Properties of Hi-GAL clumps in the inner Galaxy]{The Hi-GAL compact source catalogue. I. The physical properties of the clumps in the inner Galaxy ($-71.0^{\circ }<\ell <67.0^{\circ }$)

Abstract

Hi-GAL is a large-scale survey of the Galactic plane, performed with Herschel in five infrared continuum bands between 70 and 500 $\mu$m. We present a band-merged catalogue of spatially matched sources and their properties derived from fits to the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) and heliocentric distances, based on the photometric catalogs presented in Molinari et al. (2016a), covering the portion of Galactic plane $-71.0^{\circ }<\ell <67.0^{\circ }$. The band-merged catalogue contains 100922 sources with a regular SED, 24584 of which show a 70 $\mu$m counterpart and are thus considered proto-stellar, while the remainder are considered starless. Thanks to this huge number of sources, we are able to carry out a preliminary analysis of early stages of star formation, identifying the conditions that characterise different evolutionary phases on a statistically significant basis. We calculate surface densities to investigate the gravitational stability of clumps and their potential to form massive stars. We also explore evolutionary status metrics such as the dust temperature, luminosity and bolometric temperature, finding that these are higher in proto-stellar sources compared to pre-stellar ones. The surface density of sources follows an increasing trend as they evolve from pre-stellar to proto-stellar, but then it is found to decrease again in the majority of the most evolved clumps. Finally, we study the physical parameters of sources with respect to Galactic longitude and the association with spiral arms, finding only minor or no differences between the average evolutionary status of sources in the fourth and first Galactic quadrants, or between "on-arm" and "inter-arm" positions.

arXiv commentAccepted by MNRAS

References in corpus (120)

• Galactic Stellar and Substellar Initial Mass Function
• The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE): Mission Description and Initial On-orbit Performance
• Herschel Space Observatory - An ESA facility for far-infrared and submillimetre astronomy
• The UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey (UKIDSS)
• The Photodetector Array Camera and Spectrometer (PACS) on the Herschel Space Observatory
• The Herschel-SPIRE instrument and its in-flight performance
• Infrared Emission from Interstellar Dust. IV. The Silicate-Graphite-PAH Model in the Post-Spitzer Era
• From filamentary clouds to prestellar cores to the stellar IMF: Initial highlights from the Herschel Gould Belt survey
• The Interstellar Environment of our Galaxy
• Cold Dark Clouds: The Initial Conditions for Star Formation
• Clouds, filaments and protostars: the Herschel Hi-GAL Milky Way
• ATLASGAL - The APEX Telescope Large Area Survey of the Galaxy at 870 microns
• The Boston University-Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory Galactic Ring Survey
• Hi-GAL: the Herschel infrared Galactic Plane Survey
• Probing the evolution of molecular cloud structure: From quiescence to birth
• The VLA Galactic Plane Survey
• Cluster-formation in the Rosette molecular cloud at the junctions of filaments
• The Physical Conditions for Massive Star Formation: Dust Continuum Maps and Modeling
• A Minimum Column Density of 1 g cm^-2 for Massive Star Formation
• The Mass Distribution and Lifetime of Prestellar Cores in Perseus, Serpens, and Ophiuchus
• Outer structure of the Galactic warp and flare: explaining the Canis Major over-density
• Identifying the Low Luminosity Population of Embedded Protostars in the c2d Observations of Clouds and Cores
• The Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey: Survey Description and Data Reduction
• Point Source Extraction with MOPEX
• The Red MSX Source Survey: the Massive Young Stellar Population of our Galaxy
• The Aquila prestellar core population revealed by Herschel
• ATLASGAL - Compact source catalogue: 330 < l < 21 degrees
• Hi-GAL, the Herschel infrared Galactic Plane Survey: photometric maps and compact source catalogues. First data release for Inner Milky Way: +68°> l > -70°
• How Many Infrared Dark Clouds can form Massive Stars and Clusters?
• The Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey -- II. Catalog of the Image Data
• Kinematic Distances to Molecular Clouds identified in the Galactic Ring Survey
• The ATLASGAL survey: a catalog of dust condensations in the Galactic plane
• The Birth of High Mass Stars: Accretion and/or Mergers?
• A CS J=5-4 Mapping Survey Towards High-mass Star Forming Cores Associated with Water Masers
• A census of dense cores in the Aquila cloud complex: SPIRE/PACS observations from the Herschel Gould Belt survey
• Mid-Infrared Extinction Mapping of Infrared Dark Clouds II. The Structure of Massive Starless Cores and Clumps
• The Co-ordinated Radio and Infrared Survey for High Mass Star Formation (The CORNISH Survey) - I. Survey Design
• The Co-ordinated Radio and Infrared Survey for High-Mass Star Formation - II. Source Catalogue
• Characterizing Precursors to Stellar Clusters with Herschel
• The RMS Survey: Galactic distribution of massive star formation
• Source extraction and photometry for the far-infrared and sub-millimeter continuum in the presence of complex backgrounds
• The Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey IX: Data Release 2 and Outer Galaxy Extension
• The formation of active protoclusters in the Aquila Rift: A millimeter continuum view
• The spiral structure of our Milky Way Galaxy
• The data reduction pipeline for the Hi-GAL survey
• The identification of filaments on far infrared and submillimiter images. Morphology, physical conditions and relation with star formation of filamentary structure
• W43: the closest molecular complex of the Galactic Bar?
• The Herschel first look at protostars in the Aquila Rift
• A 24 Micron Point Source Catalog of the Galactic Plane from Spitzer/MIPSGAL
• The Earliest Phases of Star Formation (EPoS): A Herschel Key Program - The precursors to high-mass stars and clusters
• The Herschel and JCMT Gould Belt Surveys: Constraining Dust Properties in the Perseus B1 Clump with PACS, SPIRE, and SCUBA-2
• Far-Infrared Dust Temperatures and Column Densities of the MALT90 Molecular Clump Sample
• Herschel observations of B1-bS and B1-bN: two first hydrostatic core candidates in the Perseus star-forming cloud
• The first Hi-GAL observations of the outer Galaxy: a look to star formation in the third Galactic quadrant in the longitude range 216.5 < l < 225.5
• Evidence for Environmental Changes in the Submillimeter Dust Opacity
• Two Mass Distributions in the L 1641 Molecular Clouds: The Herschel connection of Dense Cores and Filaments in Orion A
• ATLASGAL --- Complete compact source catalogue: 280\degr\ $<\ell <$ 60\degr
• ATLASGAL - Kinematic distances and the dense gas mass distribution of the inner Galaxy
• The Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey. XIV. Physical Properties of Massive Starless and Star Forming Clumps
• An Infrared through Radio Study of the Properties and Evolution of IRDC Clumps
• Mapping the column density and dust temperature structure of IRDCs with Herschel
• Star formation in Galactic spiral arms and the inter-arm regions
• High Mass Star Formation I: The Mass Distribution of Submillimeter Clumps in NGC 7538
• The local spiral structure of the Milky Way
• Interstellar matter and star formation in W5-E - A Herschel view
• There are no starless massive proto-clusters in the first quadrant of the Galaxy
• Search for massive protostellar candidates in the southern hemisphere: I. Association with dense gas
• BLAST: The Mass Function, Lifetimes, and Properties of Intermediate Mass Cores from a 50 Square Degree Submillimeter Galactic Survey in Vela (l = ~265)
• Search for starless clumps in the ATLASGAL survey
• Herschel Observations of the W43 "mini-starburst"
• Giant molecular clouds and massive star formation in the southern milky way
• Calibration of evolutionary diagnostics in high-mass star formation
• Detection of Structure in Infrared-Dark Clouds with Spitzer: Characterizing Star Formation in the Molecular Ring
• Star formation towards the Scutum tangent region and the effects of Galactic environment
• Physical properties of high-mass clumps in different stages of evolution
• A Herschel study of YSO evolutionary stages and formation timelines in two fields of the Hi-GAL survey
• The formation of the W43 complex: constraining its atomic-to-molecular transition and searching for colliding clouds
• The Herschel view of the on-going star formation in the Vela-C molecular cloud
• Spitzer and Herschel multiwavelength characterization of the dust content of evolved HII regions
• A statistical study of the mass and density structure of Infrared Dark Clouds
• The Galactic Census of High- and Medium-mass Protostars. I. Catalogues and First Results from Mopra HCO+ Maps
• Infall Motions in Massive Star-Forming Regions: Results from Years 1 & 2 of the MALT90 Survey
• The Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey. VIII. A Mid-Infrared Kinematic Distance Discrimination Method
• The Spitzer c2d Survey of Large, Nearby, Interstellar Clouds. I. Chamaeleon II Observed with MIPS
• The structure of molecular clouds and the universality of the clump mass function
• The JCMT Plane Survey: early results from the l = 30 degree field
• High Mass Star Formation. II. The Mass Function of Submillimeter Clumps in M17
• The RMS Survey: H2O masers towards a sample of southern hemisphere massive YSO candidates and ultra compact HII regions
• The Mid-Infrared Extinction Law and its Variation in the Coalsack Nebula
• First 450-micron dust continuum mapping of the massive star-forming region NGC 3576 with the P-ArTeMiS bolometer camera
• From high-mass starless cores to high-mass protostellar objects
• The Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey. XII. Distance Catalog Expansion Using Kinematic Isolation of Dense Molecular Cloud Structures With 13CO(1-0)
• Spiral shocks and the formation of molecular clouds in a two phase medium
• Star formation scales and efficiency in Galactic spiral arms
• An analysis of star formation with Herschel in the Hi-GAL Survey. I. The Science Demonstration Phase Fields
• Small-scale structure in the Rosette molecular cloud revealed by Herschel
• The prevalence of star formation as a function of Galactocentric radius
• Distance biases in the estimation of the physical properties of Hi-GAL compact sources-I. Clump properties and the identification of high-mass star forming candidates
• Direct Estimate of Cirrus Noise in Herschel Hi-GAL Images
• The Galactic Census of High- and Medium-mass Protostars. II. Luminosities and Evolutionary States of a Complete Sample of Dense Gas Clumps
• Measuring the Clump Mass Function in the Age of SCUBA2, Herschel, and ALMA
• Remarkable analytic relations among greybody parameters
• A Hi-GAL study of the high-mass star-forming region G29.96-0.02
• Herschel Reveals Massive Cold Clumps in NGC 7538
• The BLAST Survey of the Vela Molecular Cloud: Physical Properties of the Dense Cores in Vela-D
• APEX/SABOCA observations of small-scale structure of infrared-dark clouds I. Early evolutionary stages of star-forming cores
• Characterizing the structure of diffuse emission in Hi-GAL maps
• The Coalsack near and far
• An analysis of star formation with Herschel in the Hi-GAL Survey. II. The tips of the Galactic bar
• Predicted Colors and Flux Densities of Protostars in the Herschel PACS and SPIRE Filters
• Clustering Properties of Far-Infrared Sources in Hi-GAL Science Demonstration Phase Fields
• On the shape of the mass-function of dense clumps in the Hi-GAL fields. I. SED determination and global properties of the mass-functions
• Evolutionary tracks of massive stars during formation
• The Clump Mass Function of the Dense Clouds in the Carina Nebula Complex
• Isolated starless cores in IRDCs in the Hi-GAL survey
• Physical Properties of Galactic Planck Cold Cores revealed by the Hi-GAL survey
• The Spitzer-IRAC Point Source Catalog of the Vela-D Cloud
• The YSO Population in the Vela-D Molecular Cloud
• Massive star-formation toward G28.87+0.07 (IRAS 18411-0338) investigated by means of maser kinematics and radio to infrared, continuum observations
• Not a galaxy: IRAS 04186+5143, a new young stellar cluster in the outer Galaxy

Cited by in corpus (128)

• High-Mass Star and Massive Cluster Formation in the Milky Way
• ATLASGAL --- properties of a complete sample of Galactic clumps
• Unifying low and high mass star formation through density amplified hubs of filaments
• The Hi-GAL compact source catalogue -- II. The 360° catalogue of clump physical properties
• The SEDIGISM survey: first data release and overview of the Galactic structure
• ATLASGAL -- Evolutionary trends in high-mass star formation
• Testing Larson's relationships in massive clumps
• The Hi-GAL catalogue of dusty filamentary structures in the Galactic Plane
• Galactocentric variation of the gas-to-dust ratio and its relation with metallicity
• The integrated properties of the molecular clouds from the JCMT CO(3-2) High Resolution Survey
• The Star Formation Rate of the Milky Way as seen by Herschel
• ATOMS: ALMA Three-millimeter Observations of Massive Star-forming regions -- XV. Steady Accretion from Global Collapse to Core Feeding in Massive Hub-filament System SDC335
• ALMA observations of fragmentation, sub-structure, and protostars in high-mass starless clump candidates
• A global view on star formation: The GLOSTAR Galactic Plane Survey. I. Overview and first results for the Galactic longitude range 28° < l < 36°
• ATOMS:ALMA Three-millimeter Observations of Massive Star-forming regions -- III :Catalogues of candidate hot molecular cores and Hyper/Ultra compact HII regions
• Formation of Massive Protostellar Clusters -- Observations of Massive 70 $\mu$m Dark Molecular Clouds
• Radiation Transfer of Models of Massive Star Formation. IV. The Model Grid and Spectral Energy Distribution Fitting
• Protoplanetary disk birth in massive star forming clumps: the essential role of the magnetic field
• An ALMA study of hub-filament systems I. On the clump mass concentration within the most massive cores
• GLOSTAR -- Radio Source Catalog I: $28^{\circ }<\text{l}<36^{\circ }$ and $|b|<1^{\circ }$
• N-bearing complex organics toward high-mass protostars: Constant ratios pointing to formation in similar pre-stellar conditions across a large mass range
• ATLASGAL-selected massive clumps in the inner Galaxy: VI. Kinetic temperature and spatial density measured with formaldehyde
• What is the role of stellar radiative feedback in setting the stellar mass spectrum?
• CHIMPS2: Survey description and ${}^{12}$CO emission in the Galactic Centre
• SCOPE: SCUBA-2 Continuum Observations of Pre-protostellar Evolution - Survey Description and Compact Source Catalogue
• ALMA-IRDC: Dense gas mass distribution from cloud to core scales
• Molecular Line Observations in Two Dusty Star-Forming Galaxies at z = 6.9
• Spatial distribution of star formation related to ionized regions throughout the inner Galactic plane
• Multi-scale dynamics in star-forming regions: the interplay between gravity and turbulence
• The SQUALO project (Star formation in QUiescent And Luminous Objects) I: clump-fed accretion mechanism in high-mass star-forming objects
• SEDIGISM-ATLASGAL: Dense Gas Fraction and Star Formation Efficiency Across the Galactic Disk
• ATLASGAL --- Molecular fingerprints of a sample of massive star forming clumps
• The role of spiral arms in Milky Way star formation
• The census of dense cores in the Serpens region from the Herschel Gould Belt Survey
• Dynamical Accretion Flows -- ALMAGAL: Flows along filamentary structures in high-mass star-forming clusters
• The accretion history of high-mass stars: An ArTéMiS pilot study of Infrared Dark Clouds
• The ALMA Survey of 70 μm Dark High-mass Clumps in Early Stages (ASHES). VI. The core-scale CO-depletion
• Thermal balance and comparison of gas and dust properties of dense clumps in the Hi-GAL survey
• Importance of source structure on complex organics emission. I. Observations of CH${}_3$OH from low-mass to high-mass protostars
• Methanol deuteration in high-mass protostars
• Fragmentation and filaments at the onset of star and cluster formation: SABOCA 350 $\mu$m view of ATLASGAL selected massive clumps
• Surveying the Giant HII Regions of the Milky Way with SOFIA: I. W51A
• The structure and characteristic scales of molecular clouds
• How magnetic field and stellar radiative feedback influences the collapse and the stellar mass spectrum of a massive star forming clump
• A possible observational bias in the estimation of the virial parameter in virialized clumps
• Evolution of young protoclusters embedded in dense massive clumps. A new grid of population synthesis SED models and a new set of L/M evolutionary tracks
• GASTON: Galactic Star Formation with NIKA2. Evidence for the mass growth of star-forming clumps
• The MUSTANG-2 Galactic Plane Survey (MGPS90) pilot
• Young stars as tracers of a barred-spiral Milky Way
• Discovery of a mid-infrared protostellar outburst of exceptional amplitude
• Surveying the Giant HII Regions of the Milky Way with SOFIA: II. M17
• The dynamic centres of infrared-dark clouds and the formation of cores
• A WISE view on extreme AGB stars
• J plots: a new method for characterizing structures in the interstellar medium
• ATOMS: ALMA Three-millimeter Observations of Massive Star-forming regions -XIII. Ongoing triggered star formation within clump-fed scenario found in the massive ($\sim 1500$ ${\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$) clump
• The Core Mass Function Across Galactic Environments. III. Massive Protoclusters
• A Kpc Scale Molecular Wave in the Inner Galaxy: Feather of the Milky Way?
• The study of a system of H II regions toward l = 24.8 deg, b = 0.1 deg at the Galactic bar - Norma arm interface
• The accretion burst of the massive young stellar object G323.46 -0.08
• Gravitational collapse and accretion flows in the hub filament system G323.46-0.08
• The Evolutionary Status of Protostellar Clumps Hosting Class II Methanol Masers
• Importance of source structure on complex organics emission III. Effect of disks around massive protostars
• Searching for Inflow Towards Massive Starless Clump Candidates Identified in the Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey
• The Milky Way Atlas for Linear Filaments
• The most variable VVV sources: eruptive protostars, dipping giants in the Nuclear Disc and others
• Beyond the Solar Circle $-$ Trends in Massive Star Formation Between the Inner and Outer Galaxy
• AFGL 5180 and AFGL 6366S: sites of hub-filament systems at the opposite edges of a filamentary cloud
• Characterising the high-mass star forming filament G351.776--0.527 with Herschel and APEX dust continuum and gas observations
• HII regions and high-mass starless clump candidates I: Catalogs and properties
• The TOPGöt high-mass star-forming sample. I. Methyl cyanide emission as tracer of early phases of star formation
• A comparison of the Milky Way's recent star formation revealed by dust thermal emission and high-mass stars
• SO2 and OCS toward high-mass protostars: A comparative study between ice and gas
• Probing the early phases of high mass star formation with 6.7 GHz methanol masers
• Atacama Large Aperture Submillimeter Telescope (AtLAST) Science: Our Galaxy
• SiO Outflows in the Most Luminous and Massive Protostellar Sources of the Southern Sky
• ALMAGAL IV. Morphological comparison of molecular and thermal dust emission using the histogram of oriented gradients (HOG) method
• Characterization of dense Planck clumps observed with Herschel and SCUBA-2
• High-Mass Starless Clumps: Dynamical State and Correlation Between Physical Parameters
• CO line observations of OH/IR stars in the inner Galactic Bulge: Characteristics of stars at the tip of the AGB
• 3D structure of the Milky Way out to 10 kpc from the Sun. Catalogue of large molecular clouds in the Galactic Plane
• Solenoidal turbulent modes and star formation efficiency in Galactic-plane molecular clouds
• Extreme star formation in the Milky Way: Luminosity distributions of young stellar objects in W49A and W51
• SOFIA {\it FORCAST} Photometry of 12 Extended Green Objects in the Milky Way
• Spiral Structure and Massive Star formation in the Hub-Filament-System G326.27-0.49
• Star Formation in Extreme Environments: A 200 pc High Velocity Gas Stream in the Galactic Centre
• A Herschel study of G214.5-1.8: a young, cold and quiescent giant molecular filament on the shell of a HI superbubble
• Surveying the Giant HII Regions of the Milky Way with SOFIA: IV. Sgr D, W42, and a Reassessment of the Giant HII Region Census
• Emergence of high-mass stars in complex fiber networks (EMERGE) V. From filaments to spheroids: the origin of the hub-filament systems
• Probing the Global Dust Properties and Cluster Formation Potential of the Giant Molecular Cloud G148.24+00.41
• HyGAL: Characterizing the Galactic ISM with observations of hydrides and other small molecules II. The absorption line survey with the IRAM 30 m telescope
• Characteristic scale of star formation. I. Clump formation efficiency on local scales
• Surveying the Giant HII Regions of the Milky Way with SOFIA: III. W49A
• ALMAGAL VI. The spatial distribution of dense cores during the evolution of cluster-forming massive clump
• Non-thermal Radio Emission from Massive Protostars in the SARAO MeerKAT Galactic Plane Survey
• Cloud-cloud collision and star formation in G323.18+0.15
• The G332 molecular cloud ring: I. Morphology and physical characteristics
• A New Search for Star Forming Regions in the Southern Outer Galaxy
• ALMAGAL V. Relations between the core populations and the parent clump physical properties
• The Rosetta Stone Project. II. The correlation between star formation efficiency and L/M indicator for the evolutionary stages of star-forming clumps in post-processed radiative magnetohydrodynamics simulations
• Autonomous Gaussian decomposition of the Galactic Ring Survey. II. The Galactic distribution of 13CO
• The Effelsberg survey of FU Orionis and EX Lupi objects I. -- Host environments of FUors/EXors traced by NH${}_3$
• Star Formation Triggered by the expanding bubble S111
• The Milky Way Project: Probing Star Formation with First Results on Yellowballs from DR2
• Detections of massive stars in the cluster MCM2005b77, in the star-forming regions GRS G331.34$-$00.36 (S62) and GRS G337.92$-$00.48 (S36)
• Extended Ionized Fe Objects in the UWIFE Survey
• The Milky Way atlas for linear filaments II. clump rotation versus filament orientation
• Northern Galactic Molecular Cloud Clumps in Hi-GAL: Clump and Star Formation within Clouds
• CH${}_3$OH as a User-Friendly Density Probe: Calibration and Beyond
• Mid-Infrared and Maser Flux Variability Correlation in Massive Young Stellar Object G036.70+00.09
• Multifrequency study of HH 137 and HH 138: Discovering new knots and molecular outflows with Gemini and APEX
• ArTéMiS imaging of the filamentary infrared dark clouds G1.75-0.08 and G11.36+0.80: Dust-based physical properties of the clouds and their clumps
• FUGIN hot core survey. I. Survey method and initial results for $l=10^{\circ }-20^{\circ }$
• GASTON: Galactic Star Formation with NIKA2: A new population of cold massive sources discovered
• The Evolutionary Path of Star-Forming Clumps in Hi-GAL
• The ultracompact regions G40.54+2.59 and G34.13+0.47: A new detection of compact radio sources
• Linear filament and nested cluster evolution tomography (LANCET) I. Capture the evolution of dense gas in 14-parsec filament G316.8
• Search for High-Mass Protostellar Objects in Cold IRAS Sources
• Which Molecular Cloud Structures Are Bound?
• Millimetre continuum from LBV stars and their environs. NIKA2 observations and Virtual Observatory data
• VVV-WIT-13: an eruptive young star with cool molecular features
• Physical Properties and Real Nature of Massive Clumps in the Galaxy
• The Dynamical State of Massive Clumps
• ALMA-IMF VIII -- Combination of Interferometric Continuum Images with Single-Dish Surveys and Structural Analysis of Six Protoclusters
• High-resolution radio observations of massive protostars in the SARAO MeerKAT Galactic Plane Survey
• Assessing the stellar population and the environment of an HII region on the far side of the Galaxy
• Star Formation at the Periphery of a Molecular Superbubble: The Case of G12.79+0.43
• Amplification and generation of turbulence during self-gravitating collapse
• Influence of protostellar jets and HII regions on the formation and evolution of stellar clusters