGL 5180
• Proper motions of five OB stars with candidate dusty bow shocks in the Carina Nebula
• The structure and early evolution of massive star forming regions - Substructure in the infrared dark cloud SDC13
• Disk Wind Feedback from High-mass Protostars. II. The Evolutionary Sequence
• NIR jets from a clustered region of massive star formation: Morphology and composition in the IRAS 18264-1152 region
• ALMAGAL V. Relations between the core populations and the parent clump physical properties
• WISE Green Objects (WGOs): the massive star candidates in the whole Galactic Plane ($\mid b\mid <2^{\circ }$)
• Dust around massive stars is agnostic to galactic environment: New insights from PHAT/BEAST
• Surveys of clumps, cores, and condensations in Cygnus-X: SMA observations of SiO (5$-$4)
• Merger Conditions of Population III Protostar Binaries
• Theories of the initial mass function
• The Rosetta Stone Project. II. The correlation between star formation efficiency and L/M indicator for the evolutionary stages of star-forming clumps in post-processed radiative magnetohydrodynamics simulations
• Decaying turbulence in molecular clouds: how does it affect filament networks and star formation?
• Spherically-symmetric, cold collapse: the exact solutions and a comparison with self-similar solutions
• A Parsec-scale Bipolar H${}_2$ Outflow in the Massive Star Forming Infrared Dark Cloud Core MSXDC G053.11+00.05 MM1
• The formation and disruption of globular cluster populations in simulations of present-day $L^{\ast }$ galaxies with controlled assembly histories
• Theory of Turbulent Equilibrium Spheres with Power-Law Linewidth-Size Relation
• The Luminosity Problem: Testing Theories of Star Formation
• Physical Properties and Kinematics of Dense Cores Associated with Regions of Massive Star Formation from the Southern Sky
• Massive star cluster formation III. Early mass segregation during cluster assembly
• Gas and star kinematics in cloud-cloud collisions
• Instability and Evolution of Shocked Clouds Formed by Orthogonal Collisions between Magnetized Filamentary Molecular Clouds
• The High-resolution Accretion Disks of Embedded protoStars (HADES) simulations. I. Impact of Protostellar Magnetic Fields on the Accretion Modes
• Completing the Protostellar Luminosity Function in Cygnus-X with SOFIA/FORCAST Imaging
• Star-forming environments in smoothed particle magnetohydrodynamics simulations I: Clump extraction and properties
• Molecular deuterations in massive Starless Clump Candidates
• Formation of low-mass stars and brown dwarfs
• An ALMA view of the Galactic super star cluster RCW38 at 270-AU resolution
• Herschel Far IR observations of the giant HII region NGC 3603
• Synthetic ngVLA line observations of a massive star-forming cloud
• Dense cores in the Seahorse infrared dark cloud: physical properties from modified blackbody fits to the far-infrared-submillimetre spectral energy distributions
• Searching for Molecular Jets from High-Mass Protostars
• The Effects of Radiation Feedback on Early Fragmentation and Multiplicity
• The molecular environment of the Galactic star forming region G19.61-0.23
• Prestellar Cores in Turbulent Clouds: Properties of Critical Cores
• Comparison of Low-Mass and High-Mass Star Formation
• Gravity as the main driver of non-thermal motions in massive star formation
• A search for High Mass Stars Forming in Isolation using CORNISH & ATLASGAL
• Gravitational collapse at low to moderate Mach numbers: The relationship between star formation efficiency and the fraction of mass in the massive object
• Gas dynamics in the star forming region G18.148$-$0.283: Is it a manifestation of two colliding molecular clouds?
• A Probabilistic Model to Estimate Number Densities from Column Densities in Molecular Clouds
• The Disk Population in a Distant Massive Protocluster
• Clustered Star Formation: A Review
• Star formation in the circumgalactic high-velocity cloud Complex H
• Chemical templates of the Central Molecular Zone. Shock and protostellar object signatures under Galactic Center conditions
• ATLASGAL-selected high-mass clumps in the inner Galaxy: XI. Morphology and kinematics of warm inner envelopes
• The Deuteration Clock for Massive Starless Cores
• Fire from Ice - Massive Star Birth from Infrared Dark Clouds
• Massive Star Clusters in the Semi-Analytical Galaxy Formation Model L-Galaxies 2020
• The Evolutionary Path of Star-Forming Clumps in Hi-GAL
• Search for High-Mass Protostellar Objects in Cold IRAS Sources
• CHemical Evolution in MassIve star-forming COres (CHEMICO). I. Evolution of the temperature structure
• Characterising the high-mass star forming region IRAS 18144-1723 through methanol maser observations
• A framework for modeling the evolution of young stellar objects
• Near-Infrared Polarimetry and H${}_2$ emission toward Massive Young Stars: Discovery of a Bipolar Outflow associated to S235 e2s3
• When did the initial mass function become bottom-heavy?
• Young massive stars and their environment in the mid-infrared at high angular resolution
• S2D2: Small-scale Significant substructure DBSCAN Detection II. Tracing episodes and gradients of star formation activity
• An Eccentric Massive Protobinary Assembled via a Core-merger Parabolic Encounter
• The first Galaxy scale hunt for the youngest high-mass protostars
• Synthetic observations using POLARIS: an application to simulations of massive prestellar cores
• ATOMS: ALMA Three-millimeter Observations of Massive Star-forming regions -- V. Hierarchical fragmentation and gas dynamics in IRDC G034.43+00.24
• Gauging the Impact of Cosmic Ray Feedback on the Stellar Initial Mass Function
• Massive Star and Star Cluster Formation
• The Cygnus Allscale Survey of Chemistry and Dynamical Environments: CASCADE III. The large scale distribution of DCO+, DNC and DCN in the DR21 filament
• Unraveling the Spectral Energy Distributions of Clustered YSOs
• Properties of Contracting Massive Protostellar Cores
• Network of Star Formation: Fragmentation controlled by scale-dependent turbulent pressure and accretion onto the massive cores revealed in the Cygnus-X GMC complex
• Cluster Density and the IMF
• Linking simulations and observations of star-forming regions I. Masses and temperatures of ALMAGAL-like cores
• The VLA/ALMA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity (VANDAM) Survey of Orion Protostars VI. Insights from Radiative Transfer Modeling
• Interstellar medium and star formation studies with the Square Kilometre Array
• The Dynamical State of Massive Clumps