ATLASGAL --- properties of a complete sample of Galactic clumps

Abstract

Abridged: ATLASGAL is an unbiased 870 micron submillimetre survey of the inner Galactic plane. It provides a large and systematic inventory of all massive, dense clumps in the Galaxy (>1000 Msun) and includes representative samples of all embedded stages of high-mass star formation. Here we present the first detailed census of the properties (velocities, distances, luminosities and masses) and spatial distribution of a complete sample of ~8000 dense clumps located in the Galactic disk. We derive highly reliable velocities and distances to ~97% of the sample and use mid- and far-infrared survey data to develop an evolutionary classification scheme that we apply to the whole sample. Comparing the evolutionary subsamples reveals trends for increasing dust temperatures, luminosities and line-widths as a function of evolution indicating that the feedback from the embedded proto-clusters is having a significant impact on the structure and dynamics of their natal clumps. We find 88\,per\,cent are already associated with star formation at some level. We also find the clump mass to be independent of evolution suggesting that the clumps form with the majority of their mass in-situ. We estimate the statistical lifetime of the quiescent stage to be ~5 x 10^4 yr for clump masses ~1000 Msun decreasing to ~1 x 10^4 yr for clump masses >10000 Msun. We find a strong correlation between the fraction of clumps associated with massive stars and peak column density. The fraction is initially small at low column densities but reaching 100\,per\,cent for column densities above 10^{23} cm^{-2}; there are no clumps with column density clumps above this value that are not already associated with massive star formation. All of the evidence is consistent with a dynamic view of star formation wherein the clumps form rapidly and are initially very unstable so that star formation quickly ensues.

arXiv commentAccepted for publication in MNRAS. Consists of 45 pages, including 10 pages of appendices. Full versions of Tables 2, 5, 8 and A2 will be made available via CDS once the paper has been published as will full versions of Figures 6, 8 and A1. The quality of the images has been reduced but a high-resolution version is available on request. V2: some minor corrections made

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• Search for High-Mass Protostellar Objects in Cold IRAS Sources
• Which Molecular Cloud Structures Are Bound?
• Unveiling the nature of the unidentified gamma-ray sources 4FGL J1908.6+0915e, HESS J1907+089/HOTS J1907+091, and 3HWC J1907+085 in the sky region of the magnetar SGR 1900+14
• An 18 - 25 GHz spectroscopic survey of southern hemisphere dense cores
• Star Formation at the Periphery of a Molecular Superbubble: The Case of G12.79+0.43
• Evolutions of CH${}_3$CN abundance in molecular clumps