A Galactic survey of radio jets from massive protostars

Abstract

In conjunction with a previous southern-hemisphere work, we present the largest radio survey of jets from massive protostars to date with high-resolution, ($\sim 0.04^{\prime \prime }$) VLA observations towards two subsamples of massive star-forming regions of different evolutionary statuses: 48 infrared-bright, massive YSOs and 8 IRDCs containing 16 luminous (${\mathrm{L}}_{\mathrm{bol}}>10^3{\mathrm{L}}_{\odot }$) cores. For $94\%$ of the MYSO sample we detect thermal radio ($\alpha \ge -0.1$ whereby $S_{\nu }\propto {\nu }^{\alpha }$) sources coincident with the protostar, of which $84\%$ (13 jets and 25 candidates) are jet-like. Radio luminosity is found to scale with ${\mathrm{L}}_{\mathrm{bol}}$ similarly to the low-mass case supporting a common mechanism for jet production across all masses. Associated radio lobes tracing shocks are seen towards $52\%$ of jet-like objects and are preferentially detected towards jets of higher radio and bolometric luminosities, resulting from our sensitivity limitations. We find jet mass loss rate scales with bolometric luminosity as ${\dot{m}}_{\mathrm{jet}}\propto {{\mathrm{L}}_{\mathrm{bol}}}^{0.9\pm 0.2}$, thereby discarding radiative, line-driving mechanisms as the dominant jet-launching process. Calculated momenta show that the majority of jets are mechanically capable of driving the massive, molecular outflow phenomena since $p_{\mathrm{jet}}>p_{\mathrm{outflow}}$. Finally, from their physical extent we show that the radio emission can not originate from small, optically-thick \textsc{Hii} regions. Towards the IRDC cores, we observe increasing incidence rates/radio fluxes with age using the proxy of increasing luminosity-to-mass $\left(\frac{L}{M}\right)$ and decreasing infrared flux ratios $\left(\frac{S_{70\mu \mathrm{m}}}{S_{24\mu \mathrm{m}}}\right)$. Cores with $\frac{L}{M}<40{\mathrm{L}}_{\mathrm{sol}}{{\mathrm{M}}_{\mathrm{sol}}}^{-1}$ are not detected above ($5.8\mathrm{GHz}$) radio luminosities of $\sim 1{\mathrm{mJy}\mathrm{kpc}}^2$.

To be published in MNRAS. 20 pages main text (4 tables, 14 figures), 90 pages appendices (6 tables, 66 figures)

References in corpus (25)

• Trigonometric Parallaxes Of High-Mass Star Forming Regions: Our View Of The Milky Way
• ATLASGAL --- towards a complete sample of massive star forming clumps
• Water maser motions in W3(OH) and a determination of its distance
• Trigonometric parallaxes of star forming regions in the Sagittarius spiral arm
• The Luminosity Functions and Timescales of MYSOs and Compact HII regions
• Trigonometric Parallaxes of Star Forming Regions in the Perseus Spiral Arm
• A necklace of dense cores in the high-mass star forming region G35.20-0.74N: ALMA observations
• Multiple Jets from the High-Mass (Proto)stellar Cluster AFGL5142
• NH3 Observations of the Infrared Dark Cloud G28.34+0.06
• Weak and Compact Radio Emission in Early High-Mass Star Forming Regions: I. VLA Observations
• The RMS Survey: ${}^{13}$CO observations of candidate massive YSOs in the northern Galactic plane
• Search for ionized jets towards high-mass young stellar objects
• Tentative Evidence for Relativistic Electrons Generated by the Jet of the Young Sun-like Star DG Tau
• Millimeter interferometry of W3 IRS5: A Trapezium in the making
• Survey of intermediate/high-mass star-forming regions at centimeter and millimeter wavelengths
• Protostellar Outflows at the EarliesT Stages (POETS). II. A possible radio synchrotron jet associated with the EGO G035.02+0.35
• A search for non-thermal radio emission from jets of massive young stellar objects
• Trigonometric distance and proper motions of H2O maser bowshocks in AFGL 5142
• NGC 7538 : Multiwavelength Study of Stellar Cluster Regions associated with IRS 1-3 and IRS 9 sources
• The 10^5Lsun High-Mass Protostellar Object IRAS23151+5912
• Momentum-driven outflow emission from an O-type YSO: Comparing the radio jet with the molecular outflow
• A Herschel and BIMA study of the sequential star formation near the W48A HII region
• Searching for compact radio sources associated to UCHII regions
• High-Resolution Studies of the Multiple-Core Systems toward Cluster-Forming Regions Including Massive Stars
• Star-forming Region Sh 2-233IR I. Deep NIR Observations toward the Embedded Stellar Clusters

Cited by in corpus (21)

• Digging into the Interior of Hot Cores with ALMA (DIHCA). II. Exploring the Inner Binary (Multiple) System Embedded in G335 MM1 ALMA1
• Zooming into the Collimation Zone in a Massive Protostellar Jet
• Modeling disks and magnetic outflows around a forming massive star: II. Dynamics of jets from massive protostars
• Multi-frequency VLBI observations of maser lines during the 6.7~GHz maser flare in the high-mass young stellar object G24.33$+$0.14}
• The first interferometric survey in the K-band of massive YSOs. On the hot dust, ionised gas, and binarity at au scales
• LkH$\alpha$ 225 (V1318 Cyg) South in Outburst
• The burst mode of accretion in massive star formation with stellar inertia
• SCOTCH -- Search for Clandestine Optically Thick Compact HIIs
• High-resolution SOFIA/EXES Spectroscopy of Water Absorption Lines in the Massive Young Binary W3 IRS 5
• SCOTCH Search for Clandestine Optically Thick Compact HII regions II
• High-Resolution M-band Spectroscopy of CO towards the Massive Young Stellar Binary W3 IRS5
• Non-thermal Radio Emission from Massive Protostars in the SARAO MeerKAT Galactic Plane Survey
• Probing AGN jet precession with LISA
• Milliarcsecond structure and variability of methanol maser emission in three high-mass protostars
• Searching for Molecular Jets from High-Mass Protostars
• ngVLA Synthetic Observations of Ionized Gas in Massive Protostars
• Revisiting G29.862-0.0044: a jet cavity disrupted by an outflow in a likely young stellar object wide binary system
• Far-infrared line emission from the outer Galaxy cluster Gy 3-7 with SOFIA/FIFI-LS: Physical conditions and UV fields
• Detections of Compact Radio Continuum toward Methanol Maser Rings Using the VLA
• Broadband VLA Spectral Line Survey of a Sample of Ionized Jet Candidates
• High-resolution radio observations of massive protostars in the SARAO MeerKAT Galactic Plane Survey