High-Mass Proto-Stellar Candidates - II : Density structure from dust continuum and CS emission

Abstract

We present a detailed 1.2 mm continuum and CS spectral line study of a large sample of 69 massive star forming regions in very early stages of evolution, most of them prior to building up an ultracompact HII region. The continuum data show a zoo of different morphologies and give detailed information on the spatial distributions, the masses, column densities and average densities of the whole sample. Fitting the radial intensity profiles shows that three parameters are needed to describe the spatial distribution of the sources: constant emission from the center out to a few arcsec radius followed by a first power law intensity distribution which steepens further outside into a second power law distribution. The mean inner power law intensity index mi (I~r^(-mi)) is 1.2 corresponding to density indices p (n~r^(-p)) of 1.6. In total the density distribution of our massive star formations sites seem to be not too different from their low-mass counterparts, but we show that setting tight constrains on the density indices is very difficult and subject to many possible errors. The local densities we derive from CS calculations are higher (up to one order of magnitude) than the mean densities we find via the mm-continuum. Such inhomogeneous density distribution reflects most likely the ubiquitous phenomenon of clumping and fragmentation in molecular clouds. Linewidth-mass relations show a departure from virial equilibrium in the stages of strongly collapsing cores.

15 pages, 13 jpeg-figures. Astrophysical Journal, in press

References in corpus (3)

• High-Mass Proto-Stellar Candidates - I : The Sample and Initial Results
• The Physics of Star Formation
• IRAS 05358+3543: Multiple outflows at the earliest stages of massive star formation

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• Herschel Hi-GAL imaging of massive young stellar objects
• Parsec scales of carbon chain and complex organic molecules in AFGL 2591 and IRAS 20126
• Variable protostellar mass accretion rates in cloud cores
• A CO observation of the galactic methanol masers
• Dense cores in the Seahorse infrared dark cloud: physical properties from modified blackbody fits to the far-infrared-submillimetre spectral energy distributions
• ATLASGAL-selected high-mass clumps in the inner Galaxy: XI. Morphology and kinematics of warm inner envelopes
• JOYS: Linking the molecular ice and gas-phase composition towards the high-mass hot core IRAS 18089-1732
• Evolution of Collapse Nonuniformity for Rotating Magnetic Interstellar Clouds
• Search for High-Mass Protostellar Objects in Cold IRAS Sources
• Unlocking accretion rate diagnostics for high-mass protostars using JWST/MIRI HI lines
• Profiling Young Massive Stars
• The Dynamical State of Massive Clumps
• Broadband VLA Spectral Line Survey of a Sample of Ionized Jet Candidates
• Fragmentation of a high-mass star-forming core
• Young massive stars and their environment in the mid-infrared at high angular resolution