The accretion burst of the massive young stellar object G323.46 -0.08

Abstract

Accretion bursts from low-mass young stellar objects (YSOs) are known for many decades. In recent years, the first accretion bursts of massive YSOs (MYSOs) have been observed. These phases of intense protostellar growth are of particular importance for studying massive star formation. Bursts of MYSOs are accompanied by flares of Class II methanol masers (hereafter masers), caused by an increase in exciting mid-infrared (MIR) emission. The G323.46$-$0.08 (hereafter G323) event extends the small sample of known MYSO bursts. Maser observations of the MYSO G323 show evidence of a flare, which was presumed to be caused by an accretion burst. This should be verified with IR data. We used time-dependent radiative transfer (TDRT) to characterize the heating and cooling timescales for eruptive MYSOs and to infer the main burst parameters. The G323 accretion burst is confirmed. It reached its peak in late 2013/early 2014 with a Ks-band increase of 2.5mag. TDRT indicates that the duration of the thermal afterglow in the far-infrared (FIR) can exceed the burst duration by years. The latter was proved by SOFIA observations, which indicate a flux increase of $(14.2\pm 4.6)$% at $70\mu \mathrm{m}$ and $(8.5\pm 6.1)$% at $160\mu$m in 2022 (2 years after the burst end). A one-sided light echo emerged that was propagating into the interstellar medium. The G323 burst is probably the most energetic MYSO burst observed so far. Within $8.4\mathrm{yrs}$, an energy of $(0.9{\pm }_{0.8}^{2.5})\times 10^{47}\mathrm{erg}$ was released. The short timescale points to the accretion of a compact body, while the burst energy corresponds to an accumulated mass of at least $(7{\pm }_6^{20})M_{Jup}$ and possibly even more if the protostar is bloated. In this case, the accretion event might have triggered protostellar pulsations, which give rise to the observed maser periodicity.

References in corpus (82)

• Gaia Data Release 2. Summary of the contents and survey properties
• The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE): Mission Description and Initial On-orbit Performance
• Dust Grain Size Distributions and Extinction in the Milky Way, LMC, and SMC
• Estimating distances from parallaxes IV: Distances to 1.33 billion stars in Gaia Data Release 2
• Spectral Energy Distributions of T Tauri Stars With Passive Circumstellar Disks
• A method for optimal image subtraction
• Trigonometric Parallaxes of High Mass Star Forming Regions: the Structure and Kinematics of the Milky Way
• VISTA Variables in the Via Lactea (VVV): The public ESO near-IR variability survey of the Milky Way
• 2MASS Extended Source Catalog: Overview and Algorithms
• Initial Performance of the NEOWISE Reactivation Mission
• ATLASGAL - The APEX Telescope Large Area Survey of the Galaxy at 870 microns
• A Gaia DR2 view of the Open Cluster population in the Milky Way
• Scattering by Interstellar Dust Grains: Optical and Ultraviolet
• Origins of Hot Jupiters
• The deepest Herschel-PACS far-infrared survey: number counts and infrared luminosity functions from combined PEP/GOODS-H observations
• Early Science with SOFIA, the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy
• Models of class II methanol masers based on improved molecular data
• The Red MSX Source Survey: the Massive Young Stellar Population of our Galaxy
• Astrochemistry During the Formation of Stars
• Evolution of Massive Protostars via Disk Accretion
• ATLASGAL --- towards a complete sample of massive star forming clumps
• Disk-mediated accretion burst in a high-mass young stellar object
• Properties of Hi-GAL clumps in the inner Galaxy]{The Hi-GAL compact source catalogue. I. The physical properties of the clumps in the inner Galaxy ($-71.0^{\circ }<\ell <67.0^{\circ }$)
• An extraordinary outburst in the massive protostellar system NGC6334I-MM1: quadrupling of the millimeter continuum
• Confirmation of the exclusive association between 6.7-GHz methanol masers and high-mass star formation regions
• The 2D Continuum Radiative Transfer Problem: Benchmark Results for Disk Configurations
• Continuum Variability of Deeply Embedded Protostars as a Probe of Envelope Structure
• A modular set of synthetic spectral energy distributions for young stellar objects
• The WISE Detection of an Infrared Echo in Tidal Disruption Event ASASSN-14li
• ATOMS: ALMA Three-millimeter Observations of Massive Star-forming regions -- I. Survey description and a first look at G9.62+0.19
• The RMS Survey: Mid-Infrared Observations of Candidate Massive YSOs in the Southern Hemisphere
• Fu Ori outbursts and the planet-disc mass exchange
• The Extraordinary Outburst in the Massive Protostellar System NGC6334I-MM1: Emergence of Strong 6.7 GHz Methanol Masers
• IRAS 05436-0007 and the Emergence of McNeil's Nebula
• A near-IR spectroscopic survey of massive jets towards EGOs
• Modeling disk fragmentation and multiplicity in massive star formation
• A heat-wave of accretion energy traced by masers in the G358-MM1 high-mass protostar
• Direct diagnostics of forming massive stars: stellar pulsation and periodic variability of maser sources
• Radio outburst from a massive (proto)star. When accretion turns into ejection
• Sub-arcsecond (sub)millimeter imaging of the massive protocluster G358.93-0.03: Discovery of 14 new methanol maser lines associated with a hot core
• Fundamental aspects of episodic accretion chemistry explored with single-point models
• Giant burst of methanol maser in S255IR-NIRS3
• Far-infrared molecular lines from Low- to High-Mass Star Forming Regions observed with Herschel
• Chemical Evolution in VeLLOs
• The extraordinary outburst in the massive protostellar system NGC6334I-MM1: Flaring of the water masers in a north-south bipolar outflow driven by MM1B
• The chemistry of episodic accretion in embedded objects. 2D radiation thermo-chemical models of the post-burst phase
• The ATLASGAL survey: The sample of young massive cluster progenitors
• Methylamine and other simple N-bearing species in the hot cores NGC 6334I MM1-3
• The effect of episodic accretion on the phase transition of CO and CO_2 in low-mass star formation
• An algorithm for Monte-Carlo time-dependent radiation transfer
• Detection of new methanol maser transitions associated with G358.93-0.03
• The Relationship between Mid-Infrared and Sub-Millimetre Variability of Deeply Embedded Protostars
• The long-period Galactic Cepheid RS Puppis - I. A geometric distance from its light echoes
• High-mass star formation at sub-50AU scales
• M17 MIR: A massive protostar with multiple accretion Outbursts
• ALMA View of the Infalling Envelope around a Massive Protostar in S255IR SMA1
• The Extraordinary Outburst in the Massive Protostellar System NGC6334I-MM1: Strong Increase in Mid-Infrared Continuum Emission
• The SEDIGISM survey: a search for molecular outflows
• Thermal balance and comparison of gas and dust properties of dense clumps in the Hi-GAL survey
• Kinematics and stability of high-mass protostellar disk candidates at sub-arcsecond resolution -- Insights from the IRAM NOEMA large program CORE
• Accretion bursts in high-mass protostars: a new testbed for models of episodic accretion
• Dynamics during outburst: VLTI observations of the young eruptive star V1647 Ori during its 2003-2006 outburst
• Excited-state hydroxyl maser polarimetry: Who ate all the πs?
• ATOMS: ALMA Three-millimeter Observations of Massive Star-forming regions -XIV. Properties of resolved UC Hii regions
• Line and continuum radiative transfer modelling of AA Tau
• Near-infrared Monitoring of the Accretion Outburst in the MYSO S255-NIRS3
• New detections of (sub)millimeter hydrogen radio recombination lines towards high-mass star-forming clumps
• Episodic accretion and mergers during growth of massive protostars
• Gravitational collapse and accretion flows in the hub filament system G323.46-0.08
• The evolution of the H2O maser emission in the accretion burst source G358.93-0.03
• Origin of the Lyman excess in early-type stars
• Observation of light echoes around very young stars
• The most variable VVV sources: eruptive protostars, dipping giants in the Nuclear Disc and others
• Multi-wavelength detection of an ongoing FUOr-type outburst on a low-mass YSO
• Detection of periodic flares in 6.7 GHz methanol masers G45.804-0.356 and G49.043-1.079
• Periodic Accretion Instabilities in the Protostar L1634 IRS 7
• The scattering order problem in Monte Carlo radiative transfer
• SiO Outflows in the Most Luminous and Massive Protostellar Sources of the Southern Sky
• Lights Illuminate Surfaces Superluminally
• The onset of stellar multiplicity in massive star formation: A search for low-mass companions of massive young stellar objects with $L^{\prime }$-band adaptive optics imaging
• Interpretation of a Variable Reflection Nebula Associated with HBC 340 and HBC 341 in NGC 1333
• The ALMA archive and its place in the astronomy of the future

Cited by in corpus (6)

• The VISTA Variables in the Vía Láctea eXtended (VVVX) ESO public survey: Completion of the observations and legacy
• Revealing a main-sequence star that consumed a planet with JWST
• The Role of Thermal Instability in Accretion Outbursts in High-Mass Stars
• Fine structure and kinematics of the ionized and molecular gas in the jet and disk around S255IR NIRS3 from high resolution ALMA observations
• Time-dependent response of protoplanetary disk temperature to an FU Ori-type luminosity outburst
• Episodic accretion in high-mass star formation: An analysis of thermal instability for axially symmetric disks