ATLASGAL-selected massive clumps in the inner Galaxy, II: Characterisation of different evolutionary stages and their SiO emission

Abstract

The processes leading to the birth of high-mass stars are poorly understood. We characterise here a sample of 430 massive clumps from the ATLASGAL survey, which are representative of different evolutionary stages. To establish a census of molecular tracers of their evolution we performed an unbiased spectral line survey covering the 3-mm atmospheric window between 84-117 GHz with the IRAM 30m. A smaller sample of 128 clumps has been observed in the SiO (5-4) transition with the APEX telescope to complement the SiO (2-1) line and probe the excitation conditions of the emitting gas, which is the main focus of the current study. We report a high detection rate of >75% of the SiO (2-1) line and a >90% detection rate from the dedicated follow-ups in the (5-4) transition. The SiO (2-1) line with broad line profiles and high detection rates, is a powerful probe of star formation activity, while the ubiquitous detection of SiO in all evolutionary stages suggests a continuous star formation process in massive clumps. We find a large fraction of infrared-quiet clumps to exhibit SiO emission, the majority of them only showing a low-velocity component (FWHM~5-6 km/s) centred at the rest velocity of the clump. In the current picture, where this is attributed to low-velocity shocks from cloud-cloud collisions, this can be used to pinpoint the youngest, thus, likely prestellar massive structures. Based on the line ratio of the (5-4) to the (2-1) line, our study reveals a trend of changing excitation conditions that lead to brighter emission in the (5-4) line towards more evolved sources. Our analysis delivers a more robust estimate of SiO column density and abundance than previous studies and questions the decrease of jet activity in massive clumps as a function of age.

Accepted for publication in A&A. A PDF with good quality figures is available here: http://atlasgal.mpifr-bonn.mpg.de/25404_am.pdf

References in corpus (17)

• A Minimum Column Density of 1 g cm^-2 for Massive Star Formation
• The earliest phases of high-mass star formation: a 3 square degree millimeter continuum mapping of Cygnus X
• ATLASGAL --- towards a complete sample of massive star forming clumps
• The ATLASGAL survey: a catalog of dust condensations in the Galactic plane
• SiO line emission from C-type shock waves : interstellar jets and outflows
• Parametrization of C-shocks. Evolution of the Sputtering of Grains
• Chemical evolution in the early phases of massive star formation. I
• ATLASGAL-selected massive clumps in the inner Galaxy: I. CO depletion and isotopic ratios
• Warm SiO gas in molecular bullets associated with protostellar outflows
• ATLASGAL - Kinematic distances and the dense gas mass distribution of the inner Galaxy
• SiO emission from low- and high-velocity shocks in Cygnus-X massive dense clumps
• A MALT90 study of the chemical properties of massive clumps and filaments of infrared dark clouds
• SiO and CH3CCH abundances and dust emission in high-mass star-forming cores
• High Resolution Imaging of Molecular Outflows in Massive Young Stars
• Shocks in dense clouds. IV. Effects of grain-grain processing on molecular line emission
• Collective outflow from a small multiple stellar system
• SiO excitation from dense shocks in the earliest stages of massive star formation

Cited by in corpus (68)

• ATLASGAL --- properties of a complete sample of Galactic clumps
• ATLASGAL -- A Galaxy-wide sample of dense filamentary structures
• ATLASGAL-selected massive clumps in the inner Galaxy III. Dust Continuum Characterization of an Evolutionary Sample
• ATLASGAL -- Evolutionary trends in high-mass star formation
• ATLASGAL-selected massive clumps in the inner Galaxy: V. Temperature structure and evolution
• The SEDIGISM survey: Molecular clouds in the inner Galaxy
• The ALMA Survey of 70 $\mu \mathrm{m}$ Dark High-mass Clumps in Early Stages (ASHES). II: Molecular Outflows in the Extreme Early Stages of Protocluster Formation
• The ATLASGAL survey: The sample of young massive cluster progenitors
• The search for high-mass protostars with ALMA revealed up to kilo-parsec scales (SPARKS): I. Indication for a centrifugal barrier in the environment of a single high-mass envelope
• Episodic accretion constrained by a rich cluster of outflows
• ALMA Survey of Orion Planck Galactic Cold Clumps (ALMASOP) II. Survey overview: a first look at 1.3 mm continuum maps and molecular outflows
• ATLASGAL-selected massive clumps in the inner Galaxy: VI. Kinetic temperature and spatial density measured with formaldehyde
• What is the role of stellar radiative feedback in setting the stellar mass spectrum?
• Outflow detection in a 70 $\mu$m dark high-mass core
• A population of hypercompact HII regions identified from young HII regions
• Establishing the evolutionary timescales of the massive star formation process through chemistry
• A SiO J = 5 - 4 Survey Toward Massive Star Formation Regions
• Survey of ortho-H${}_2$D${}^{+}$ in high-mass star-forming regions
• ALMA Observations of Massive Clouds in the Central Molecular Zone: Ubiquitous Protostellar Outflows
• ATLASGAL-selected massive clumps in the inner Galaxy IV. Millimeter hydrogen recombination lines from associated HII regions
• SEDIGISM-ATLASGAL: Dense Gas Fraction and Star Formation Efficiency Across the Galactic Disk
• ATLASGAL --- Molecular fingerprints of a sample of massive star forming clumps
• The evolution of young HII regions
• The SEDIGISM survey: a search for molecular outflows
• On the size of the CO-depletion radius in the IRDC G351.77-0.51
• ATOMS: ALMA Three-millimeter Observations of Massive Star-forming regions -- XII: Fragmentation and multi-scale gas kinematics in protoclusters G12.42+0.50 and G19.88-0.53
• Dense gas formation in the Musca filament due to the dissipation of a supersonic converging flow
• Fragmentation and filaments at the onset of star and cluster formation: SABOCA 350 $\mu$m view of ATLASGAL selected massive clumps
• A multi-wavelength observation and investigation of six infrared dark clouds
• ATLASGAL -- selected massive clumps in the inner Galaxy. IX. Deuteration of ammonia
• YSO jets in the Galactic Plane from UWISH2: V - Jets and Outflows in M17
• ATOMS: ALMA Three-millimeter Observations of Massive Star-forming regions -- VI. On the formation of the "L" type filament in G286.21+0.17
• SiO Outflows as Tracers of Massive Star Formation in Infrared Dark Clouds
• Fragmentation of the High-mass "Starless'' Core G10.21-0.31: a Coherent Evolutionary Picture for Star Formation
• Extended HNCO, SiO, and HC${}_3$N emission in 43 southern star-forming regions
• ATLASGAL: 3-mm class I methanol masers in high-mass star formation regions
• Searching for shocks in high-mass starless clump candidates
• MAGMO: Polarimetry of 1720-MHz OH Masers towards Southern Star Forming Regions
• ATOMS: ALMA Three-millimeter Observations of Massive Star-forming regions -- VII. A catalogue of SiO clumps from ACA observations
• MALT90 molecular content on high-mass IR-dark clumps
• A survey of SiO $J=$ 1 -- 0 emission toward massive star-forming regions
• SiO Outflows in the Most Luminous and Massive Protostellar Sources of the Southern Sky
• ATLASGAL-selected high-mass clumps in the inner Galaxy. VII. Characterisation of mid-J CO emission
• ALMAGAL IV. Morphological comparison of molecular and thermal dust emission using the histogram of oriented gradients (HOG) method
• Molecules in the peculiar age-defying source IRAS 19312+1950
• ATLASGAL-selected massive clumps in the inner Galaxy: VIII. Chemistry of photodissociation regions
• Infall and Outflow Towards High-mass Starless Clump Candidates
• Infall and Outflow Motions towards a Sample of Massive Star Forming Regions from the RMS Survey
• Star Formation in Extreme Environments: A 200 pc High Velocity Gas Stream in the Galactic Centre
• SOFIA/GREAT observations of OD and OH rotational lines towards high-mass star forming regions
• Spatial distributions and kinematics of shocked and ionized gas in M17
• Interstellar Complex Organic Molecules in SiO-traced massive outflows
• Redshifted methanol absorption tracing infall motions of high-mass star formation regions
• ATLASGAL-selected massive clumps in the inner Galaxy. X. Observations of atomic carbon at 492 GHz
• Cyanopolyyne line survey towards high-mass star-forming regions with TMRT
• Surveys of clumps, cores, and condensations in Cygnus-X: SMA observations of SiO (5$-$4)
• Extended Ionized Fe Objects in the UWIFE Survey
• Velocity-resolved high-J CO emission from massive star-forming clumps
• Searching for Molecular Jets from High-Mass Protostars
• CH${}_3$OH as a User-Friendly Density Probe: Calibration and Beyond
• ALMA observations of massive clouds in the central molecular zone: slim filaments tracing parsec-scale shocks
• Identification of molecular line emission using Convolutional Neural Networks
• Origins of the shocks in high-mass starless clump candidates
• ATLASGAL-selected high-mass clumps in the inner Galaxy: XI. Morphology and kinematics of warm inner envelopes
• ATOMS: ALMA Three-millimeter Observations of Massive Star-forming regions -- XIX. The origin of SiO emission
• Search for High-Mass Protostellar Objects in Cold IRAS Sources
• Unlocking accretion rate diagnostics for high-mass protostars using JWST/MIRI HI lines
• The Cygnus Allscale Survey of Chemistry and Dynamical Environments: CASCADE III. The large scale distribution of DCO+, DNC and DCN in the DR21 filament