ALMA-IMF XVII -- Census and lifetime of high-mass prestellar cores in 14 massive protoclusters

Abstract

High-mass prestellar cores are extremely rare. The search for such objects has long been hindered by small sample sizes, leading to large uncertainties in their lifetimes and the conditions in which high-mass stars ($>8M_{\odot }$) form. We leverage the large sample ($\sim 580$ cores) detected in the ALMA-IMF survey to identify both protostellar and prestellar cores and estimate their relative lifetimes. We use CO and SiO outflows to identify protostellar cores and introduce a new automated method based on aperture line emission and background subtraction to systematically detect outflows associated with each of the 141 most massive cores. Massive cores that do not drive an outflow in either tracer are classified as prestellar. Our method enables efficient outflow detection with performance comparable to more traditional techniques. We identify 30 likely prestellar cores with $M>8M_{\odot }$, including 12 with $M>16M_{\odot }$, the best candidates for high-mass star precursors. Most of these 12 cores reside in the crowded central regions of protoclusters, where high-mass stars are expected to form. Using prestellar-to-protostellar core ratios and a 300 kyr protostellar lifetime, we estimate prestellar lifetimes of 120 to 240 kyr for $8M_{\odot }<M<16M_{\odot }$ and 50 to 100 kyr for $30M_{\odot }<M<55M_{\odot }$. These timescales, which depend on different mass reservoir evolution scenarios, significantly exceed the 4 to 15 kyr free-fall time of the cores, suggesting that high-mass cores persist for 10 to 30 free-fall times. This indicates that collapse is slowed by turbulence, magnetic fields, or rotation at or below the observed scale.

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