The Star Formation Rate and Gas Surface Density Relation in the Milky Way: Implications for Extragalactic Studies

Abstract

We investigate the relation between star formation rate (SFR) and gas surface densities in Galactic star forming regions using a sample of YSOs and massive clumps. Our YSO sample consists of objects located in 20 molecular clouds from the Spitzer cores to disks and Gould's Belt surveys. We estimate the gas surface density (Sigma_gas) from Av maps and YSO SFR surface densities (Sigma_SFR) from the number of YSOs, assuming a mean mass and lifetime. We also divide the clouds into contour levels of Av, counting only the youngest Class I and Flat SED YSOs. For a sample of massive star forming clumps, we derive SFRs from the infrared luminosity and use HCN gas maps to estimate Sigma_gas. We find that Galactic clouds lie above the extragalactic relations (e.g., Kennicutt-Schmidt Law) by factors up to 17. Cloud regions with high Sigma_gas lie above extragalactic relations up to a factor of 54 and overlap with massive clumps. We use 12CO and 13CO gas maps of the Perseus and Ophiuchus clouds to estimate Sigma_gas and compare to Sigma_gas from Av maps. We find that 13CO, underestimates the Av-based mass by factors of 4-5. 12CO may underestimate the total gas mass at Sigma_gas > 200 Msun pc^-2 by > 30%;however, this does not explain the large discrepancy between Galactic and extragalactic relations. We find evidence for a threshold of star formation (Sigma_th) at 129+-14 Msun pc^-2. At Sigma_gas > Sigma_th, the Galactic relation is linear. A possible reason for the difference between Galactic and extragalactic relations is that all the CO-emitting gas, including Sigma_gas below Sigma_th, is measured in extragalactic studies. If the Kennicutt-Schmidt relation (Sigma_SFR Sigma_gas^1.4) and a linear relation between dense gas and star formation is assumed, the fraction of dense star forming gas (f_dense) increases as Sigma_gas^0.4. When Sigma_gas reaches ~300Sigma_th, f_dense is 1. (Abridged)

Accepted for publication in ApJ. 28 pages, 10 figures. Version with full resolution figures available at: http://www.as.utexas.edu/~alh/apj/galsf/ ; updated abridged abstract

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• Properties of dense molecular gas along the major axis of M 82
• ALMA resolves molecular clouds in the metal poor Magellanic Bridge A
• Galaxy luminosity function and its cosmological evolution: Testing a new feedback model depending on galaxy-scale dust opacity
• Assessing the accuracy of the star formation rate measurements by direct star count in molecular clouds
• Spatial Statistics in Star Forming Regions: Is Star Formation Driven By Column Density Alone?
• The dense-gas mass versus star formation rate relation: a misleading linearity?
• WISE Green Objects (WGOs): the massive star candidates in the whole Galactic Plane ($\mid b\mid <2^{\circ }$)
• Predicting HCN, HCO + , multi-transition CO, and dust emission of star-forming galaxies: Constraining the properties of resolved gas and dust disks of local spiral galaxies
• Tracing the magnetic field morphology of the LDN 1172/1174 cloud complex
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: Modelling ALMA and JWST lines to constrain the interstellar medium of $z\sim 5$ galaxies
• Die Hard: The On-Off-Cycle of Galaxies on the Star Formation Main Sequence
• Planet-forming disks and their environment across regions and time from the full NIR census
• A cautionary note about composite Galactic star formation relations
• A Deep Neural Network Approach to Compact Source Removal
• A 260 pc resolution ALMA map of HCN(1-0) in the galaxy NGC 4321
• Gravity or turbulence? VII. The Schmidt-Kennicutt law, the star formation efficiency, and the mass density of clusters from gravitational collapse rather than turbulent support
• Formation of low-mass stars and brown dwarfs
• Star Formation Law in the Milky Way
• Molecular clumps disguising their star formation efficiency per freefall time: What we can do not to be fooled
• The Hierarchical Dynamical State of Molecular Gas from 3 to 300 pc in NGC 253
• Feedback from intermediate mass black holes on dwarf galaxy morphology at z=2
• On Schmidt's Conjecture and Star Formation Scaling Laws
• From Gas to Stars over Cosmic Time
• Dense Outflowing Molecular Gas in Massive Star-forming Regions
• The superclouds of the local Milky Way
• Investigating the role of turbulence in the interstellar medium in $z\sim 3$ dusty star-forming galaxies using kpc-resolution ALMA dust and gas maps
• Molecular line ratio diagnostics and gas kinematics in the AGN host Seyfert galaxy NGC 5033
• Which Molecular Cloud Structures Are Bound?
• Do All Stars in the Solar Neighbourhood Form in Clusters?
• Star Formation in the Milky Way. The Infrared View
• Star Formation in the Galactic Center
• The MALATANG survey: star formation, dense gas, and AGN feedback in NGC 1068
• FORCAST imaging of two small nearby Clusters: The Coronet and B59
• From Interstellar Clouds to Stars
• The dense galactic environments of the Milky Way
• Systematic Investigation of Dust and Gaseous CO in 12 Nearby Molecular Clouds
• Magnetic Fields in Molecular Clouds -- Observation and Interpretation