Dense Cores in Dark Clouds. XIV. N2H+(1-0) maps of dense cloud cores

Abstract

We present results of an extensive mapping survey of N2H+(1-0) in about 60 low mass cloud cores already mapped in the NH3(1,1) inversion transition line. The survey has been carried out at the FCRAO antenna with an angular resolution about 1.5 times finer than the previous ammonia observations. Cores with stars typically have map sizes about a factor of two smaller for N2H+ than for NH3, indicating the presence of denser and more centrally concentrated gas compared to starless cores. Significant correlations are found between NH3 and N2H+ column densities and excitation temperatures in starless cores, but not in cores with stars, suggesting a different chemical evolution of the two species. Velocity gradients range between 0.5 and 6 km/s/pc, similar to what has been found with NH3 data. ``Local'' velocity gradients show significant variation in both magnitude and direction, suggesting the presence of complexmotions not interpretable as simple solid body rotation. Integrated intensity profiles of starless cores present a ``central flattening'' and are consistent with a spherically symmetric density law n ~ r^{-1.2} for r < ~0.03 pc and n ~ r^{-2} at larger r. Cores with stars are better modelled with single density power laws with n ~ r^{-2}. Line widths change across the core but we did not find a general trend. The deviation in line width correlates with the mean line width, suggesting that the line of sight contains ~ 10 coherence lengths. The corresponding value of the coherence length, ~ 0.01 pc, is similar to the expected cutoff wavelength for MHD waves. This similarity may account for the increased ``coherence'' of line widths on small scales. Despite of the finer angular resolution, the majority of N2H+ and NH3 maps show a similar ``simple'' structure, with single peaks and no elongation.

62 pages, 11 figures, ApJ, in press

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• ALMA-IMF XVIII: The assembly of a star cluster: Dense N${}_2$H${}^{+}$ (1-0) kinematics in the massive G351.77 protocluster
• The Cygnus Allscale Survey of Chemistry and Dynamical Environments: CASCADE. II. A detailed kinematic analysis of the DR21 Main outflow
• Distortion of Magnetic Fields in a Starless Core VI: Application of Flux Freezing Model and Core Formation of FeSt 1-457
• A Dynamically Collapsing Core and a Precursor of a Core in a Filament Supported by Turbulent and Magnetic Pressures
• Three dimensional projection effects on chemistry in a Planck galactic cold clump
• Eruptive Behavior of Magnetically Layered Protoplanetary Disks in Low Metallicity Environments
• Evolution and Kinematics of Protostellar Envelopes in the Perseus Molecular Cloud
• Observational studies of pre-stellar cores and infrared dark clouds
• Driving Conditions of Protostellar Outflows in Different Star-Forming Environments
• Star formation conditions in a Planck Galactic Cold Clump, G108.84-00.81
• Multi-frequency Studies of Massive Cores with Complex Spatial and Kinematic Structures
• Deuterium Fractionation across the Infrared Dark Cloud G034.77-00.55 interacting with the Supernova Remnant W44
• No impact of core-scale magnetic field, turbulence, or velocity gradient on sizes of protostellar disks in Orion A
• Sequential Star Formation in the Young SMC Region NGC 602: Insights from ALMA
• Rotation of Two Micron All Sky Survey Clumps in Molecular Clouds
• Star Formation in Relic HII Regions of the First Stars: Binarity and Outflow Driving
• Carbon-chain molecule survey toward four low-mass molecular outflow sources
• Reflection and dissipation of Alfvén waves in interstellar clouds
• The Spitzer c2d Survey of Nearby Dense Cores: VI. The Protostars of Lynds Dark Nebula 1221
• Multi-wavelength observations and modelling of a quiescent cloud LDN1512
• JWST-ALMA Study of a Hub-Filament System in the Nascent Phase
• Turbulent Fragmentation and Star Formation
• Disappearance of N2H+ from the Gas Phase in the Class 0 Protostar IRAM 04191
• Primordial dust rings, hidden dust mass, and the first generation of planetesimals in gravitationally unstable protoplanetary disks
• Dense Molecular Cores Being Externally Heated
• Independent Core Rotation in Massive Filaments in Orion
• Ongoing star formation in the proto-cluster IRAS 22134+5834
• Synthetic Observations of the Infalling Rotating Envelope: Links between the Physical Structure and Observational Features
• Emission from a Young Protostellar Object I. Signatures of Young Embedded Outflows
• Protonated hydrogen cyanide as a tracer of pristine molecular gas
• IRAS 18317-0757: A Cluster of Embedded Massive Stars and Protostars
• Protostellar disk accretion in turbulent filaments
• A 1000 AU Scale Molecular Outflow Driven by a Protostar with an age of <4000 Years
• Probing the Physics of Star-Formation (ProPStar) III. No evidence for dissipation of turbulence down to 20 mpc (4 000 au) scale
• Prograde spin-up during gravitational collapse
• Very Large Array Ammonia Observations of the HH 111/HH 121 Protostellar System: a Detection of a New Source With a Peculiar Chemistry
• SABOCA 350-micron and LABOCA 870-micron dust continuum imaging of IRAS 05399-0121: mapping the dust properties of a pre- and protostellar core system
• A spectral line survey of the starless and proto-stellar cores detected by BLAST toward the Vela-D molecular cloud
• Simulations of the isothermal collapse of magnetic rotating protostellar clouds
• A rotating helical filament in the L1251 dark cloud
• Interaction between the Supernova Remnant W44 and the Infrared Dark Cloud G034.77-00.55: shock induced star formation?
• Effects of CO-dark Gas on Measurements of Molecular Cloud Stability and the Size-Linewidth Relationship
• Sequential Star Formation in the filamentary structures of Planck Galactic cold clump G181.84+0.31
• Emergence of high-mass stars in complex fiber networks (EMERGE) III. Fiber networks in Orion
• Chemical properties of two dense cores in a Planck Galactic Cold Clump G168.72-15.48
• Physical Properties and Kinematics of Dense Cores Associated with Regions of Massive Star Formation from the Southern Sky
• Star-forming environments in smoothed particle magnetohydrodynamics simulations I: Clump extraction and properties
• Discovery of a New Population of Galactic HII Regions with Ionized Gas Velocity Gradients
• Asymmetric accretion through a streamer onto the pre-stellar core H-MM1
• Cluster Formation in GGD12-15: Infall Motion with Rotation of the Natal Clump
• Species cycling and the enhancement of ammonia in prestellar cores
• Synthetic ngVLA line observations of a massive star-forming cloud
• Characterising the physical and chemical properties of a young Class 0 protostellar core embedded in the Orion B9 filament
• Density distribution function of a self-gravitating isothermal turbulent fluid in the context of molecular clouds ensembles -- III. Virial analysis
• The Milky Way atlas for linear filaments II. clump rotation versus filament orientation
• Evolution of Collapse Nonuniformity for Rotating Magnetic Interstellar Clouds
• The extreme initial kinetic energy allowed by a collapsing turbulent core
• Recent Developments in Simulations of Low-mass Star Formation
• Deuterium fractionation of the starless core L 1498
• Chemical constraints on the dynamical evolution of the cold core L694
• Primary disks and their observational appearance in collapsing magnetic rotating protostellar clouds
• A fast machine learning tool to predict the composition of astronomical ices from infrared absorption spectra
• Empirical formulae to describe some physical properties of small groups of protogalaxies with multiplicity
• Low-velocity large-scale shocks in the infrared dark cloud G035.39-00.33: bubble-driven cloud-cloud collisions
• Modelling the Break in the Specific Angular Momentum within the Envelope-Disk Transition Zone
• Searching for Chameleon-like Scalar Fields
• A semi-analytical model of the outer structure of protoplanetary discs formed by the collapse of a rotating molecular cloud
• Collapsing Index: A New Method to Identify Star-forming Cores Based on ALMA Images
• CO Depletion in Infrared Dark Clouds
• Formation of massive multiple-star systems: early migration and mergers
• The Dynamical State of Massive Clumps