The PdBI Arcsecond Whirlpool Survey (PAWS). I. A Cloud-Scale/Multi-Wavelength View of the Interstellar Medium in a Grand-Design Spiral Galaxy

Abstract

The PdBI (Plateau de Bure Interferometer) Arcsecond Whirlpool Survey (PAWS) has mapped the molecular gas in the central ~9kpc of M51 in its 12CO(1-0) line emission at cloud-scale resolution of ~40pc using both IRAM telescopes. We utilize this dataset to quantitatively characterize the relation of molecular gas (or CO emission) to other tracers of the interstellar medium (ISM), star formation and stellar populations of varying ages. Using 2-dimensional maps, a polar cross-correlation technique and pixel-by-pixel diagrams, we find: (a) that (as expected) the distribution of the molecular gas can be linked to different components of the gravitational potential, (b) evidence for a physical link between CO line emission and radio continuum that seems not to be caused by massive stars, but rather depend on the gas density, (c) a close spatial relation between the PAH and molecular gas emission, but no predictive power of PAH emission for the molecular gas mass,(d) that the I-H color map is an excellent predictor of the distribution (and to a lesser degree the brightness) of CO emission, and (e) that the impact of massive (UV-intense) young star-forming regions on the bulk of the molecular gas in central ~9kpc can not be significant due to a complex spatial relation between molecular gas and star-forming regions that ranges from co-spatial to spatially offset to absent. The last point, in particular, highlights the importance of galactic environment -- and thus the underlying gravitational potential -- for the distribution of molecular gas and star formation.

52 pages, 14 figures, 2 tables, (several minor typos corrected) accepted by ApJ, high resolution version available, see http://www.mpia.de/PAWS/pub/paws_schinnerer.pdf ; for more information on PAWS, further papers and the data, see http://www.mpia.de/PAWS

References in corpus (39)

• Infrared Emission from Interstellar Dust. IV. The Silicate-Graphite-PAH Model in the Post-Spitzer Era
• Molecular Gas and Star Formation in Nearby Disk Galaxies
• The CO-to-H2 Conversion Factor and Dust-to-Gas Ratio on Kiloparsec Scales in Nearby Galaxies
• The Resolved Properties of Extragalactic Giant Molecular Clouds
• A Near-Infrared Study of 2MASS Bars in Local Galaxies: An Anchor for High Redshift Studies
• Molecular Hydrogen and Global Star Formation Relations in Galaxies
• CO Isotopologues in the Perseus Molecular Cloud Complex: the X-Factor and Regional Variations
• A Compendium of Far-Infrared Line and Continuum Emission for 227 Galaxies Observed by the Infrared Space Observatory
• 2MASS wide field extinction maps - I. The Pipe nebula
• Dynamically Driven Evolution of the Interstellar Medium in M51
• The Starburst Contribution to the Extra-Galactic Gamma-Ray Background
• A complete 12CO 2-1 map of M51 with HERA: I. Radial averages of CO, HI, and radio continuum
• The heating of dust by old stellar populations in the Bulge of M31
• Modeling Dust and Starlight in Galaxies Observed by Spitzer and Herschel: NGC 628 and NGC 6946
• Kinematics of Spiral Arm Streaming in M51
• High-resolution radio continuum survey of M33 II. Thermal and nonthermal emission
• Cosmic-ray and X-ray Heating of Interstellar Clouds and Protoplanetary Disks
• The Star Formation in Radio Survey: GBT 33 GHz Observations of Nearby Galaxy Nuclei and Extranuclear Star-Forming Regions
• Using H-alpha Morphology and Surface Brightness Fluctuations to Age-Date Star Clusters in M83
• ACS imaging of star clusters in M51. I. Identification and radius distribution
• Spatially resolved stellar, dust and gas properties of the post-interacting Whirlpool Galaxy system
• Chemical Rates on Small Grains and PAHs: C^+ Recombination and H_2 Formation
• Analysis of spiral arms using anisotropic wavelets: gas, dust and magnetic fields in M51
• An HST Archival Survey of Feathers in Spiral Galaxies
• Radial Dependence of the Pattern Speed of M51
• The spatial distribution of star and cluster formation in M51
• Spatially Resolved Chemistry in Nearby Galaxies II. The Nuclear Bar in Maffei 2
• Regional variations in the dense gas heating and cooling in M51 from Herschel far-infrared spectroscopy
• Giant molecular clouds in the non-grand design spiral galaxy NGC 6946
• Detection of the 13CO(J=6-5) Transition in the Starburst Galaxy NGC 253
• A Catalog of Bright Star Clusters in the Interacting Galaxy M51
• Geometric Offsets Across Spiral Arms in M51: Nature of Gas and Star Formation Tracers
• Low-luminosity Extragalactic Water Masers toward M82, M51, and NGC4051
• A Study of Compact Radio Sources in Nearby Face-on Spiral Galaxies. II. Multiwavelength Analyses of Sources in M51
• Thermal and non-thermal components of the interstellar medium at sub-kiloparsec scales in galaxies
• Interpretation of radio continuum and molecular line observations of Sgr B2: free-free and synchrotron emission, and implications for cosmic rays
• Giant Molecular Clouds and Star Formation in the Tidal Molecular Arm of NGC 4039
• Warm Molecular Gas in M51: Mapping the Excitation Temperature and Mass of H_2 with the Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph
• Structure Generation by Irradiation: What can GLIMPSE teach us about the ISM structure?

Cited by in corpus (189)

• First Results from the TNG50 Simulation: The evolution of stellar and gaseous disks across cosmic time
• Magnetic Fields in Spiral Galaxies
• Secular Evolution in Disk Galaxies
• The lifecycle of molecular clouds in nearby star-forming disc galaxies
• The PdBI Arcsecond Whirlpool Survey (PAWS): Environmental Dependence of Giant Molecular Cloud Properties in M51
• Cloud-Scale Molecular Gas Properties in 15 Nearby Galaxies
• The Dawes Review 9: The role of cold gas stripping on the star formation quenching of satellite galaxies
• The cold interstellar medium of galaxies in the Local Universe
• CO-dark gas and molecular filaments in Milky Way type galaxies
• The anatomy of the Orion B Giant Molecular Cloud: A local template for studies of nearby galaxies
• A Uniform Catalog of Molecular Clouds in the Milky Way
• Large-scale filaments associated with Milky Way spiral arms
• PHANGS CO kinematics: disk orientations and rotation curves at 150 pc resolution
• Giant Molecular Filaments in the Milky Way
• Giant Molecular Cloud Catalogues for PHANGS-ALMA: Methods and Initial Results
• The Bones of the Milky Way
• Cloud Scale ISM Structure and Star Formation in M51
• Stellar structures, molecular gas, and star formation across the PHANGS sample of nearby galaxies
• Dynamical Equilibrium in the Molecular ISM in 28 Nearby Star-Forming Galaxies
• EMPIRE: The IRAM 30-m Dense Gas Survey of Nearby Galaxies
• The Star Formation Efficiency per Free Fall Time in Nearby Galaxies
• The EMPIRE Survey: Systematic Variations in the Dense Gas Fraction and Star Formation Efficiency from Full-Disk Mapping of M51
• New Constraints on the ${}^{12}$CO(2-1)/(1-0) Line Ratio Across Nearby Disc Galaxies
• The Star Formation Rate in the Gravoturbulent Interstellar Medium
• The molecular cloud lifecycle
• A Portrait of Cold Gas in Galaxies at 60pc Resolution and a Simple Method to Test Hypotheses That Link Small-Scale ISM Structure to Galaxy-Scale Processes
• ATLASGAL -- A Galaxy-wide sample of dense filamentary structures
• Circumnuclear Multi-phase Gas in the Circinus Galaxy II: The Molecular and Atomic Obscuring Structures Revealed with ALMA
• The nature of the low-frequency emission of M51: First observations of a nearby galaxy with LOFAR
• A Model for the Onset of Self-gravitation and Star Formation in Molecular Gas Governed by Galactic Forces: I. Cloud-scale Gas Motions
• The PdBI Arcsecond Whirlpool Survey (PAWS): Multi-phase cold gas kinematic of M51
• Simulations of the star-forming molecular gas in an interacting M51-like galaxy
• Connecting Young Star Clusters to CO Molecular Gas in NGC 7793 with ALMA-LEGUS
• On the duration of the embedded phase of star formation
• The Spatial Relation between Young Star Clusters and Molecular Clouds in M 51 with LEGUS
• Short GMC lifetimes: an observational estimate with the PdBI Arcsecond Whirlpool Survey (PAWS)
• Millimeter-Wave Line Ratios and Sub-beam Volume Density Distributions
• How Galactic Environment affects the Dynamical State of Molecular Clouds and their Star Formation Efficiency
• The environmental dependence of the X_CO conversion factor
• Full-disc ${}^{13}$CO(1-0) mapping across nearby galaxies of the EMPIRE survey and the CO-to-H${}_2$ conversion factor
• The Gas-Star Formation Cycle in Nearby Star-Forming Galaxies I. Assessment of Multi-scale Variations
• GASP. XXII The molecular gas content of the JW100 jellyfish galaxy at z~0.05: does ram pressure promote molecular gas formation?
• The ALMA view of GMCs in NGC 300: Physical Properties and Scaling Relations at 10 pc Resolution
• The EDGE-CALIFA survey: Variations in the Molecular Gas Depletion Time in Local Galaxies
• Modelling CO emission from hydrodynamic simulations of nearby spirals, starbursting mergers, and high-redshift galaxies
• What can simulated molecular clouds tell us about real molecular clouds?
• The young star cluster population of M51 with LEGUS - II. Testing environmental dependencies
• Giant molecular filaments in the Milky Way II: The fourth Galactic quadrant
• The Young Star Cluster population of M51 with LEGUS: I. A comprehensive study of cluster formation and evolution
• Dense gas is not enough: environmental variations in the star formation efficiency of dense molecular gas at 100pc scales in M51
• The morphology of the Milky Way - I. Reconstructing CO maps from simulations in fixed potentials
• Unbound Young Stellar Systems: Star Formation on the loose
• Optical Depth Estimates and Effective Critical Densities of Dense Gas Tracers in the Inner Parts of Nearby Galaxy Discs
• Hic sunt dracones: Cartography of the Milky Way spiral arms and bar resonances with Gaia Data Release 2
• The PdBI Arcsecond Whirlpool Survey (PAWS). The Role of Spiral Arms in Cloud and Star Formation
• The RWST, a comprehensive statistical description of the non-Gaussian structures in the ISM
• The quiescent phase of galactic disc growth
• CO Multi-line Imaging of Nearby Galaxies (COMING) IV. Overview of the Project
• Star Clusters in Evolving Galaxies
• Live Fast, Die Young: GMC lifetimes in the FIRE cosmological simulations of Milky Way-mass galaxies
• The Self-gravitating Gas Fraction and The Critical Density for Star Formation
• Gas and stellar spiral structures in tidally perturbed disc galaxies
• Spectral Line Survey toward Spiral Arm of M51 in the 3 mm and 2 mm Bands
• The role of galactic dynamics in shaping the physical properties of giant molecular clouds in Milky Way-like galaxies
• AGN feedback in the nucleus of M51
• LEGO II: A 3 mm molecular line study covering 100 pc of one of the most actively star-forming portions within the Milky Way Disc
• Nature of the Wiggle Instability of Galactic Spiral Shocks
• CO line ratios in molecular clouds: the impact of environment
• Evolution of Molecular and Atomic Gas Phases in the Milky Way
• The anatomy of a star-forming galaxy: Pressure-driven regulation of star formation in simulated galaxies
• CO excitation, molecular gas density and interstellar radiation field in local and high-redshift galaxies
• The evolution of Giant Molecular Filaments
• Evolutionary Description of Giant Molecular Cloud Mass Functions on Galactic Disks
• Properties and rotation of molecular clouds in M 33
• Gravitational torques imply molecular gas inflow towards the nucleus of M51
• Star formation and ISM morphology in tidally induced spiral structures
• Do Spectroscopic Dense Gas Fractions Track Molecular Cloud Surface Densities?
• Spatially-Resolved Dense Molecular Gas and Star Formation Rate in M51
• Eventful Evolution of Giant Molecular Clouds in Dynamically Evolving Spiral Arms
• Interpreting the sub-linear Kennicutt-Schmidt relationship: The case for diffuse molecular gas
• Synthetic observations of star formation and the interstellar medium
• The headlight cloud in NGC 628: An extreme giant molecular cloud in a typical galaxy disk
• From giant clumps to clouds I: the impact of gas fraction evolution on the stability of galactic discs
• Dense molecular gas properties on 100 pc scales across the disc of NGC 3627
• Mass Functions of Giant Molecular Clouds and Young Star Clusters in Six Nearby Galaxies
• The Gas-Star Formation Cycle in Nearby Star-forming Galaxies II. Resolved Distributions of CO and H$\alpha$ Emission for 49 PHANGS Galaxies
• Gas and stellar spiral arms and their offsets in the grand-design spiral galaxy M51
• Scaling relations of the properties for CO resolved structures in nearby spiral galaxies
• A statistical study of giant molecular clouds traced by ${}^{13}$CO, C${}^{18}$O, CS, and CH${}_3$OH in the disk of NGC 1068 based on ALMA observations
• A new estimator of resolved molecular gas in nearby galaxies
• Variations in the ${\Sigma }_{\mathrm{SFR}}-{\Sigma }_{\mathrm{mol}}-{\Sigma }_{\star }$ plane across galactic environments in PHANGS galaxies
• Deciphering the imprint of AGN feedback in Seyfert galaxies: Nuclear-scale molecular gas deficits
• Star Formation Induced by Cloud-Cloud Collisions and Galactic Giant Molecular Cloud Evolution
• Regularly Spaced Infrared Peaks in the Dusty Spirals of Messier 100
• The role of spiral arms in Milky Way star formation
• Rotation of molecular clouds in M~51
• DM halo morphological types of MW-like galaxies in the TNG50 simulation: Simple, Twisted, or Stretched
• GMCs scaling relations: role of the cloud definition
• What is a GMC? Are Observers and Simulators Discussing the Same Star-forming Clouds?
• A large amount of diffuse molecular gases in the bar of the strongly barred galaxy NGC1300: Cause of the low star formation efficiency
• Bird's eye view of molecular clouds in the Milky Way: I. Column density and star formation from sub-pc to kpc scales
• Probing the cold magnetized Universe with SPICA-POL (B-BOP)
• Molecular clouds and star formation toward the Galactic plane within 216.25${}^{\mathrm{o}}\le$ l $\le$218.75${}^{\mathrm{o}}$ and $-$0.75${}^{\mathrm{o}}\le$ b $\le$1.25${}^{\mathrm{o}}$
• How galactic environment regulates star formation
• Empirically-motivated early feedback: momentum input by stellar feedback in galaxy simulations inferred through observations
• PHANGS: Constraining Star Formation Timescales Using the Spatial Correlations of Star Clusters and Giant Molecular Clouds
• A new method to estimate local pitch angles in spiral galaxies: Application to spiral arms and feathers in M81 and M51
• Diverse Molecular Structures Across The Whole Star-Forming Disk of M83: High fidelity Imaging at 40pc Resolution
• The SEDIGISM survey: The influence of spiral arms on the molecular gas distribution of the inner Milky Way
• Dense Gas in a Giant Molecular Filament
• A CO isotopologue Line Atlas within the Whirlpool galaxy Survey (CLAWS)
• Comparing the Properties of GMCs in M33 from Simulations and Observations
• An Unbiased CO Survey Toward the Northern Region of the Small Magellanic Cloud with the Atacama Compact Array. I. Overview: CO Cloud Distributions
• Submillimeter imaging of the Galactic Center starburst Sgr B2. Warm molecular, atomic, and ionized gas far from massive star-forming cores
• Constraining the dark matter content of NGC 1291 using hydrodynamic gas response simulations
• Dense Gas in the Outer Spiral Arm of M51
• Luminous Infrared Galaxies with the Submillimeter Array V: Molecular Gas in Intermediate to Late-stage Mergers
• Properties of giant molecular clouds in the strongly barred galaxy NGC1300
• Nearby galaxies in the LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey II. The magnetic field-gas relation
• Possible Breaking of the FIR-Radio Correlation in Tidally Interacting Galaxies
• Is There a Fundamental Upper Limit to the Mass of a Star Cluster?
• Streaming Motions and Kinematic Distances to Molecular Clouds
• The Dependence of the Hierarchical Distribution of Star Clusters on Galactic Environment
• On the initial mass-radius relation of stellar clusters
• Resolved Star Formation Efficiency in the Antennae Galaxies
• A Very Large Array Survey of Luminous Extranuclear Star-forming Regions in Luminous Infrared Galaxies in GOALS
• The correlation between WISE 12 $\mu$m emission and molecular gas tracers on sub-kpc scales in nearby star-forming galaxies
• The changing GMC population in galaxy interactions
• Classifying and modelling spiral structures in hydrodynamic simulations of astrophysical discs
• A Kennicutt-Schmidt relation at molecular cloud scales and beyond
• Inferring the Morphology of Stellar Distribution in TNG50: Twisted and Twisted-Stretched shapes
• Warm Ionized Medium Throughout the Sagittarius-Carina Arm
• From giant clumps to clouds IV: extreme star-forming clumps on top of universal cloud scaling relations in gas-rich galaxies
• Internal Structures of Molecular Clouds in the LMC Revealed by ALMA
• Bird's eye view of molecular clouds in the Milky Way: II. Cloud kinematics from sub-pc to kpc scales
• The Properties of Bound and Unbound Molecular Cloud Populations Formed in Galactic Disc Simulations
• Instability analysis for spiral arms of local galaxies: M51, NGC3627 and NGC628
• Molecular Distribution in the Spiral Arm of M51
• Large velocity dispersion of molecular gas in bars of strongly barred galaxies, NGC 1300 and NGC 5383
• A new approach for short-spacing correction of radio interferometric data sets
• Dynamical cooling of galactic discs by molecular cloud collisions -- Origin of giant clumps in gas-rich galaxy discs
• Wiggle Instability of Galactic Spiral Shocks: Effects of Magnetic Fields
• PHANGS-ALMA: Arcsecond CO(2-1) Imaging of Nearby Star-Forming Galaxies
• Surveying the Whirlpool at Arcseconds with NOEMA (SWAN)- I. Mapping the HCN and N${}_2$H${}^{+}$ 3mm lines
• Theoretical modelling of two-component molecular discs in spiral galaxies
• Continuum Observations of M51 and M83 at 1.1 mm with AzTEC
• Pre-supernova feedback mechanisms drive the destruction of molecular clouds in nearby star-forming disc galaxies
• Simultaneous Deep Measurements of CO isotopologues and Dust Emission in Giant Molecular Clouds in the Andromeda Galaxy
• The shock-induced star formation sequence resulting from a constant spiral pattern speed
• Zoom-in cosmological hydrodynamical simulation of a star-forming barred, spiral galaxy at redshift z=2
• 3D structure of the Milky Way out to 10 kpc from the Sun. Catalogue of large molecular clouds in the Galactic Plane
• CO observations and investigation of triggered star formation towards N10 infrared bubble and surroundings
• ACA CO($J=2-1$) Mapping of the Nearest Spiral Galaxy M33. I. Initial Results and Identification of Molecular Clouds
• A SOFIA Survey of [CII] in the galaxy M51 II. [CII] and CO kinematics across spiral arms
• A low-luminosity type-1 QSO sample: IV. Molecular gas contents and conditions of star formation in three nearby Seyfert galaxies
• First results from SMAUG: Insights into star formation conditions from spatially-resolved ISM properties in TNG50
• Star Cluster Formation and Evolution in M101: An Investigation with the Legacy Extragalactic UV Survey
• Dust Eddington Ratios for Star-Forming Galaxy Subregions
• Dense gas scaling relations at kiloparsec scales across nearby galaxies with the ALMA ALMOND and IRAM 30m EMPIRE surveys
• Estimating Molecular Gas Content in Galaxies from PAH Emission
• A sensitive, high-resolution, wide-field IRAM NOEMA CO(1-0) survey of the very nearby spiral galaxy IC 342
• Probing the cold and warm molecular gas in the Whirlpool Galaxy: Herschel SPIRE-FTS Observations of the central region of M51 (NGC 5194)
• Reconciling extragalactic star formation efficiencies with theory: insights from PHANGS
• Giant molecular clouds and their Type classification in M74: Toward understanding star formation and cloud evolution
• Spectral Modeling of Charge Exchange in the Central Region of M51
• Molecular clouds in M51 from high-resolution extinction mapping
• A high-resolution extinction mapping technique for face-on disc galaxies
• Galaxies into the Dark Ages
• Chemical evolution during the formation of molecular clouds
• Fire and Ice in the Whirlpool: Spatially Resolved Scaling Relations between X-ray Emitting Hot Gas and Cold Molecular Gas in M51
• Duration and properties of the embedded phase of star formation in 37 nearby galaxies from PHANGS-JWST
• ACA CO(J=2-1) Mapping of the Nearest Spiral Galaxy M33. II. Exploring the Evolution of Giant Molecular Clouds
• Morphology and kinematics of the gas in M51: How interaction with NGC5195 has moulded the structure of its arms
• Water emission tracing active star formation from the Milky Way to high-$z$ galaxies
• Cosmic evolution of molecular gas mass density from an empirical relation between ${\mathrm{L}}_{1.4GHz}$ and ${\mathrm{L}}_{\mathrm{CO}}^{\prime }$
• Probing magnetic fields with Square Kilometre array and its precursors
• Molecular Gas Density Measured with H${}_2$CO and CS toward a Spiral Arm of M51
• Surveying the Whirlpool at Arcseconds with NOEMA (SWAN) II: Survey design and observations
• Cloud structure and young star distribution in the Dragonfish complex
• Ground-Based Mid-Infrared Study of the Compton-Thick AGN in M51 at 10-100 pc Scale
• Estimating the dense gas mass of molecular clouds using spatially unresolved 3 mm line observations
• Molecular cloud matching in CO and dust in M33 II. Physical properties of giant molecular clouds
• The young stellar clusters in M51 and the impact of GMC encounters
• The MALATANG survey: star formation, dense gas, and AGN feedback in NGC 1068
• A Dynamical-Photometric Phase Space for Spiral Galaxies: Probing the Local Coupling Between Light and Gravity
• The IRAM M33 CO(2-1) Survey - A complete census of the molecular gas out to 7 kpc
• The Dense Gas Mass Fraction and the Relationship to Star Formation in M51
• Pa$\beta$, H$\alpha$, and Attenuation in NGC 5194 and NGC 6946
• Surveying the Whirlpool at Arcseconds with NOEMA (SWAN): III. ${}^{13}$CO/C${}^{18}$O ratio variations across the M51 galaxy