Embedded protostellar disks around (sub-)solar protostars. I. Disk structure and evolution

Abstract

We perform a comparative numerical hydrodynamics study of embedded protostellar disks formed as a result of the gravitational collapse of cloud cores of distinct mass (M_cl=0.2--1.7 M_sun) and ratio of rotational to gravitational energy (β=0.0028--0.023). An increase in M_cl and/or βleads to the formation of protostellar disks that are more susceptible to gravitational instability. Disk fragmentation occurs in most models but its effect is often limited to the very early stage, with the fragments being either dispersed or driven onto the forming star during tens of orbital periods. Only cloud cores with high enough M_cl or βmay eventually form wide-separation binary/multiple systems with low mass ratios and brown dwarf or sub-solar mass companions. It is feasible that such systems may eventually break up, giving birth to rogue brown dwarfs. Protostellar disks of {\it equal} age formed from cloud cores of greater mass (but equal β) are generally denser, hotter, larger, and more massive. On the other hand, protostellar disks formed from cloud cores of higher β(but equal M_cl) are generally thinner and colder but larger and more massive. In all models, the difference between the irradiation temperature and midplane temperature \triangle T is small, except for the innermost regions of young disks, dense fragments, and disk's outer edge where \triangle T is negative and may reach a factor of two or even more. Gravitationally unstable, embedded disks show radial pulsations, the amplitude of which increases along the line of increasing M_cl and βbut tends to diminish as the envelope clears. We find that single stars with a disk-to-star mass ratio of order unity can be formed only from high-βcloud cores, but such massive disks are unstable and quickly fragment into binary/multiple systems.

Accepted for publication in the astrophysical Journal

References in corpus (9)

• Protoplanetary Disk Structures in Ophiuchus
• Radiation-Hydrodynamic Simulations of Collapse and Fragmentation in Massive Protostellar Cores
• The Burst Mode of Protostellar Accretion
• The burst mode of accretion and disk fragmentation in the early embedded stages of star formation
• Structure and evolution of pre-main sequence circumstellar disks
• The Two Modes of Gas Giant Planet Formation
• The chemical history of molecules in circumstellar disks. I. Ices
• Global Models for the Evolution of Embedded, Accreting Protostellar Disks
• Secular evolution of viscous and self-gravitating circumstellar discs

Cited by in corpus (41)

• A 0.2 solar mass protostar with a Keplerian disk in the very young L1527 IRS system
• Variable protostellar accretion with episodic bursts
• Resolving the Luminosity Problem in Low-Mass Star Formation
• Characterizing young protostellar disks with the CALYPSO IRAM-PdBI survey: large Class 0 disks are rare
• Observed luminosity spread in young clusters and Fu Ori stars: a unified picture
• On the existence of accretion-driven bursts in massive star formation
• Formation of giant planets and brown dwarfs on wide orbits
• Rotationally-supported disks around Class I sources in Taurus: disk formation constraints
• A Bubbling Nearby Molecular Cloud: COMPLETE Shells in Perseus
• Episodic accretion: the interplay of infall and disc instabilities
• A Sub-arcsecond Survey Toward Class 0 Protostars in Perseus: Searching for Signatures of Protostellar Disks
• Forming spectroscopic massive proto-binaries by disk fragmentation
• Modeling the Resolved Disk Around the Class 0 Protostar L1527
• The early evolution of viscous and self-gravitating circumstellar disks with a dust component
• Quantifying Variability of YSOs in the Mid-IR Over Six Years with NEOWISE
• On the reliability of protostellar disc mass measurements and the existence of fragmenting discs
• Active-Region Tilt Angles: Magnetic Versus White-Light Determinations of Joy's Law
• A Spitzer Five-Band Analysis of the Jupiter-Sized Planet TrES-1
• Angular Momentum Exchange by Gravitational Torques and Infall in the Circumbinary Disk of the Protostellar System L1551 NE
• VLA and CARMA Observations of Protostars in the Cepheus Clouds: Sub-arcsecond Proto-Binaries Formed via Disk Fragmentation
• Embedded protostellar disks around (sub-)solar stars. II. Disk masses, sizes, densities, temperatures and the planet formation perspective
• Gravitoviscous protoplanetary disks with a dust component. II. Spatial distribution and growth of dust in a clumpy disk
• The effect of accretion on the pre-main-sequence evolution of low-mass stars and brown dwarfs
• Parameter study for the burst mode of accretion in massive star formation
• 1000 AU Exterior Arcs Connected to the Protoplanetary Disk around HL Tau
• Simulations of Dynamical Gas-Dust Circumstellar Disks: Going Beyond the Epstein Regime
• Episodic excursions of low-mass protostars on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram
• The Small-Scale Physical Structure and Fragmentation Difference of Two Embedded Intermediate Mass Protostars in Orion
• Accretion bursts in high-mass protostars: a new testbed for models of episodic accretion
• Improving the thin-disk models of circumstellar disk evolution. The 2+1-dimensional model
• Model computations of blue stragglers and W UMa-type stars in globular clusters
• Evolution of binary seeds in collapsing protostellar gas clouds
• Mixing of materials in magnetised core-collapse supernova remnants
• Analysis of Methods for Computing the Trajectories of Dust Particles in a Gas-Dust Circumstellar Disk
• Signs of outflow feedback from a nearby young stellar object on the protostellar envelope around HL Tau
• The gas disk: Evolution and chemistry
• An alternative model for the origin of gaps in circumstellar disks
• Modeling Circumstellar Disc Fragmentation and Episodic Protostellar Accretion with Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics in Cell
• Constraining the Stellar Masses and Origin of the Protostellar VLA 1623 System
• Growth of a Protostar and a Young Circumstellar Disk with High Mass Accretion Rate onto the Disk
• The formation of planets by disc fragmentation