Probing the Global Dust Properties and Cluster Formation Potential of the Giant Molecular Cloud G148.24+00.41

Abstract

Clouds more massive than about $10^5$ M${}_{\odot }$ are potential sites of massive cluster formation. Studying the properties of such clouds in the early stages of their evolution offers an opportunity to test various cluster formation processes. We make use of CO, Herschel, and UKIDSS observations to study one such cloud, G148.24+00.41. Our results show the cloud to be of high mass ($\sim$ $1.1\times 10^5$ M${}_{\odot }$), low dust temperature ($\sim$ 14.5 K), nearly circular (projected radius $\sim$ 26 pc), and gravitationally bound with a dense gas fraction of $\sim 18$% and a density profile with a power-law index of $\sim -1.5$. Comparing its properties with those of nearby molecular clouds, we find that G148.24+00.41 is comparable to the Orion-A molecular cloud in terms of mass, size, and dense gas fraction. From our analyses, we find that the central area of the cloud is actively forming protostars and is moderately fractal with a Q-value of $\sim$ 0.66. We also find evidence of global mass-segregation in the cloud, with a degree of mass-segregation (${\Lambda }_{MSR})\approx 3.2$. We discuss these results along with the structure and compactness of the cloud, the spatial and temporal distribution of embedded stellar population, and their correlation with the cold dust distribution, in the context of high-mass cluster formation. Comparing our results with models of star cluster formation, we conclude that the cloud has the potential to form a cluster in the mass range $\sim$ 2000--3000 M${}_{\odot }$ through dynamical hierarchical collapse and assembly of both gas and stars.

arXiv commentIt is accepted for publication in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (MNRAS). The unedited version of the manuscript has been published

References in corpus (139)

• On the variation of the Initial Mass Function
• PARSEC: stellar tracks and isochrones with the PAdova and TRieste Stellar Evolution Code
• Embedded Clusters in Molecular Clouds
• The UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey (UKIDSS)
• The Milky Way in Molecular Clouds: A New Complete CO Survey
• The Spitzer c2d Legacy Results: Star Formation Rates and Efficiencies; Evolution and Lifetimes
• The VizieR database of Astronomical Catalogues
• From filamentary clouds to prestellar cores to the stellar IMF: Initial highlights from the Herschel Gould Belt survey
• Young massive star clusters
• Clouds, filaments and protostars: the Herschel Hi-GAL Milky Way
• Trigonometric Parallaxes Of High-Mass Star Forming Regions: Our View Of The Milky Way
• On the Star Formation Rates in Molecular Clouds
• Re-examining Larson's Scaling Relationships in Galactic Molecular Clouds
• MAMBO Mapping of Spitzer c2d Small Clouds and Cores
• The UKIDSS Galactic Plane Survey
• A Universal, Local Star Formation Law in Galactic Clouds, Nearby Galaxies, High-Redshift Disks, and Starbursts
• Planck Early Results: The Planck mission
• Filamentary structure of star-forming complexes
• The Star Formation Rate and Gas Surface Density Relation in the Milky Way: Implications for Extragalactic Studies
• Star formation through gravitational collapse and competitive accretion
• Physical properties of molecular clouds for the entire Milky Way disk
• Global collapse of molecular clouds as a formation mechanism for the most massive stars
• Global Hierarchical Collapse In Molecular Clouds. Towards a Comprehensive Scenario
• The statistical Analysis of Star Clusters
• An Assessment of Dynamical Mass Constraints on Pre-Main Sequence Evolutionary Tracks
• Star Formation Rates in Molecular Clouds and the Nature of the Extragalactic Scaling Relations
• Identifying the Low Luminosity Population of Embedded Protostars in the c2d Observations of Clouds and Cores
• The Red MSX Source Survey: the Massive Young Stellar Population of our Galaxy
• Planck Early Results. VII. The Early Release Compact Source Catalog
• How Many Infrared Dark Clouds can form Massive Stars and Clusters?
• Modeling UV Radiation Feedback from Massive Stars: II. Dispersal of Star-Forming Giant Molecular Clouds by Photoionization and Radiation Pressure
• Star Formation Relations in Nearby Molecular Clouds
• Using the minimum spanning tree to trace mass segregation
• The Herschel Orion Protostar Survey: Spectral Energy Distributions and Fits Using a Grid of Protostellar Models
• The Spitzer c2d Survey of Large, Nearby, Interstellar Clouds. III. Perseus Observed with IRAC
• The relation between the most-massive star and its parental star cluster mass
• Herschel-Planck dust optical-depth and column-density maps: I. Method description and results for Orion
• The dynamical evolution of fractal star clusters: the survival of substructure
• The ALMA Survey of 70 $\mu$m dark High-mass clumps in Early Stages (ASHES). I. Pilot Survey: Clump Fragmentation
• The Milky Way Imaging Scroll Painting (MWISP): Project Details and Initial Results from the Galactic Longitude of 25.8deg to 49.7deg
• Properties of Hi-GAL clumps in the inner Galaxy]{The Hi-GAL compact source catalogue. I. The physical properties of the clumps in the inner Galaxy ($-71.0^{\circ }<\ell <67.0^{\circ }$)
• Cooling, Gravity and Geometry: Flow-driven Massive Core Formation
• The Simultaneous Formation of Massive Stars and Stellar Clusters
• Fragmentation of Molecular Clumps and Formation of Protocluster
• The Mid-Infrared Extinction Law in the Ophiuchus, Perseus, and Serpens Molecular Clouds
• Collapse and Fragmentation in Finite Sheets
• Disk evolution in the solar neighborhood. I Disk frequencies from 1 to 100 Myr
• Filaments in Simulations of Molecular Cloud Formation
• Why are most molecular clouds not gravitationally bound?
• The Second Data Release of the INT Photometric H-Alpha Survey of the Northern Galactic Plane (IPHAS DR2)
• The Origin of Massive Stars: The Inertial-Inflow Model
• Characterizing Precursors to Stellar Clusters with Herschel
• The early dynamical evolution of cool, clumpy star clusters
• Dynamical evolution of star forming regions
• Multi-temperature mapping of dust structures throughout the Galactic Plane using the PPMAP tool with Herschel Hi-GAL data
• ATLASGAL --- properties of compact HII regions and their natal clumps
• Observational Evidence of Dynamic Star Formation Rate in Milky Way Giant Molecular Clouds
• A distance limited sample of massive molecular outflows
• G0.253+0.016: a molecular cloud progenitor of an Arches-like cluster
• High- and Low-Mass Star Forming Regions from Hierarchical Gravitational Fragmentation. High local Star Formation Rates with Low Global Efficiencies
• Candidate super star cluster progenitor gas clouds possibly triggered by close passage to Sgr A*
• A Massive Prestellar Clump Hosting no High-Mass Cores
• The Spitzer Gould Belt Survey of Large Nearby Interstellar Clouds: Discovery of a Dense Embedded Cluster in the Serpens-Aquila Rift
• Temperature as a third dimension in column-density mapping of dusty astrophysical structures associated with star formation
• The Earliest Phases of Star Formation (EPoS): A Herschel Key Program - The precursors to high-mass stars and clusters
• The Luminosity Functions and Timescales of MYSOs and Compact HII regions
• Universality of young cluster sequences
• The Physics of Star Cluster Formation and Evolution
• Larson's third law and the universality of molecular cloud structure
• Dynamics of cluster-forming hub-filament systems: The case of the high-mass star-forming complex Monoceros R2
• The Spitzer c2d Survey of Nearby Dense Cores: I: First Direct Detection of the Embedded Source in IRAM 04191+1522
• Kinematic Distances: A Monte Carlo Method
• Evolving structures of star-forming clusters
• Star formation in unbound giant molecular clouds: the origin of OB associations?
• IN-SYNC II: Virial Stars from Sub-Virial Cores -- The Velocity Dispersion of Embedded Pre-Main-Sequence Stars in NGC 1333
• Properties of hierarchically forming star clusters
• The RMS Survey: Near-IR Spectroscopy of Massive Young Stellar Objects
• Feedback in Clouds II: UV Photoionisation and the first supernova in a massive cloud
• Aspect Ratio Dependence of the Free-Fall Time for Non-Spherical Symmetries
• Star Formation in Self-Gravitating Turbulent Fluids
• Interstellar matter and star formation in W5-E - A Herschel view
• There are no starless massive proto-clusters in the first quadrant of the Galaxy
• Importance of the Initial Conditions for Star Formation - II. Fragmentation Induced Starvation and Accretion Shielding
• Recent star formation in the inner Galactic Bulge seen by ISOGAL II -- The Central Molecular Zone
• The Hi-GAL catalogue of dusty filamentary structures in the Galactic Plane
• Galactocentric variation of the gas-to-dust ratio and its relation with metallicity
• Photoionisation Feedback in a Self-Gravitating, Magnetised, Turbulent Cloud
• Star Cluster Formation in a Turbulent Molecular Cloud Self-Regulated by Photo-Ionisation Feedback
• Centrally condensed turbulent cores: Massive stars or fragmentation?
• The formation of NGC 3603 young starburst cluster: "prompt" hierarchical assembly or monolithic starburst?
• How to Find Young Massive Cluster Progenitors
• Herschel-Planck dust optical depth and column density maps - II. Perseus
• The RMS Survey: ${}^{13}$CO observations of candidate massive YSOs in the northern Galactic plane
• An Evolutionary Model for Collapsing Molecular Clouds and Their Star Formation Activity
• Distribution of Serpens South protostars revealed with ALMA
• Synthetic observations of first hydrostatic cores in collapsing low-mass dense cores. I. Spectral energy distributions and evolutionary sequence
• Tracing the Conversion of Gas into Stars in Young Massive Cluster Progenitors
• Investigating the Global Collapse of Filaments Using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics
• Star formation activity and the spatial distribution and mass segregation of dense cores in the early phases of star formation
• Global mass segregation in hydrodynamical simulations of star formation
• Bipolar HII regions - Morphology and star formation in their vicinity - I - G319.88$+$00.79 and G010.32$-$00.15
• A universal route for the formation of massive star clusters in giant molecular clouds
• How do bound star clusters form?
• Star formation in a high-pressure environment: An SMA view of the Galactic centre dust ridge
• Star Formation in Transient Molecular Clouds
• The Mass-Size Relation and the Constancy of GMC Surface Densities in the Milky Way
• Scale-free gravitational collapse as the origin of $\rho \sim r^{-2}$ density profile -- a possible role of turbulence in regulating gravitational collapse
• Dynamical evolution of stars and gas of young embedded stellar sub-clusters
• Comparing Young Massive Clusters and their Progenitor Clouds in the Milky Way
• Filament coalescence and hub structure in MonR2: Implications to massive star and cluster formation
• Mass segregation in star clusters is not energy equipartition
• Distributed Low-Mass Star Formation in the IRDC G34.43+00.24
• Initial Conditions for Star Formation: A Physical Description of the Filamentary ISM
• Young massive star cluster formation in the Galactic Centre is driven by global gravitational collapse of high-mass molecular clouds
• Physical Properties of the star-forming clusters in NGC 6334
• Distance biases in the estimation of the physical properties of Hi-GAL compact sources-I. Clump properties and the identification of high-mass star forming candidates
• On the spatial distributions of dense cores in Orion B
• Mass and luminosity evolution of young stellar objects
• Multi-scale analysis of the Monoceros OB 1 star-forming region: II. Colliding filaments in the Monoceros OB1 molecular cloud
• A multiwavelength study of young massive star forming regions: II. The dust environment
• Effects of initial density profiles on massive star cluster formation in giant molecular clouds
• Fitting density models to observational data - The local Schmidt law in molecular clouds
• Dense gas in molecular cores associated with Planck Galactic cold clumps
• Bird's eye view of molecular clouds in the Milky Way: I. Column density and star formation from sub-pc to kpc scales
• How fast is mass-segregation happening in hierarchical formed embedded star clusters?
• Cloud Properties and Correlations with Star Formation in Numerical Simulations of the Three-Phase ISM
• Estimating Extinction using Unsupervised Machine Learning
• The Herschel/PACS Point Source Catalogue Explanatory Supplement
• Embedded Young Massive Star Clusters in the Antennae Merger
• A Census of Star Formation in the Outer Galaxy II: The GLIMPSE360 Field
• Density distribution function of a self-gravitating isothermal compressible turbulent fluid in the context of Molecular Clouds ensembles
• On the emergent System Mass Function: the contest between accretion and fragmentation
• The Accelerating Pace of Star Formation
• RCW 120: A possible case of hit and run, elucidated by multi temperature dust mapping
• The Planck Cold Clump G108.37-01.06: A Site of Complex Interplay between H II Regions, Young Clusters and Filaments
• YSO jets in the Galactic Plane from UWISH2: V - Jets and Outflows in M17
• The TOP-SCOPE survey of PGCCs: PMO and SCUBA-2 observations of 64 PGCCs in the 2nd Galactic Quadrant
• Taking off the edge -- simultaneous filament and end core formation
• Study of the filamentary infrared dark cloud G192.76+00.10 in the S254-S258 OB complex