ALMAGAL V. Relations between the core populations and the parent clump physical properties

Abstract

Context. The fragmentation of massive molecular clumps into smaller, potentially star-forming cores plays a key role in the processes of high-mass star formation. The ALMAGAL project offers high-resolution data to investigate these processes across various evolutionary stages in the Galactic plane. Aims. This study aims at correlating the fragmentation properties of massive clumps, obtained from ALMA observations, with their global physical parameters (e.g., mass, surface density, and temperature) and evolutionary indicators (such as luminosity-to-mass ratio and bolometric temperature) obtained from Herschel observations. It seeks to assess whether the cores evolve in number and mass in tandem with their host clumps, and to determine the possible factors influencing the formation of massive cores (M > 24M_\odot). Methods. We analyzed the masses of 6348 fragments, estimated from 1.4 mm continuum data for 1007 ALMAGAL clumps. Leveraging this unprecedentedly large data set, we evaluated statistical relationships between clump parameters, estimated over about 0.1 pc scales, and fragment properties, corresponding to scales of a few 1000 au, while accounting for potential biases related to distance and observational resolution. Our results were further compared with predictions from numerical simulations. Results. The fragmentation level correlates preferentially with clump surface density, supporting a scenario of density-driven fragmentation, whereas it does not show any clear dependence on total clump mass. Both the mass of the most massive core and the core formation efficiency show a broad range and increase on average by an order of magnitude in the intervals spanned by evolutionary indicators such as clump dust temperature and the luminosity-to-mass ratio. This suggests that core growth continues throughout the clump evolution, favoring clump-fed over core-fed theoretical scenarios.

References in corpus (32)

• Cold Dark Clouds: The Initial Conditions for Star Formation
• A High Order Godunov Scheme with Constrained Transport and Adaptive Mesh Refinement for Astrophysical MHD
• Radiation-Hydrodynamic Simulations of Collapse and Fragmentation in Massive Protostellar Cores
• On the Star Formation Efficiency of Turbulent Magnetized Clouds
• ATLASGAL --- properties of a complete sample of Galactic clumps
• A Minimum Column Density of 1 g cm^-2 for Massive Star Formation
• Fast and inefficient star formation due to short-lived molecular clouds and rapid feedback
• ATLASGAL --- towards a complete sample of massive star forming clumps
• Properties of Hi-GAL clumps in the inner Galaxy]{The Hi-GAL compact source catalogue. I. The physical properties of the clumps in the inner Galaxy ($-71.0^{\circ }<\ell <67.0^{\circ }$)
• Fragmentation of Molecular Clumps and Formation of Protocluster
• The Fragmentation of Magnetized, Massive Star-Forming Cores with Radiative Feedback
• Towards a more realistic sink particle algorithm for the RAMSES code
• A 24 Micron Point Source Catalog of the Galactic Plane from Spitzer/MIPSGAL
• ATOMS: ALMA Three-millimeter Observations of Massive Star-forming regions -- I. Survey description and a first look at G9.62+0.19
• The Hi-GAL compact source catalogue -- II. The 360° catalogue of clump physical properties
• ALMA-IMF I -- Investigating the origin of stellar masses: Introduction to the Large Program and first results
• The ALMA Survey of 70 $\mu$m Dark High-mass Clumps in Early Stages (ASHES). IX. Physical Properties and Spatial Distribution of Cores in IRDCs
• High Mass Star Formation. II. The Mass Function of Submillimeter Clumps in M17
• Massive and low-mass protostars in massive "starless" cores
• An ALMA study of hub-filament systems I. On the clump mass concentration within the most massive cores
• The ALMA Survey of 70 μm Dark High-mass Clumps in Early Stages (ASHES). VIII. Dynamics of Embedded Dense Cores
• The ALMA Survey of 70 $\mu$m Dark High-mass Clumps in Early Stages (ASHES). IV. Star formation signatures in G023.477
• Distance biases in the estimation of the physical properties of Hi-GAL compact sources-I. Clump properties and the identification of high-mass star forming candidates
• Magnetically-regulated fragmentation of a massive, dense and turbulent clump
• The SQUALO project (Star formation in QUiescent And Luminous Objects) I: clump-fed accretion mechanism in high-mass star-forming objects
• The role of the magnetic field in the fragmentation process: the case of G14.225-0.506
• The SOFIA Massive (SOMA) Star Formation Survey. IV. Isolated Protostars
• The dynamic centres of infrared-dark clouds and the formation of cores
• Gas kinematics and star formation in the filamentary molecular cloud G47.06+0.26
• The Co-Ordinated Radio and Infrared Survey for High-Mass Star Formation. V. The CORNISH-South Survey and Catalogue
• An ALMA Glimpse of Dense Molecular Filaments Associated with High-mass Protostellar Systems in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Bringing Stellar Evolution & Feedback Together: Summary of proposals from the Lorentz Center Workshop, 2022

Cited by in corpus (1)

• ALMAGAL VI. The spatial distribution of dense cores during the evolution of cluster-forming massive clump