The TOPGöt high-mass star-forming sample. I. Methyl cyanide emission as tracer of early phases of star formation

Abstract

The TOPGöt project studies a sample of 86 high-mass star-forming regions in different evolutionary stages from starless cores to ultra compact HII regions. The aim of the survey is to analyze different molecular species in a statistically significant sample to study the chemical evolution in high-mass star-forming regions, and identify chemical tracers of the different phases. The sources have been observed with the IRAM 30m telescope in different spectral windows at 1, 2, and 3 mm. In this first paper, we present the sample and analyze the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of the TOPGöt sources to derive physical parameters. We use the MADCUBA software to analyze the emission of methyl cyanide (CH${}_3$CN), a well-known tracer of high-mass star formation. The emission of the $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{H}}_3\mathrm{CN}(5_{\mathrm{K}}-4_{\mathrm{K}})$ K-transitions has been detected towards 73 sources (85% of the sample), with 12 non-detections and one source not observed in the frequency range of $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{H}}_3\mathrm{CN}(5_{\mathrm{K}}-4_{\mathrm{K}})$. The emission of CH${}_3$CN has been detected towards all evolutionary stages, with the mean abundances showing a clear increase of an order of magnitude from high-mass starless-cores to later evolutionary stages. We found a conservative abundance upper limit for high-mass starless cores of $X_{\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{H}}_3\mathrm{CN}}<4.0\times 10^{-11}$, and a range in abundance of $4.0\times 10^{-11}<X_{\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{H}}_3\mathrm{CN}}<7.0\times 10^{-11}$ for those sources that are likely high-mass starless cores or very early high-mass protostellar objects. In fact, in this range of abundance we have identified five sources previously not classified as being in a very early evolutionary stage. The abundance of $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{H}}_3\mathrm{CN}$ can thus be used to identify high-mass star-forming regions in early phases of star-formation.

accepted for publication in A&A, 19 pages, 14 figures

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