Chemistry in Infrared Dark Cloud Clumps: a Molecular Line Survey at 3 mm

Abstract

We have observed 37 Infrared Dark Clouds (IRDCs), containing a total of 159 clumps, in high-density molecular tracers at 3 mm using the 22-meter ATNF Mopra Telescope located in Australia. After determining kinematic distances, we eliminated clumps that are not located in IRDCs and clumps with a separation between them of less than one Mopra beam. Our final sample consists of 92 IRDC clumps. The most commonly detected molecular lines are (detection rates higher than 8%): N2H+, HNC, HN13C, HCO+, H13CO+, HCN, C2H, HC3N, HNCO, and SiO. We investigate the behavior of the different molecular tracers and look for chemical variations as a function of an evolutionary sequence based on Spitzer IRAC and MIPS emission. We find that the molecular tracers behave differently through the evolutionary sequence and some of them can be used to yield useful relative age information. The presence of HNC and N2H+ lines do not depend on the star formation activity. On the other hand, HC3N, HNCO, and SiO are predominantly detected in later stages of evolution. Optical depth calculations show that in IRDC clumps the N2H+ line is optically thin, the C2H line is moderately optically thick, and HNC and HCO+ are optically thick. The HCN hyperfine transitions are blended, and, in addition, show self-absorbed line profiles and extended wing emission. These factors combined prevent the use of HCN hyperfine transitions for the calculation of physical parameters. Total column densities of the different molecules, except C2H, increase with the evolutionary stage of the clumps. Molecular abundances increase with the evolutionary stage for N2H+ and HCO+. The N2H+/HCO+ and N2H+/HNC abudance ratios act as chemical clocks, increasing with the evolution of the clumps.

Accepted to ApJ. 29 pages

References in corpus (12)

• The Boston University-Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory Galactic Ring Survey
• A Catalog of Extended Green Objects (EGOs) in the GLIMPSE Survey: A new sample of massive young stellar object outflow candidates
• Testing grain-surface chemistry in massive hot-core regions
• The N2D+/N2H+ ratio as an evolutionary tracer of Class 0 protostars
• On the frequency of N2H+ and N2D+
• Ethynyl (C2H) in massive star formation: Tracing the initial conditions?
• The Excitation of N${}_2$H${}^{+}$ in Interstellar Molecular Clouds. I - Models
• A Molecular Line Observation toward Massive Clumps Associated with Infrared Dark Clouds
• SMA observations of Infrared Dark Clouds: A tale of two cores
• Molecular line mapping of the giant molecular cloud associated with RCW 106 - III. Multi-molecular line mapping
• SiO and CH3CCH abundances and dust emission in high-mass star-forming cores
• Observation of HCN hyperfine line anomalies towards low- and high-mass star-forming cores

Cited by in corpus (155)

• Filamentary Accretion Flows in the Embedded Serpens South Protocluster
• Hierarchical fragmentation and differential star formation in the Galactic "Snake": infrared dark cloud G11.11-0.12
• The ALMA Survey of 70 $\mu$m dark High-mass clumps in Early Stages (ASHES). I. Pilot Survey: Clump Fragmentation
• Fragmentation of Molecular Clumps and Formation of Protocluster
• MALT90: The Millimetre Astronomy Legacy Team 90 GHz Survey
• The dynamical properties of dense filaments in the infrared dark cloud G035.39-00.33
• Chemical evolution in the early phases of massive star formation. I
• A Massive Prestellar Clump Hosting no High-Mass Cores
• Far-Infrared Dust Temperatures and Column Densities of the MALT90 Molecular Clump Sample
• Filamentary Fragmentation and Accretion in High-Mass Star-Forming Molecular Clouds
• ATOMS: ALMA Three-millimeter Observations of Massive Star-forming regions -- I. Survey description and a first look at G9.62+0.19
• Filamentary Accretion Flows in the Infrared Dark Cloud G14.225-0.506 Revealed by ALMA
• Gravity Driven Magnetic Field at ~1000 au Scales in High-mass Star Formation
• ATLASGAL-selected massive clumps in the inner Galaxy, II: Characterisation of different evolutionary stages and their SiO emission
• Chemical Evolution in High-Mass Star-Forming Regions: Results from the MALT90 Survey
• Distinct Chemical Regions in the "Prestellar" Infrared Dark Cloud (IRDC) G028.23-00.19
• Infall Signatures in a Prestellar Core embedded in the High-Mass 70 $\mu$m Dark IRDC G331.372-00.116
• A holistic perspective on the dynamics of G035.39-00.33: the interplay between gas and magnetic fields
• Weak and Compact Radio Emission in Early High-Mass Star Forming Regions: I. VLA Observations
• ATOMS: ALMA Three-millimeter Observations of Massive Star-forming regions -- XV. Steady Accretion from Global Collapse to Core Feeding in Massive Hub-filament System SDC335
• The TOP-SCOPE survey of Planck Galactic Cold Clumps: Survey overview and results of an exemplar source, PGCC G26.53+0.17
• Investigating the structure and fragmentation of a highly filamentary IRDC
• The ALMA Survey of 70 $\mu$m Dark High-mass Clumps in Early Stages (ASHES). IX. Physical Properties and Spatial Distribution of Cores in IRDCs
• The ALMA Discovery of the Rotating Disk and Fast Outflow of Cold Molecular Gas in NGC 1275
• The ALMA Survey of 70 $\mu \mathrm{m}$ Dark High-mass Clumps in Early Stages (ASHES). II: Molecular Outflows in the Extreme Early Stages of Protocluster Formation
• Line Profiles of Cores within Clusters: II Signatures of Dynamical Collapse during High Mass Star Formation
• A MALT90 study of the chemical properties of massive clumps and filaments of infrared dark clouds
• Fragmentation in filamentary molecular clouds
• Formation of Massive Protostellar Clusters -- Observations of Massive 70 $\mu$m Dark Molecular Clouds
• Magnetic fields in the infrared dark cloud G34.43+0.24
• Chemical complexity in high-mass star formation: An observational and modeling case study of the AFGL 2591 VLA 3 hot core
• Characterizing the properties of cluster precursors in the MALT90 survey
• Astrochemical Properties of Planck Cold Clumps
• Diversity of chemistry and excitation conditions in the high-mass star forming complex W33
• Characterizing the line emission from molecular clouds. Stratified random sampling of the Perseus cloud
• Distributed Low-Mass Star Formation in the IRDC G34.43+00.24
• The ALMA Survey of 70 μm Dark High-mass Clumps in Early Stages (ASHES). VIII. Dynamics of Embedded Dense Cores
• Organic species in Infrared Dark Clouds
• Massive 70 micron quiet clumps I: evidence of embedded low/intermediate-mass star formation activity
• The ALMA Survey of 70 $\mu$m Dark High-mass Clumps in Early Stages (ASHES). IV. Star formation signatures in G023.477
• Are Infrared Dark Clouds Really Quiescent?
• ALMA observations of NGC 6334S $-$ I: Forming massive stars and cluster in subsonic and transonic filamentary clouds
• Star formation in 'the Brick': ALMA reveals an active proto-cluster in the Galactic centre cloud G0.253+0.016
• Digging into the Interior of Hot Cores with ALMA (DIHCA). I. Dissecting the High-mass Star-Forming Core G335.579-0.292 MM1
• A SiO J = 5 - 4 Survey Toward Massive Star Formation Regions
• ALMA Observations of the IRDC Clump G34.43+00.24 MM3: Hot Core and Molecular Outflows
• The core population and kinematics of a massive clump at early stages: an ALMA view
• ALMA Observations of Massive Clouds in the Central Molecular Zone: Ubiquitous Protostellar Outflows
• Temperature structure and kinematics of the IRDC G035.39-00.33
• Initial Fragmentation in the Infrared Dark Cloud G28.53-0.25
• Asymmetric Line Profiles in Dense Molecular Clumps Observed in MALT90: Evidence for Global Collapse
• Slow ionized wind and rotating disklike system associated with the high-mass young stellar object G345.4938+01.4677
• Planck cold clumps in the $\lambda$ Orionis complex: I. Discovery of an extremely young Class 0 protostellar object and a proto-brown dwarf candidate in a bright rimmed clump PGCC G192.32-11.88
• ATLASGAL --- Molecular fingerprints of a sample of massive star forming clumps
• ATOMS: ALMA Three-millimeter Observations of Massive Star-forming regions -- II. Compact objects in ACA observations and star formation scaling relations
• Gravitationally unstable condensations revealed by ALMA in the TUKH122 prestellar core in the Orion A cloud
• ALMA observations of NGC 6334S. II. Subsonic and Transonic Narrow Filaments in a High-mass Star Formation Cloud
• A Systemic Study of 14 Southern Infrared Dark Clouds with the N2H+, HNC, HCO+, and HCN Lines
• Properties of massive star-forming clumps with infall motions
• Dense gas in molecular cores associated with Planck Galactic cold clumps
• ATOMS: ALMA Three-millimeter Observations of Massive Star-forming regions -- XII: Fragmentation and multi-scale gas kinematics in protoclusters G12.42+0.50 and G19.88-0.53
• The chemical structure of young high-mass star-forming clumps: (II) parsec-scale CO depletion and deuterium fraction of $\mathrm{HC}{\mathrm{O}}^{+}$
• The ALMA Survey of 70 μm Dark High-mass Clumps in Early Stages (ASHES). VI. The core-scale CO-depletion
• The ALMA Survey of 70 $\mu \mathrm{m}$ Dark High-mass Clumps in Early Stages (ASHES). VII: Chemistry of Embedded Dense Cores
• Physical properties and chemical composition of the cores in the California molecular cloud
• The ALMA Survey of 70 $\mu$m Dark High-mass Clumps in Early Stages (ASHES). V. Deuterated Molecules in the 70 $\mu$m dark IRDC G14.492-00.139
• ALMA Observations of the IRDC Clump G34.43+00.24 MM3: 278 GHz Class I Methanol Masers
• Molecular Cloud Cores with High Deuterium Fraction: Nobeyama Single-Pointing Survey
• The Radio Ammonia Mid-Plane Survey (RAMPS) Pilot Survey
• A molecular line study towards massive extended green object clumps in the southern sky: chemical properties
• SiO emission as a probe of Cloud-Cloud Collisions in Infrared Dark Clouds
• Dense molecular gas in the starburst nucleus of NGC 1808
• ALMA Observations of the IRDC Clump G34.43+00.24 MM3: Complex Organic and Deuterated Molecules
• Submillimeter imaging of the Galactic Center starburst Sgr B2. Warm molecular, atomic, and ionized gas far from massive star-forming cores
• A multi-wavelength observation and investigation of six infrared dark clouds
• Sgr B2(N): A bipolar outflow and rotating hot core revealed by ALMA
• Astrochemical Correlations in Molecular Clouds
• The ALMA Survey of 70$\mu$m Dark High-mass Clumps in Early Stages (ASHES) III. A Young Molecular Outflow Driven by a Decelerating Jet
• Inferring the evolutionary stages of the internal structures of NGC 7538 S and IRS1 from chemistry
• 84-GHz methanol masers, their relationship to 36-GHz methanol masers and their molecular environments
• Effect of feedback of massive stars in the fragmentation, distribution, and kinematics of the gas in two star forming regions in the Carina Nebula
• Kinematics and star formation toward W33: a central hub as a hub--filament system
• Interferometric Observations of High-Mass Star-Forming Clumps with Unusual N2H+/HCO+ Line Ratios
• TRAO Survey of Nearby Filamentary Molecular clouds, the Universal Nursery of Stars (TRAO FUNS) I. Dynamics and Chemistry of L1478 in the California Molecular Cloud
• Salt-bearing disk candidates around high-mass young stellar objects
• ATOMS: ALMA Three-millimeter Observations of Massive Star-forming regions -XIII. Ongoing triggered star formation within clump-fed scenario found in the massive ($\sim 1500$ ${\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$) clump
• Chemical Variation in Molecular Cloud Cores in the Orion A Cloud. II
• Distribution of HNCO 5${}_{05}-4_{04}$ in Massive Star-forming Regions
• The onset of energetic particle irradiation in Class 0 protostars
• ALMA Observations of the IRDC Clump G34.43+00.24 MM3: DNC/HNC Ratio
• Large-scale molecular gas distribution in the M17 cloud complex: dense gas conditions of massive star formation?
• Interferometric Observations of Cyanopolyynes toward the G28.28-0.36 High-Mass Star-Forming Region
• Initial phases of high-mass star formation: A multiwavelength study towards the extended green object G12.42+0.50
• Multi-scale analysis of the Monoceros OB 1 star-forming region: I. The dense core population
• SMA Observations of the Hot Molecular Core IRAS 18566+0408
• Formation of hub-filament structure triggered by cloud-cloud collision in W33 complex
• Physical properties, kinetics and mass function of 12 northern infrared dark clouds
• ALMA ACA and Nobeyama observations of two Orion cores in deuterated molecular lines
• Chemical evolution of Red MSX Sources in the southern sky
• ALMA Observations of Molecular Absorption in the Gravitational Lens PMN 0134-0931
• The TOP-SCOPE survey of PGCCs: PMO and SCUBA-2 observations of 64 PGCCs in the 2nd Galactic Quadrant
• Planck Cold Clumps in the lambda Orionis Complex. III. A chemical probe of stellar feedback on cores in the lambda Orionis cloud
• Carbon-Chain Molecules in Molecular Outflows and Lupus I Region--New Producing Region and New Forming Mechanism
• G048.66-0.29: Physical State of an Isolated Site of Massive Star Formation
• SiO Outflows as Tracers of Massive Star Formation in Infrared Dark Clouds
• Parsec-scale cosmic-ray ionisation rate in Orion
• Infrared dust bubble CS51 and its interaction with the surrounding interstellar medium
• Extended HNCO, SiO, and HC${}_3$N emission in 43 southern star-forming regions
• The evolution of HCO${}^{+}$ in molecular clouds using a novel chemical post-processing algorithm
• Millimeter Spectral Line Mapping Observations Toward Four Massive Star Forming HII Regions
• ATOMS: ALMA Three-millimeter Observations of Massive Star-forming regions -- VII. A catalogue of SiO clumps from ACA observations
• SiO Outflows in the Most Luminous and Massive Protostellar Sources of the Southern Sky
• ALMA-IMF XVIII: The assembly of a star cluster: Dense N${}_2$H${}^{+}$ (1-0) kinematics in the massive G351.77 protocluster
• The Interaction Between the Supernova Remnant W41 and the Filamentary Infrared Dark Cloud G23.33-0.30
• MALT90 molecular content on high-mass IR-dark clumps
• HNCO: A Molecule Traces Low-velocity Shock
• The physical conditions in IRDC clumps from Herschel HIFI observations of H2O
• Searching for initial stage of massive star formation around the H II region G18.2-0.3
• Chemical evolution of the HC3N and N2H+ molecules in dense cores of the Vela C giant molecular cloud complex
• Chemical evolution of N2H+ in six massive star-forming regions
• Multi-frequency Studies of Massive Cores with Complex Spatial and Kinematic Structures
• Benchmarking the IRDC G351.77-0.53: Gaia DR3 distance, mass distribution, and star formation content
• Gas Kinematics in the HII regions G351.69-1.15 and G351.63-1.25
• ATLASGAL-selected massive clumps in the inner Galaxy: VIII. Chemistry of photodissociation regions
• Deuteration in infrared dark clouds
• Cloud structures in M17 SWex : Possible cloud-cloud collision
• Sulfur-bearing molecules in a sample of early star-forming cores
• A misaligned protostellar disk fed by gas streamers in a barred spiral-like massive dense core
• Digging into the Interior of Hot Cores with ALMA (DIHCA). V. Deuterium Fractionation of Methanol
• ALMA observations of two massive and dense MALT90 clumps
• Environmental conditions shaping star formation: The Carina Nebula
• Massive Quiescent Cores in Orion: V. The Physical Structures on Sub-Jeans Scale and the Chemical Properties in Two Extremely Dense Cores
• Chemical Evolution of HC3N in Dense Molecular Clouds
• Physical and chemical properties of Red MSX Sources in the southern sky: HII regions
• A statistical study towards the high-mass BGPS clumps with the MALT90 survey
• Surveys of clumps, cores, and condensations in Cygnus-X: SMA observations of SiO (5$-$4)
• WISE Green Objects (WGOs): the massive star candidates in the whole Galactic Plane ($\mid b\mid <2^{\circ }$)
• Anatomy of the Class I protostar L1489 IRS with NOEMA - II. A disk replenished by a massive streamer
• Kinematic study of the molecular gas associated with two cometary globules in Sh2-236
• Random gas motions inside sub-parsec scale supercritical filaments
• Sequential Star Formation in the filamentary structures of Planck Galactic cold clump G181.84+0.31
• Imaging Molecular Outflow in Massive Star-forming Regions with HNCO Lines
• Synthetic ngVLA line observations of a massive star-forming cloud
• Spatial Variation of the Chemical Properties of Massive Star-forming Clumps
• What did the seahorse swallow? APEX 170 GHz observations of the chemical conditions in the Seahorse infrared dark cloud
• ATOMS: ALMA Three-millimeter Observations of Massive Star-forming regions -- XIX. The origin of SiO emission
• Dense Molecular Clumps with Large Blue Asymmetries: Evidence for Collapse
• The effect of magnetic field morphology on the structure of massive IRDC clumps
• Millimeter and far-IR study of the IRCD SDC 341.232-0.268
• Chemical environments of 6.7 GHz methanol maser sources
• The Chemistry and Kinematics of Two Molecular Clouds near Sagittarius A*
• Dense Molecular Ring-like structure in gaseous CO depletion region G34.74-0.12
• An S-shaped filament formed due to Cloud-Cloud Collision in molecular cloud G178.28-00.61
• Chemistry of Dark Molecular Clouds
• SiO emission in the filamentary Infrared Dark Cloud G035.39-00.33: An ALMA view