Evolution of Stellar Feedback in HII Regions

Abstract

Stellar feedback is needed to produce realistic giant molecular clouds (GMCs) and galaxies in simulations, but due to limited numerical resolution, feedback must be implemented using subgrid models. Observational work is an important means to test and anchor these models, but limited studies have assessed the relative dynamical role of multiple feedback modes, particularly at the earliest stages of expansion when HII regions are still deeply embedded. In this paper, we use multiwavelength (radio, infrared, and X-ray) data to measure the pressures associated with direct radiation ($P_{\mathrm{dir}}$), dust-processed radiation ($P_{\mathrm{IR}}$), photoionization heating ($P_{\mathrm{HII}}$), and shock-heating from stellar winds ($P_{\mathrm{X}}$) in a sample of 106 young, resolved HII regions with radii $\lesssim$0.5 pc to determine how stellar feedback drives their expansion. We find that the $P_{\mathrm{IR}}$ dominates in 84% of the regions and that the median $P_{\mathrm{dir}}$ and $P_{\mathrm{HII}}$ are smaller than the median $P_{\mathrm{IR}}$ by factors of $\approx 6$ and $\approx 9$, respectively. Based on the radial dependences of the pressure terms, we show that HII regions transition from $P_{\mathrm{IR}}$-dominated to $P_{\mathrm{HII}}$-dominated at radii of $\sim$3 pc. We find a median trapping factor of $f_{\mathrm{trap}}\sim$ 8 without any radial dependence for the sample, suggesting this value can be adopted in sub-grid feedback models. Moreover, we show that the total pressure is greater than the gravitational pressure in the majority of our sample, indicating that the feedback is sufficient to expel gas from the regions.

arXiv comment13 pages, 8 figures, ApJ, in press

References in corpus (75)

• Infrared Emission from Interstellar Dust. IV. The Silicate-Graphite-PAH Model in the Post-Spitzer Era
• The Spitzer c2d Legacy Results: Star Formation Rates and Efficiencies; Evolution and Lifetimes
• HI4PI: A full-sky HI survey based on EBHIS and GASS
• GLIMPSE: I. A SIRTF Legacy Project to Map the Inner Galaxy
• FIRE-2 Simulations: Physics versus Numerics in Galaxy Formation
• A new calibration of stellar parameters of Galactic O stars
• Interpreting Spectral Energy Distributions from Young Stellar Objects. II. Fitting observed SEDs using a large grid of pre-computed models
• Star Clusters Across Cosmic Time
• Slow Star Formation in Dense Gas: Evidence and Implications
• The Star Formation Rate and Gas Surface Density Relation in the Milky Way: Implications for Extragalactic Studies
• Making Galaxies in a Cosmological Context: The Need for Early Stellar Feedback
• Star Formation Efficiencies and Lifetimes of Giant Molecular Clouds in the Milky Way
• Variations in the Galactic star formation rate and density thresholds for star formation
• On the Role of Massive Stars in the Support and Destruction of Giant Molecular Clouds
• The lifecycle of molecular clouds in nearby star-forming disc galaxies
• What controls star formation in the central 500 pc of the Galaxy?
• The Red MSX Source Survey: the Massive Young Stellar Population of our Galaxy
• The Dynamics of Radiation Pressure-Dominated HII Regions
• Fast and inefficient star formation due to short-lived molecular clouds and rapid feedback
• Before the first supernova: combined effects of HII regions and winds on molecular clouds
• Star Formation Relations in Nearby Molecular Clouds
• HYPERION: An open-source parallelized three-dimensional dust continuum radiative transfer code
• What Drives the Expansion of Giant HII Regions?: A Study of Stellar Feedback in 30 Doradus
• The Formation of Massive Stars by Accretion Through Trapped Hypercompact HII Regions
• On Radiation Pressure in Static, Dusty HII Regions
• A disk of dust and molecular gas around a high-mass protostar
• The Global Evolution of Giant Molecular Clouds. I: Model Formulation and Quasi-Equilibrium Behavior
• Star formation rates and efficiencies in the Galactic Centre
• The Co-ordinated Radio and Infrared Survey for High-Mass Star Formation - II. Source Catalogue
• Variations in the Star Formation Efficiency of the Dense Molecular Gas across the Disks of Star-Forming Galaxies
• Star Formation in Massive Clusters via the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe and the Spitzer Glimpse Survey
• The Electron Temperature Gradient in the Galactic Disk
• The Role of Stellar Feedback in the Dynamics of HII Regions
• A hot compact dust disk around a massive young stellar object
• ATLASGAL --- properties of compact HII regions and their natal clumps
• Observational Evidence of Dynamic Star Formation Rate in Milky Way Giant Molecular Clouds
• Cloud Scale ISM Structure and Star Formation in M51
• Winds and radiation in unison: a new semi-analytic feedback model for cloud dissolution
• Ionizing feedback from massive stars in massive clusters III: Disruption of partially unbound clouds
• The Star Formation Efficiency per Free Fall Time in Nearby Galaxies
• The EMPIRE Survey: Systematic Variations in the Dense Gas Fraction and Star Formation Efficiency from Full-Disk Mapping of M51
• An Unstable Truth: How Massive Stars get their Mass
• The impact of stellar feedback on the structure, size and morphology of galaxies in Milky Way size dark matter haloes
• A modular set of synthetic spectral energy distributions for young stellar objects
• Structure and Feedback in 30 Doradus II. Structure and Chemical Abundances
• Hydrodynamics of Cometary Compact HII Regions
• The RMS Survey: The Bolometric Fluxes and Luminosity Distributions of Young Massive Stars
• Gone With the Wind: Where is the Missing Stellar Wind Energy from Massive Star Clusters?
• Star Formation Relations in the Milky Way
• Accurate determination of the free-free Gaunt factor; I - non-relativistic Gaunt factors
• Dense Gas, Dynamical Equilibrium Pressure, and Star Formation in Nearby Star-Forming Galaxies
• Feedback from massive stars at low metallicities: MUSE observations of N44 and N180 in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• The Impact of Feedback During Massive Star Formation by Core Accretion
• Age, size, and position of H ii regions in the Galaxy. Expansion of ionized gas in turbulent molecular clouds
• Thermal Feedback in the high-mass star and cluster forming region W51
• Which feedback mechanisms dominate in the high-pressure environment of the Central Molecular Zone?
• Zooming in on Individual Star Formation: Low- and High-mass Stars
• Internal Dust Correction Factors for Star Formation Rates Derived for Dusty \HII Regions and Starburst Galaxies
• The Role of Outflows, Radiation Pressure, and Magnetic Fields in Massive Star Formation
• Stellar Feedback and Resolved Stellar IFU Spectroscopy in the nearby Spiral Galaxy NGC 300
• A fundamental test for stellar feedback recipes in galaxy simulations
• Physical properties and scaling relations of molecular clouds: the effect of stellar feedback
• Hybrid Adaptive Ray-Moment Method (HARM${}^2$): A Highly Parallel Method for Radiation Hydrodynamics on Adaptive Grids
• When H II Regions are Complicated: Considering Perturbations from Winds, Radiation Pressure, and Other Effects
• The effect of the virial state of molecular clouds on the influence of feedback from massive stars
• On the impact of radiation pressure on the dynamics and inner structure of dusty wind-driven shells
• Spectral shifting strongly constrains molecular cloud disruption by radiation pressure on dust
• The Impact of Feedback in Massive Star Formation. II. Lower Star Formation Efficiency at Lower Metallicity
• Studying Relation Between Star Formation and Molecular Clumps on Subparsec Scales in 30 Doradus
• Radiative and mechanical feedback into the molecular gas in the Large Magellanic Cloud. II. 30 Doradus
• Disentangling protostellar evolutionary stages in clustered environments using Spitzer-IRS spectra and comprehensive SED modeling
• Hard X-rays from Ultra-Compact HII Regions in W49A
• The effects of ionization feedback on star formation: A case study of the M16 H II region
• The SOMA Radio Survey. I. Comprehensive SEDs Of High-Mass Protostars From Infrared To Radio And The Emergence Of Ionization Feedback
• X-Ray Emission from Young Stars in the Massive Star Forming Region IRAS 20126+4104

Cited by in corpus (45)

• The PHANGS-MUSE survey -- Probing the chemo-dynamical evolution of disc galaxies
• STARFORGE: Toward a comprehensive numerical model of star cluster formation and feedback
• FIRE-3: Updated Stellar Evolution Models, Yields, & Microphysics and Fitting Functions for Applications in Galaxy Simulations
• The PHANGS-HST Survey: Physics at High Angular resolution in Nearby GalaxieS with the Hubble Space Telescope
• The PHANGS-JWST Treasury Survey: Star Formation, Feedback, and Dust Physics at High Angular resolution in Nearby GalaxieS
• A tale of two DIGs: The relative role of HII regions and low-mass hot evolved stars in powering the diffuse ionised gas (DIG) in PHANGS-MUSE galaxies
• SILCC VI -- Multi-phase ISM structure, stellar clustering, and outflows with supernovae, stellar winds, ionising radiation and cosmic rays
• Efficiently Cooled Stellar Wind Bubbles in Turbulent Clouds I. Fractal Theory and Application to Star-Forming Clouds
• PHANGS-JWST First Results: A statistical view on bubble evolution in NGC628
• First Predicted Cosmic Ray Spectra, Primary-to-Secondary Ratios, and Ionization Rates from MHD Galaxy Formation Simulations
• The impact of pre-supernova feedback and its dependence on environment
• Comparing the pre-SNe feedback and environmental pressures for 6000 HII regions across 19 nearby spiral galaxies
• Outflows Driven by Direct and Reprocessed Radiation Pressure in Massive Star Clusters
• Momentum feedback from marginally-resolved HII regions in isolated disc galaxies
• Outflows from Super Star Clusters in the Central Starburst of NGC253
• Stellar feedback in M83 as observed with MUSE -- II. Analysis of the HII region population: ionisation budget and pre-SN feedback
• Quantifying the energetics of molecular superbubbles in PHANGS galaxies
• Linking stellar populations to HII regions across nearby galaxies: I. Constraining pre-supernova feedback from young clusters in NGC1672
• A Massive Star is Born: How Feedback from Stellar Winds, Radiation Pressure, and Collimated Outflows Limits Accretion onto Massive Stars
• PDFchem: A new fast method to determine ISM properties and infer environmental parameters using probability distributions
• Infrared Radiation Feedback Does Not Regulate Star Cluster Formation
• Stellar winds and photoionization in a spiral arm
• The PHANGS-HST-Halpha Survey: Warm Ionized Gas Physics at High Angular resolution in Nearby GalaxieS with the Hubble Space Telescope
• Lyman-$\alpha$ feedback prevails at Cosmic Dawn: Implications for the first galaxies, stars, and star clusters
• Filamentary structures of ionized gas in Cygnus X
• Breaking Orion's Veil bubble with fossil outflows
• Linking stellar populations to HII regions across nearby galaxies. II. Infrared Reprocessed and UV Direct Radiation Pressure in HII Regions
• The Energy and Dynamics of Trapped Radiative Feedback with Stellar Winds
• Thermal emission from bow shocks II: 3D magnetohydrodynamic models of Zeta Ophiuchi
• Pre-supernova feedback mechanisms drive the destruction of molecular clouds in nearby star-forming disc galaxies
• Dents in the Veil: Protostellar feedback in Orion
• Simulated observations of star formation regions: infrared evolution of globally collapsing clouds
• Comparing the Locations of Supernovae to CO (2-1) Emission in their Host Galaxies
• Bringing Stellar Evolution & Feedback Together: Summary of proposals from the Lorentz Center Workshop, 2022
• The impact of HII regions on Giant Molecular Cloud properties in nearby galaxies sampled by PHANGS ALMA and MUSE
• Dust Eddington Ratios for Star-Forming Galaxy Subregions
• Pre-supernova stellar feedback in nearby starburst dwarf galaxies
• WISE Green Objects (WGOs): the massive star candidates in the whole Galactic Plane ($\mid b\mid <2^{\circ }$)
• Star Formation Triggered by the expanding bubble S111
• OGHReS: Star formation in the Outer Galaxy II ($\ell =180^{\circ }$-$280^{\circ }$)
• On the interaction of a Bonnor-Ebert sphere with a stellar wind
• Diffuse Hot Plasma in the Interstellar Medium and Galactic Outflows
• M^3D: Mosaicking M33 with MUSE datacubes I. Unveiling the diversity of HII regions in M33 with MUSE
• Research on the Interstellar Medium and Star Formation in the Galaxy: An Indian Perspective
• Influence of protostellar jets and HII regions on the formation and evolution of stellar clusters