Trigonometric Parallaxes Of High-Mass Star Forming Regions: Our View Of The Milky Way

Abstract

We compile and analyze ~200 trigonometric parallaxes and proper motions of molecular masers associated with very young high-mass stars. These measurements strongly suggest that the Milky Way is a four-arm spiral. Fitting log-periodic spirals to the locations of the masers, allows us to significantly expand our view of the structure of the Milky Way. We present an updated model for its spiral structure and incorporate it into our previously published parallax-based distance-estimation program for sources associated with spiral arms. Modeling the three-dimensional space motions yields estimates of the distance to the Galactic center, Ro = 8.15 +/- 0.15 kpc, the circular rotation speed at the Sun's position, To = 236 +/- 7 km/s, and the nature of the rotation curve. Our data strongly constrain the full circular velocity of the Sun, To + Vsun = 247 +/- 4 km/s, and its angular velocity, (To + Vsun)/Ro = 30.32 +/- 0.27 km/s/kpc. Transforming the measured space motions to a Galactocentric frame which rotates with the Galaxy, we find non-circular velocity components typically about 10 km/s. However, near the Galactic bar and in a portion of the Perseus arm, we find significantly larger non-circular motions. Young high-mass stars within 7 kpc of the Galactic center have a scale height of only 19 pc and, thus, are well suited to define the Galactic plane. We find that the orientation of the plane is consistent with the IAU-defined plane to within +/-0.1 deg., and that the Sun is offset toward the north Galactic pole by Zsun = 5.5 +/- 5.8 pc. Accounting for this offset places the central supermassive black hole, Sgr A*, in the midplane of the Galaxy. Using our improved Galactic parameters, we predict the Hulse-Taylor binary pulsar to be at a distance of 6.54 +/- 0.24 kpc, assuming its orbital decay from gravitational radiation follows general relativity.

47 pages; 11 figures, 4 tables

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• Milliarcsecond structure and variability of methanol maser emission in three high-mass protostars
• Estimation of Galactic Spiral Density Wave Parameters Based on the Velocities of OB2 stars from the Gaia EDR3 Catalogue
• Millimetre-wave spectroscopy of 2-hydroxyprop-2-enal and an astronomical search with ALMA
• Linear polarization study of open clusters towards the anticenter direction: Signature of the spiral arms
• Molecular deuterations in massive Starless Clump Candidates
• Characterizing the Evolved Stellar Population in the Galactic Foreground I: Bolometric Magnitudes, Spatial Distribution and P-L Relations
• Kinematics of the Galaxy from Young Open Star Clusters with Data from the Gaia EDR3 Catalogue
• Autonomous Gaussian decomposition of the Galactic Ring Survey. II. The Galactic distribution of 13CO
• From moving groups to star formation in the Solar Neighborhood
• Leveraging MMW-MMW Double Resonance Spectroscopy to Understand the Pure Rotational Spectrum of Glycidaldehyde and 17 of Its Vibrationally Excited States
• Three-component Stackel model of the Galaxy based on the rotation curve from maser data
• Kinematic Properties of Young Intermediate- and Low-Mass Stars from the Gaia DR2 Catalogue
• Unveiling VVV/WISE Mira variables on the far side of the Galactic disk: Distances, kinematics and a new extinction law
• The VVV Open Cluster Project II. Near-infrared sequences of 37 open clusters on eight-dimensional parameter space
• Gas Transfer Between the Inner 3-kpc Disk and the Galactic Central Molecular Zone
• HAWC Study of Very-High-Energy $\gamma$-ray Spectrum of HAWC J1844-034
• Unveiling the initial conditions of open star cluster formation
• A cosmic-ray loaded nascent outflow driven by a massive star cluster
• The 3D morphology of open clusters in the solar neighborhood III: Fractal dimension
• Measuring the Diffuse Interstellar Bands at 5780, 5797, and 6614 Å in Low-Resolution Spectra of Cool Stars from LAMOST
• Molecular Clouds in the Galactic Plane from $l$ = [59.75${}^{\circ }$, 74.75${}^{\circ }$] and $b$ = [$-$5.25${}^{\circ }$, +5.25${}^{\circ }$]
• A three-dimensional model for the reversal in the local large-scale interstellar magnetic field
• CU-JADE: A Method for Traversing Extinction Jumps along the Line of Sight
• DCO${}^{+}$ and DCN 1-0 survey toward a sample of Planck cold clumps
• OGHReS: Star formation in the Outer Galaxy II ($\ell =180^{\circ }$-$280^{\circ }$)
• NGC 5236's stars as tracers of arms and arm widths in spiral galaxies
• Revisiting rotationally excited CH at radio wavelengths: A case study towards W51
• Signatures of anisotropic diffusion around PeVatrons in 100 TeV gamma-ray data
• ALMA observations of massive clouds in the central molecular zone: slim filaments tracing parsec-scale shocks
• Long-period maser-bearing Miras in the Galactic center: period-luminosity relations and extinction estimates
• Millimeter-wave spectrum of 2-propanimine
• An MCMC Approach to the Three-dimensional Structure of the Milky Way Bulge using OGLE-IV $\delta$ Scuti Stars
• Molecular Clouds Associated with {H \small{II}} regions and Candidates within l = 106.65${}^{\circ }$ to 109.50${}^{\circ }$ and b = $-$1.85${}^{\circ }$ to 0.95${}^{\circ }$
• Distances of Galactic Radio Pulsars; First Quadrant: $-2^{\circ }<\ell <90^{\circ }$ and $-2^{\circ }<b<2^{\circ }$
• Water Maser Survey towards off-plane O-rich AGBs around the orbital plane of the Sagittarius Stellar Stream
• Interrelations between Astrochemistry and Galactic Dynamics
• Examining Turbulence in Galactic Molecular Clouds -- I: A Statistical Analysis of Velocity Structures
• Radial velocities from far red spectra of Carina Arm O and early B stars
• A New Way to Limit the Interaction of Dark Matter with Baryons
• Star formation in the circumgalactic high-velocity cloud Complex H
• The superclouds of the local Milky Way
• Signatures of simulated spiral arms on radial actions
• FAST search for circumstellar atomic hydrogen. II. Is BD+303639 an interacting planetary nebula?
• Investigation of the rotational spectrum of CH${}_3$${}^{17}$OH and its tentative detection toward Sagittarius B2(N)
• SNR G54.1+0.3, a PeVatron candidate unveiled by LHAASO
• Gaia21blx: Complete resolution of a binary microlensing event in the Galactic disk
• Investigations of MWISP Filaments. I. Filament Identification and Analysis Algorithms, and Source Catalogue
• The Galactic inner spiral arms revealed by the Gaia ESO Survey chemical abundances. Metallicity and [Mg/Fe] ratios
• Tiny-Scale Properties within the Interstellar Medium towards PSR J1644$-$4559: I. Observational Evidence of Turbulence-induced Tiny Scale Atomic Structures
• Physical conditions around high-mass young star-forming objects via simultaneous observations of excited OH and methanol masers
• The Warm-Hot Disk-Halo Interface Below the Perseus Spiral Arm
• Open clusters in the outer disc studied with MEGARA@GTC Auner 1 and Berkeley 102
• Rethinking Habitability using Biogenic Precursors: Formaldehyde in Millimeter Molecular Clouds of the Inner Galaxy
• H I absorption line and anomalous dispersion in the radio pulses of PSR B1937+21
• Cold atomic gas identified by HI self-absorption. Cold atomic clouds toward giant molecular filaments
• Modeling the vertical distribution of the Milky Way's flat subsystem objects
• Anisotropy in the carbon monoxide (CO) line emission across the Milky Way's disk
• Direct measurement of ISM proper motion with image registration
• ${}^{14}$N${/}^{15}$N abundance ratio toward massive star-forming regions with different Galactic distances
• Linear filament and nested cluster evolution tomography (LANCET) I. Capture the evolution of dense gas in 14-parsec filament G316.8
• Pulsar scattering as a probe for structures in the interstellar medium
• The large-scale kinematics of young stars in the Milky Way disc: first results from SDSS-V
• APEX survey of interstellar HCl: ${}^{35}$Cl/${}^{37}$Cl isotopic ratios in dense cores and outflows
• The SARAO MeerKAT Galactic Plane Survey filamentary source catalogue
• Evidence of distant spiral arms in the Galactic disk quadrant IV from VVV red clump giants
• The traveling-PWN modeling attempt on the enigmatic LHAASO dumbbell-like structure
• Hunting for Planetary Nebulae toward the Galactic Center
• The Impact of Expanding HII Regions on Filament G37:Curved Magnetic Field and Multiple Direction Material Flows
• New Radio Observations of the Supernova Remnant CTA 1
• Threading the Magellanic Needle: Hypervelocity Stars Trace the Past Location of the LMC
• The Spiral Pattern Speed in the Milky Way Galaxy
• Characterising the high-mass star forming region IRAS 18144-1723 through methanol maser observations
• A Near-Infrared Extinction and Reddening Map Towards the Galactic Bulge Using UKIRT
• Sub-kpc scale gas density histogram of the Galactic molecular gas: a new statistical method to characterise galactic-scale gas structures
• VVV-WIT-13: an eruptive young star with cool molecular features
• First Submillimeter Lights from Dome A: Tracing the Carbon Cycle in the Feedback of Massive Stars
• Detections of Compact Radio Continuum toward Methanol Maser Rings Using the VLA
• Examinations of CO completeness based on three independent CO surveys
• Distance and extinction to the Milky Way spiral arms along the Galactic centre line of sight
• Multiobjective optimization for scattering mitigation and scattering screen reconstruction in VLBI observations of the Galactic Center
• Correlation between the two-armed $V_R$ spiral in the $Z$--$V_Z$ plane and moving groups
• Fermi-LAT View on Three Ultra-high-energy 1LHAASO Sources in the $52^{\circ }<l<55^{\circ }$ Region
• Characterizing Pulsar Distances Using HI Kinematics
• An Isolated Stellar-Mass Black Hole Detected Through Astrometric Microlensing
• The multiple corrugations in the Galactic disk derived from the LAMOST and Gaia survey data
• The Gaia Astrometric Catalogue and Secular Aberration Drift in Proper Motions
• Light Deflection under the Gravitational Field of Jupiter -- Testing General Relativity
• Fermi-LAT detection of extended gamma-ray emission in the vicinity of SNR G045.7$-$00.4: evidence for escaping cosmic rays interacting with the surrounding molecular clouds
• Young Massive Star Clusters as TeV Emitters: Constraints from H.E.S.S. and LHAASO
• Connecting the dusty dots: dust depletion and extinction of local interstellar clouds
• First Trigonometric Parallax Measurements with the KVN and VERA Array (KaVA)
• Molecular Clouds at the Edge of the Galaxy II. Physical properties and scaling relations
• Discovery and Timing of the First Millisecond Pulsar in NGC 6316
• The morphological stability of open clusters: a new 2D perspective
• A VLA Census of the Galactic H II Region Population
• On the most reliable value of the Galactic aberration constant
• Measurement of Cosmic-Ray Density in the Spiral Arms toward Galactic Anticenter
• Heavy interstellar scattering toward the near end of the Galactic bar
• Metallicity Structure in Galactic Longitude-Velocity Diagrams of the Milky Way Disk and FIRE-2 Simulations
• The Supernova Remnant G284.3$-$1.8 and Its Relation to the Gamma-ray Binary 1FGL J1018.6$-$5856
• Constructing a gravitational wave analysis pipeline for extremely large mass ratio inspirals
• A global view on star formation: The GLOSTAR Galactic plane survey XII. Effelsberg's continuum view and data release
• Galaxy rotation curve based on RGB stars from the Gaia DR3 catalogue
• Resolving the large exoKuiper belt of the HD 126062 debris disc and extended gas emission in its vicinity
• GeV emission in the region of the supernova remnant G51.26+0.11
• Place of the Radcliffe Wave in the Local System
• The MAGIC project. III. Radial and azimuthal Galactic abundance gradients using classical Cepheids
• Galactic Star Formation with NIKA2 (GASTON): Evidence of mass accretion onto dense clumps
• Observations of Carbon Radio Recombination Lines with the NenuFAR telescope. I. Cassiopeia A and Cygnus A
• Insights into the structure and kinematics of a Milky Way-like galaxy
• How is Cold Gas Loaded into Galactic Nuclear Outflows?
• Three Models of the Gravitational Potential of the Milky Way
• Kinematics of the Central Stars Powering Bowshock Nebulae and the Large Multiplicity Fraction of Runaway OB Stars
• Runaway stars and the Galactic supernova remnant landscape: non-thermal emission and observational evidence
• A Study Revealing Physical Attributes of Supernova Remnant in G321.3-3.9
• Outflowing Gas in the Planetary Nebula K 3-54
• Are Kronberger 80 and/or Kronberger 82 regions PeVatron candidates for LHAASO J2108+5157?