Emergence of high-mass stars in complex fiber networks (EMERGE) V. From filaments to spheroids: the origin of the hub-filament systems

Abstract

Identified as parsec-size, gas clumps at the junction of multiple filaments, hub-filament systems (HFS) play a crucial role during the formation of young clusters and high-mass stars. These HFS appear nevertheless to be detached from most galactic filaments when compared in the mass-length (M-L) phase-space. We aim to characterize the early evolution of HFS as part of the filamentary description of the interstellar medium. Combining previous scaling relations with new analytic calculations, we created a toy model to explore the different physical regimes described by the M-L diagram. Despite its simplicity, our model accurately reproduces several observational properties reported for filaments and HFS such as their expected typical aspect ratio ($A$), mean surface density ($\Sigma$), and gas accretion rate ($\dot{m}$). Moreover, this model naturally explains the different mass and length regimes populated by filaments and HFS, respectively. Our model predicts a dichotomy between filamentary ($A\ge 3$) and spheroidal ($A<3$) structures connected to the relative importance of their fragmentation, accretion, and collapse timescales. Individual filaments with low accretion rates are dominated by an efficient internal fragmentation. In contrast, the formation of compact HFS at the intersection of filaments triggers a geometric phase-transition leading to the gravitational collapse of these structures at parsec-scales in $\sim$1Myr also inducing higher accretion rates.

arXiv commentAccepted by A&A, 17 pages, 11 figures

References in corpus (132)

• Array Programming with NumPy
• Astropy: A Community Python Package for Astronomy
• The Astropy Project: Sustaining and Growing a Community-oriented Open-source Project and the Latest Major Release (v5.0) of the Core Package
• Binary companions of evolved stars in APOGEE DR14: Search method and catalog of ~5,000 companions
• Cold streams in early massive hot haloes as the main mode of galaxy formation
• Clouds, filaments and protostars: the Herschel Hi-GAL Milky Way
• On the Star Formation Rates in Molecular Clouds
• ATLASGAL - The APEX Telescope Large Area Survey of the Galaxy at 870 microns
• Re-examining Larson's Scaling Relationships in Galactic Molecular Clouds
• Herschel view of the Taurus B211/3 filament and striations: Evidence of filamentary growth?
• High-Mass Star and Massive Cluster Formation in the Milky Way
• Filamentary structure of star-forming complexes
• Cores, filaments, and bundles: hierarchical core formation in the L1495/B213 Taurus region
• Massive star formation in 100,000 years from turbulent and pressurized molecular clouds
• Global collapse of molecular clouds as a formation mechanism for the most massive stars
• Global Hierarchical Collapse In Molecular Clouds. Towards a Comprehensive Scenario
• Dynamic star formation in the massive DR21 filament
• ATLASGAL --- properties of a complete sample of Galactic clumps
• Cluster-formation in the Rosette molecular cloud at the junctions of filaments
• Filamentary Accretion Flows in the Embedded Serpens South Protocluster
• Low Virial Parameters in Molecular Clouds: Implications for High Mass Star Formation and Magnetic Fields
• How Many Infrared Dark Clouds can form Massive Stars and Clusters?
• On the mass function of star clusters
• A Survey for Infall Motions toward Starless Cores. II. $CS(2-1)$ and $N_2{H}^{+}(1-0)$ Mapping Observations
• ATLASGAL --- towards a complete sample of massive star forming clumps
• The Nature of the Dense Core Population in the Pipe Nebula: Thermal Cores Under Pressure
• SDC13 infrared dark clouds: Longitudinally collapsing filaments?
• An ALMA study of the Orion Integral Filament: I. Evidence for narrow fibers in a massive cloud
• The spine of the swan: A Herschel study of the DR21 ridge and filaments in Cygnus X
• Characterizing the properties of nearby molecular filaments observed with Herschel
• Dense core formation by fragmentation of velocity-coherent filaments in L1517
• Properties of Hi-GAL clumps in the inner Galaxy]{The Hi-GAL compact source catalogue. I. The physical properties of the clumps in the inner Galaxy ($-71.0^{\circ }<\ell <67.0^{\circ }$)
• Cooling, Gravity and Geometry: Flow-driven Massive Core Formation
• Filaments in Simulations of Molecular Cloud Formation
• The Origin of Massive Stars: The Inertial-Inflow Model
• The Circumstellar Environment of High Mass Protostellar Objects. III Evidence of Infall?
• Unifying low and high mass star formation through density amplified hubs of filaments
• Chains of dense cores in the Taurus L1495/B213 complex
• Molecular Clouds Toward the Super Star Cluster NGC3603; Possible Evidence for a Cloud-Cloud Collision in Triggering the Cluster Formation
• The dynamical properties of dense filaments in the infrared dark cloud G035.39-00.33
• Parsec-scale SiO Emission in an Infrared Dark Cloud
• The JCMT BISTRO Survey: The magnetic field strength in the Orion A filament
• On the nature of star-forming filaments: II. Sub-filaments and velocities
• The identification of filaments on far infrared and submillimiter images. Morphology, physical conditions and relation with star formation of filamentary structure
• Isolating signatures of major cloud-cloud collisions using position-velocity diagrams
• 3D shape of Orion A from Gaia DR2
• The link between molecular cloud structure and turbulence
• Revealing the physical properties of molecular gas in Orion with a large scale survey in J=2-1 lines of 12CO, 13CO and C18O
• Six Myths on the Virial Theorem for Interstellar Clouds
• Gravity drives the evolution of infrared dark hubs: JVLA observations of SDC13
• Dynamics of cluster-forming hub-filament systems: The case of the high-mass star-forming complex Monoceros R2
• Fibers in the NGC1333 proto-cluster
• Filamentary Fragmentation and Accretion in High-Mass Star-Forming Molecular Clouds
• Gravitational collapse of the OMC-1 region
• From the Convergence of Filaments to Disk-Outflow Accretion: Massive-Star Formation in W33A
• The two molecular clouds in RCW 38; evidence for formation of the youngest super star cluster in the Milky Way triggered by cloud-cloud collision
• Unveiling a network of parallel filaments in the Infrared Dark Cloud G14.225-0.506
• Filamentary fragmentation in a turbulent medium
• ATLASGAL -- A Galaxy-wide sample of dense filamentary structures
• Triggered O star formation in M20 via cloud-cloud collision: Comparisons between high-resolution CO observations and simulations
• The Hi-GAL compact source catalogue -- II. The 360° catalogue of clump physical properties
• Gravitational Infall onto Molecular Filaments
• Filamentary Accretion Flows in the Infrared Dark Cloud G14.225-0.506 Revealed by ALMA
• The earliest phases of high-mass star formation, as seen in NGC 6334 by \emph{Herschel}
• The Mass-Size Relation from Clouds to Cores. I. A new Probe of Structure in Molecular Clouds
• Distinct Chemical Regions in the "Prestellar" Infrared Dark Cloud (IRDC) G028.23-00.19
• Aspect Ratio Dependence of the Free-Fall Time for Non-Spherical Symmetries
• High-mass Star Formation through Filamentary Collapse and Clump-fed Accretion in G22
• ATOMS: ALMA Three-millimeter Observations of Massive Star-forming regions -- XI. From inflow to infall in hub-filament systems
• Dust polarized emission observations of NGC 6334; BISTRO reveals the details of the complex but organized magnetic field structure of the high-mass star-forming hub-filament network
• The Hi-GAL catalogue of dusty filamentary structures in the Galactic Plane
• The Green Bank Ammonia Survey: Dense Cores Under Pressure in Orion A
• Evidence For Cloud-Cloud Collision and Parsec-Scale Stellar Feedback Within the L1641-N Region
• Cluster Formation Triggered by Filament Collisions in Serpens South
• The role of molecular filaments in the origin of the prestellar core mass function and stellar initial mass function
• MUSCLE W49 : A Multi-Scale Continuum and Line Exploration of the Most Luminous Star Formation Region in the Milky Way. I. Data and The Mass Structure of the Giant Molecular Cloud
• ATOMS: ALMA Three-millimeter Observations of Massive Star-forming regions -- XV. Steady Accretion from Global Collapse to Core Feeding in Massive Hub-filament System SDC335
• Was a cloud-cloud collision the trigger of the recent star formation in Serpens?
• The ALMA Survey of 70 $\mu$m Dark High-mass Clumps in Early Stages (ASHES). IX. Physical Properties and Spatial Distribution of Cores in IRDCs
• The Free-Fall time of finite Sheets and Filaments
• Gas Kinematics and Excitation in the Filamentary IRDC G035.39-00.33
• How do bound star clusters form?
• Dense gas kinematics and a narrow filament in the Orion A OMC1 region using NH3
• Evidence of high-mass star formation through multi-scale mass accretion in hub-filament-system clouds
• Kinematic Structure of Molecular Gas around High-mass Star YSO, Papillon Nebula, in N159 East in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Formation of the Musca filament: Evidence for asymmetries in the accretion flow due to a cloud-cloud collision
• An ALMA study of hub-filament systems I. On the clump mass concentration within the most massive cores
• Filament coalescence and hub structure in MonR2: Implications to massive star and cluster formation
• Formation of the Hub-Filament System G33.92+0.11: Local Interplay between Gravity, Velocity, and Magnetic Field
• The width of Herschel filaments varies with distance
• The physical and dynamical structure of Serpens: Two very different sub-(proto)clusters
• A quantification of the non-spherical geometry and accretion of collapsing cores
• On the typical width of Herschel filaments
• Direct observational evidence of the multi-scale, dynamical mass accretion toward a high-mass star forming hub-filament system
• Distance biases in the estimation of the physical properties of Hi-GAL compact sources-I. Clump properties and the identification of high-mass star forming candidates
• ALMA-IRDC: Dense gas mass distribution from cloud to core scales
• New insights in the HII region G18.88-0.49: hub-filament system and accreting filaments
• Multi-scale dynamics in star-forming regions: the interplay between gravity and turbulence
• Far-infrared observations of a massive cluster forming in the Monoceros R2 filament hub
• The SQUALO project (Star formation in QUiescent And Luminous Objects) I: clump-fed accretion mechanism in high-mass star-forming objects
• Observations of Global and Local Infall in NGC 1333
• Fragmentation of star-forming filaments in the X-shape Nebula of the California molecular cloud
• A Mapping Survey of Dense Clumps Associated with Embedded Clusters II : Can Clump-Clump Collisions Induce Stellar Clusters?
• High-resolution APEX/LAsMA ${}^{12}$CO and ${}^{13}$CO (3-2) observation of the G333 giant molecular cloud complex : I. Evidence for gravitational acceleration in hub-filament systems
• Dynamical Accretion Flows -- ALMAGAL: Flows along filamentary structures in high-mass star-forming clusters
• The accretion history of high-mass stars: An ArTéMiS pilot study of Infrared Dark Clouds
• Star formation in the Sh 2-53 region influenced by accreting molecular filaments
• Non-linear dense core formation in the dark cloud L1517
• Probing the structure of a massive filament: ArTeMiS 350 and 450 micron mapping of the integral-shaped filament in Orion A
• The DR21(OH) Trident -- Resolving the Massive Ridge into Three Entangled Fibers As the Initial Condition of Cluster Formation
• Formation of the SDC13 Hub-Filament System: A Cloud-Cloud Collision Imprinted on The Multiscale Magnetic Field
• Statistical model for filamentary structures of molecular clouds -- The modified multiplicative random cascade model and its multifractal nature
• Kinematics and star formation toward W33: a central hub as a hub--filament system
• DR 21 South Filament: a Parsec-sized Dense Gas Accretion Flow onto the DR 21 Massive Young Cluster
• TRAO Survey of the nearby filamentary molecular clouds, the universal nursery of stars (TRAO FUNS). II. Filaments and Dense cores in IC 5146
• Merging Filaments I: A race against collapse
• Cloud-cloud collision as origin of the G31.41+0.31 massive protocluster
• An ALMA Glimpse of Dense Molecular Filaments Associated with High-mass Protostellar Systems in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• ALMA-IMF XIII: N${}_2$H${}^{+}$ kinematic analysis on the intermediate protocluster G353.41
• Gravitational collapse and accretion flows in the hub filament system G323.46-0.08
• Convergent Filaments Contracting Towards an Intermediate-mass Prestellar Core
• Emergence of high-mass stars in complex fiber networks (EMERGE). I. Early ALMA Survey: observations and massive data reduction
• Kinematics and star formation of hub-filament systems in W49A
• On the evolution of the observed Mass-to-Length relationship for star-forming filaments
• Hierarchical hub-filament structures and gas inflows on galaxy-cloud scales
• Emergence of high-mass stars in complex fiber networks (EMERGE) II. The need for data combination in ALMA observations
• The kinetic and magnetic energy budget of hub-filament systems during the gravitational fragmentation of molecular clouds
• Galactic star formation with NIKA2 (GASTON): Filament convergence and its link to star formation
• Simulation of Head-on Collisions Between Filamentary Molecular Clouds Threaded by a Lateral Magnetic Field and Subsequent Evolution
• Filament fragmentation: Density gradients suppress end dominated collapse
• Emergence of high-mass stars in complex fiber networks (EMERGE) IV. Environmental dependence of the fiber widths
• Emergence of high-mass stars in complex fiber networks (EMERGE) III. Fiber networks in Orion

Cited by in corpus (5)

• Random gas motions inside sub-parsec scale supercritical filaments
• From theory to observation: understanding filamentary flows in high-mass star-forming clusters
• An S-shaped filament formed due to Cloud-Cloud Collision in molecular cloud G178.28-00.61
• Revealing the Connection Between the Filamentary Hierarchy and Star Cluster Formation in a Simulated NGC 628 Galaxy
• The factors that influence protostellar multiplicity II. Gas temperature and mass in Perseus with APEX