The N2D+/N2H+ ratio as an evolutionary tracer of Class 0 protostars

Abstract

Deuterated ions are abundant in cold (T=10 K), dense (n=10^5 cm^-3) regions, in which CO is frozen out onto dust grains. In such environments, the deuterium fractionation of such ions can exceed the elemental abundance ratio of D/H by a factor of 10^4. In this paper we use the deuterium fractionation to investigate the evolutionary state of Class 0 protostars. In a sample of 20 protostellar objects, we found a clear correlation between the N2D+/N2H+ ratio and evolutionary tracers. As expected, the coolest, i.e. the youngest, objects show the largest deuterium fractionation. Furthermore, we find that sources with a high N2D+/N2H+ ratio show clear indication for infall.

19 pages, 12 figures, accepted by A&A

References in corpus (13)

• Observing the gas temperature drop in the high-density nucleus of L 1544
• CO Isotopologues in the Perseus Molecular Cloud Complex: the X-Factor and Regional Variations
• Bolocam Survey for 1.1 mm Dust Continuum Emission in the c2d Legacy Clouds. II. Ophiuchus
• Molecular Evolution and Star Formation: From Prestellar Cores to Protostellar Cores
• The Large and Small Scale Structures of Dust in the Star-Forming Perseus Molecular Cloud
• On the internal structure of starless cores. II. A molecular survey of L1498 and L1517B
• Depletion and low gas temperature in the L183 prestellar core : the N2H+ - N2D+ tool
• The N2D+/N2H+ ratio as an evolutionary tracer of Class 0 protostars
• Searching for massive pre--stellar cores through observations of N2H+ and N2D+
• The abundances of nitrogen-containing molecules during pre-protostellar collapse
• TMC-1C: an accreting starless core
• Two Bipolar Outflows and Magnetic Fields in a Multiple Protostar System, L1448 IRS 3
• Highly deuterated pre-stellar cores in a high-mass star formation region

Cited by in corpus (43)

• The N2D+/N2H+ ratio as an evolutionary tracer of Class 0 protostars
• Deuteration and evolution in the massive star formation process: the role of surface chemistry
• Chemical tracers of episodic accretion in low-mass protostars
• Chemical evolution in the early phases of massive star formation II: Deuteration
• Massive 70 micron quiet clumps I: evidence of embedded low/intermediate-mass star formation activity
• Magnetically-regulated fragmentation of a massive, dense and turbulent clump
• Deuteration around the ultracompact HII region Mon R2
• The VLA/ALMA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity (VANDAM) Survey of Orion Protostars IV. Unveiling the Embedded Intermediate-Mass Protostar and Disk within OMC2-FIR3/HOPS-370
• Mass Assembly of Stellar Systems and their Evolution with the SMA (MASSES) -- Full Data Release
• Evolutionary view through the starless cores in Taurus: deuteration in TMC 1-C and TMC 1-CP
• Molecular Cloud Cores with High Deuterium Fraction: Nobeyama Single-Pointing Survey
• Deuterium enrichment of ammonia produced by surface N+H/D addition reactions at low temperature
• A timeline for massive star-forming regions via combined observation of o-H${}_2$D${}^{+}$ and N${}_2$D${}^{+}$
• Deuterium fractionation as a multi-phase component tracer in the Galactic Centre
• Gas phase Elemental abundances in Molecular cloudS (GEMS) VI. A sulphur journey across star-forming regions: study of thioformaldehyde emission
• Deuterium chemistry of dense gas in the vicinity of low-mass and massive star forming regions
• Clustered star formation at early evolutionary stages. Physical and chemical analysis of the young star-forming regions ISOSS J22478+6357 and ISOSS J23053+5953
• Deuterated ammonia in Galactic massive star-forming regions
• DC${}_3$N observations towards high-mass star-forming regions
• Linking the dust and chemical evolution: Taurus and Perseus -- New collisional rates for HCN, HNC, and their C, N, and H isotopologues
• Properties of the Molecular Cores of Low Luminosity Objects
• Similar levels of deuteration in the pre-stellar core L1544 and the protostellar core HH211
• ALMA Survey of Orion Planck Galactic Cold Clumps (ALMASOP): Evidence for a Molecular Jet Launched at an Unprecedented Early Phase of Protostellar evolution
• The dynamically young outflow of the Class 0 protostar Cha-MMS1
• APEX observations of ortho-H${}_2$D${}^{+}$ towards dense cores in the Orion B9 filament
• Deuterium Fractionation across the Infrared Dark Cloud G034.77-00.55 interacting with the Supernova Remnant W44
• Deuterium chemistry and D/H ratios in Class 0/I proto-brown dwarfs
• Nobeyama Survey of Inward Motions toward Cores in Orion Identified by SCUBA-2
• Digging into the Interior of Hot Cores with ALMA (DIHCA). V. Deuterium Fractionation of Methanol
• Carbon-Chain Chemistry vs. Complex-Organic-Molecule Chemistry in Envelopes around Three Low-Mass Young Stellar Objects in the Perseus Region
• Resolved Gas Temperatures and 12C/13C ratios in SVS13A from ALMA Observations of CH3CN and CH3-13-CN
• Interaction between the Supernova Remnant W44 and the Infrared Dark Cloud G034.77-00.55: shock induced star formation?
• The effects of stellar feedback on molecular clumps in the Lagoon Nebula (M8)
• Gas phase Elemental abundances in Molecular cloudS (GEMS). IX. Deuterated compounds of H2S in starless cores
• Spatial distribution of NH2D in massive star-forming regions
• Characterising the physical and chemical properties of a young Class 0 protostellar core embedded in the Orion B9 filament
• Deuterium fractionation in cold dense cores in the low-mass star forming region L1688
• Gas-phase Elemental abundances in Molecular cloudS (GEMS) XI. The evolution of HCN, HNC, and N2H+ isotopic ratios in starless cores
• Hunting pre-stellar cores with APEX: overview
• Chemical complexity in star formation induced by stellar feedback: cores shock-formed by the supernova remnant W44
• Deuterium fractionation and CO depletion in Barnard 5
• First detection of a deuterated molecule in a starburst environment within NGC 253
• Singly- and doubly-deuterated formaldehyde in massive star-forming regions