Tracing the Mass during Low-Mass Star Formation. II. Modelling the Submillimeter Emission from Pre-Protostellar Cores

Abstract

We have modeled the emission from dust in pre-protostellar cores, including a self-consistent calculation of the temperature distribution for each input density distribution. Model density distributions include Bonnor-Ebert spheres and power laws. The Bonnor-Ebert spheres fit the data well for all three cores we have modeled. The dust temperatures decline to very low values ($\Td \sim 7$ K) in the centers of these cores, strongly affecting the dust emission. Compared to earlier models that assume constant dust temperatures, our models indicate higher central densities and smaller regions of relatively constant density. Indeed, for L1544, a power-law density distribution, similar to that of a singular, isothermal sphere, cannot be ruled out. For the three sources modeled herein, there seems to be a sequence of increasing central condensation, from L1512 to L1689B to L1544. The two denser cores, L1689B and L1544, have spectroscopic evidence for contraction, suggesting an evolutionary sequence for pre-protostellar cores.

22 pages, 9 figures, Ap. J. accepted, uses emulateapj5.sty

References in corpus (1)

• The dust temperature distribution in prestellar cores

Cited by in corpus (261)

• Star Formation in the Milky Way and Nearby Galaxies
• The James Webb Space Telescope
• The Spitzer c2d Legacy Results: Star Formation Rates and Efficiencies; Evolution and Lifetimes
• Cold Dark Clouds: The Initial Conditions for Star Formation
• MAMBO Mapping of Spitzer c2d Small Clouds and Cores
• Dense Cores in Dark Clouds. XIV. N2H+(1-0) maps of dense cloud cores
• Systematic Molecular Differentiation in Starless Cores
• Our astrochemical heritage
• Probing the evolutionary status of starless cores through N2H+ and N2D+ observations
• Bolocam Survey for 1.1 mm Dust Continuum Emission in the c2d Legacy Clouds. I. Perseus
• Physical structure and CO abundance of low-mass protostellar envelopes
• The Physical Conditions for Massive Star Formation: Dust Continuum Maps and Modeling
• The Mass Distribution and Lifetime of Prestellar Cores in Perseus, Serpens, and Ophiuchus
• Observing the gas temperature drop in the high-density nucleus of L 1544
• The stellar mass spectrum from non-isothermal gravoturbulent fragmentation
• Star formation in Perseus - V. Outflows detected by HARP
• Identifying the Low Luminosity Population of Embedded Protostars in the c2d Observations of Clouds and Cores
• Molecular Inventories and Chemical Evolution of Low-mass Protostellar Envelopes
• The relation between gas and dust in the Taurus Molecular Cloud
• Bolocam Survey for 1.1 mm Dust Continuum Emission in the c2d Legacy Clouds. II. Ophiuchus
• Gravitational waves from instabilities in relativistic stars
• SCUBA Polarization Measurements of the Magnetic Field Strengths in the L183, L1544, and L43 Prestellar Cores
• Evidence of Cosmic Evolution of the Stellar Initial Mass Function
• The Herschel Orion Protostar Survey: Spectral Energy Distributions and Fits Using a Grid of Protostellar Models
• The initial conditions of isolated star formation - VI. SCUBA mapping of prestellar cores
• The Effect of Line of Sight Temperature Variation and Noise on Dust Continuum Observations
• Molecular Evolution in Collapsing Prestellar Cores III: Contraction of A Bonnor-Ebert Sphere
• Abundant H2D+ in the pre-stellar core L1544
• On the internal structure of starless cores. II. A molecular survey of L1498 and L1517B
• Resolving the Luminosity Problem in Low-Mass Star Formation
• Evolutionary Signatures in the Formation of Low-Mass Protostars. II. Towards Reconciling Models and Observations
• Evolution of Chemistry and Molecular Line Profile during Protostellar Collapse
• Comparing Star Formation on Large Scales in the c2d Legacy Clouds: Bolocam 1.1 mm Dust Continuum Surveys of Serpens, Perseus, and Ophiuchus
• Fragmentation and mass segregation in the massive dense cores of Cygnus X
• A "Starless" Core that Isn't: Detection of a Source in the L1014 Dense Core with the Spitzer Space Telescope
• A census of dense cores in the Aquila cloud complex: SPIRE/PACS observations from the Herschel Gould Belt survey
• Dynamics and Depletion in Thermally Supercritical Starless Cores
• Molecular ions in L1544. I. Kinematics
• Tracing the Mass during Low-Mass Star Formation. III. Models of the Submillimeter Dust Continuum Emission from Class 0 Protostars
• The Degree of CO Depletion in Pre-stellar Cores
• The Lifetimes and Evolution of Molecular Cloud Cores
• The earliest phases of star formation - A Herschel key project. The thermal structure of low-mass molecular cloud cores
• The Spitzer c2d Survey of Nearby Dense Cores: II: Discovery of a Low Luminosity Object in the "Evolved Starless Core" L1521F
• Chains of dense cores in the Taurus L1495/B213 complex
• Galactic cold cores III. General cloud properties
• Survey of ortho-H2D+(1_{1,0}-1_{1,1}) in dense cloud cores
• Reconstructing the density and temperature structure of prestellar cores from $Herschel$ data: A case study for B68 and L1689B
• Shedding light on the formation of the pre-biotic molecule formamide with ASAI
• Evolutionary Signatures in the Formation of Low-Mass Protostars
• Near Infrared Imaging Survey of Bok Globules: Density Structure
• HI Narrow Self-Absorption in Dark Clouds: Correlations with Molecular Gas and Implications for Cloud Evolution and Star Formation
• Multilayer formation and evaporation of deuterated ices in prestellar and protostellar cores
• A census of dense cores in the Taurus L1495 cloud from the Herschel Gould Belt Survey
• Desorption From Interstellar Ices
• Current Star Formation in the Perseus Molecular Cloud: Constraints from Unbiased Submillimeter and Mid-Infrared Surveys
• The Earliest Phases of Star Formation (EPoS): A Herschel Key Program - The precursors to high-mass stars and clusters
• The structure and stability of molecular cloud cores in external radiation fields
• The Different Structures of the Two Classes of Starless Cores
• Tracing the Mass during Low-Mass Star Formation, IV: Observations and Modeling of the Submillimeter Continuum Emission from Class I Protostars
• Dynamic cores in hydrostatic disguise
• The Virial Balance of Clumps and Cores in Molecular Clouds
• Continuum Variability of Deeply Embedded Protostars as a Probe of Envelope Structure
• Fibers in the NGC1333 proto-cluster
• The dynamics of collapsing cores and star formation
• Luminosity Functions of Spitzer Identified Protostars in Nine Nearby Molecular Clouds
• The Spitzer c2d Survey of Nearby Dense Cores: I: First Direct Detection of the Embedded Source in IRAM 04191+1522
• Molecular Evolution in Collapsing Prestellar Cores II: The Effect of Grain-surface Reactions
• The Luminosities of Protostars in the Spitzer c2d and Gould Belt Legacy Clouds
• Chemistry and Dynamics in Pre-Protostellar Cores
• Observations of L1521F: a highly evolved starless core
• Probing Pre-Protosellar Cores with Formaldehyde
• The Earliest Phases of Star formation observed with Herschel (EPoS): The dust temperature and density distributions of B68
• The Hi-GAL compact source catalogue -- II. The 360° catalogue of clump physical properties
• Molecular freeze-out as a tracer of the thermal and dynamical evolution of pre- and protostellar cores
• Planck 2015 results. XXVIII. The Planck Catalogue of Galactic Cold Clumps
• Modeling the Physical Structure of the Low Density Pre-protostellar Core Lynds 1498
• A Candidate Detection of the First Hydrostatic Core
• The Distribution of Ortho-H_2D+(1_1,0 - 1_1,1) in L1544: Tracing the Deuteration Factory in Prestellar Cores
• Searching for massive pre--stellar cores through observations of N2H+ and N2D+
• Nitrogen superfractionation in dense cloud cores
• The solar type protostar IRAS16293-2422: new constraints on the physical structure
• Detection of Infall in the Protostar B335 with ALMA
• An analytic column density profile to fit prestellar cores
• The Envelope and Embedded Disk around the Class 0 Protostar L1157-mm: Dual-wavelength Interferometric Observations and Modeling
• The Thermal Structure of Gas in Pre-Stellar Cores: A Case Study of Barnard 68
• Tree-based solvers for adaptive mesh refinement code FLASH - I: gravity and optical depths
• Magnetic field evolution in Bok globules
• Prevalence of Complex Organic Molecules in Starless and Prestellar Cores within the Taurus Molecular Cloud
• Deuterated molecules as a probe of ionization fraction in dense interstellar clouds
• Quiescent Dense Gas in Protostellar Clusters: the Ophiuchus A Core
• Protostellar Collapse Induced by Compression
• Radiative Transfer and Starless Cores
• The degeneracy between dust colour temperature and spectral index. Comparison of methods for estimating the beta(T) relation
• Chemistry and Radiative Transfer of Water in Cold, Dense Clouds
• Monte Carlo Radiative Transfer in Embedded Prestellar Cores
• Modelling the dust emission from dense interstellar clouds: disentangling the effects of radiative transfer and dust properties
• The Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey -- III. Characterizing Physical Properties of Massive Star-Forming Regions in the Gemini OB1 Molecular Cloud
• Gas-phase CO depletion and N2H+ abundances in starless cores
• Dark cloud cores and gravitational decoupling from turbulent flows
• The G11.11-0.12 Infrared-Dark Cloud: Anomalous Dust and a Non-Magnetic Isothermal Model
• An ALMA Search for Substructure, Fragmentation, and Hidden Protostars in Starless Cores in Chamaeleon I
• Fragmentation and Evolution of Molecular Clouds. I: Algorithm and First Results
• The degeneracy between the dust colour temperature and the spectral index. The problem of multiple chi^2 minima
• The dust temperatures of the prestellar cores in the rho Oph main cloud and in other star forming regions: consequences for the core mass function
• Deep Near-Infrared Observations of L1014: Revealing the nature of the core and its embedded source
• The Spitzer c2d Survey of Nearby Dense Cores. V. Discovery of a VeLLO in the "Starless" Dense Core L328
• Protostar Formation in Supersonic Flows: Growth and Collapse of Spherical Cores
• Dust properties inside molecular clouds from coreshine modeling and observations
• Centrally Condensed Collapse of Starless Cores
• Modelling line emission of deuterated H_3^+ from prestellar cores
• TMC-1C: an accreting starless core
• Massive Quiescent Cores in Orion. I. Temperature Structure
• The effect of a strong external radiation field on protostellar envelopes in Orion
• Line profiles of molecular ions toward the pre-stellar core LDN 1544
• A Coupled Dynamical and Chemical Model of Starless Cores of Magnetized Molecular Clouds: I. Formulation and Initial Results
• SHARC-II Mapping of Spitzer c2d Small Clouds and Cores
• Oxygen isotope anomalies of the Sun and the original environment of the Solar system
• The Spitzer c2d Survey of Nearby Dense Cores. IX. Discovery of a Very Low Luminosity Object Driving a Molecular Outflow in the Dense Core L673-7
• Stellar Mass Spectra from Non-Isothermal Gravoturbulent Fragmentation
• Fragmentation and Evolution of Molecular Clouds. II: The Effect of Dust Heating
• The initial conditions of isolated star formation - VII. Spitzer mapping of pre-stellar cores
• Deuteration of ammonia in the starless core Ophiuchus/H-MM1
• Water vapor toward starless cores: the Herschel view
• Oscillations of starless cores
• The end of star formation in Chamaeleon I ? A LABOCA census of starless and protostellar cores
• Two Extreme Young Objects in Barnard 1-b
• Spitzer and HHT observations of starless cores: masses and environments
• The JCMT Gould Belt Survey: SCUBA-2 observations of radiative feedback in NGC1333
• Can we trace very cold dust from its emission alone ?
• The JCMT Gould Belt Survey: Evidence for Dust Grain Evolution in Perseus Star-forming Clumps
• Density and Temperature Structure of TMC-1C from 450 and 850 micron Maps
• Molecular gas freeze-out in the pre-stellar core L1689B
• Properties of Starless and Prestellar Cores in Taurus Revealed by Herschel SPIRE/PACS Imaging
• The JCMT Transient Survey: Detection of sub-mm variability in a Class I protostar EC 53 in Serpens Main
• Far-infrared Observations of the Very Low-Luminosity Embedded Source L1521F-IRS in the Taurus Star-Forming Region
• On The Gas Temperature of Molecular Cloud Cores
• Physical structure and water line spectrum predictions of the Intermediate Mass protostar OMC2-FIR4
• A Mid-Infrared Census of Star Formation Activity in Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey Sources
• Physical structure of the envelopes of intermediate-mass protostars
• Tracing the cold and warm physico-chemical structure of deeply embedded protostars: IRAS 16293-2422 versus VLA 1623-2417
• Gas and dust temperature in pre-stellar cores revisited: New limits on cosmic-ray ionization rate
• Protostar Mass Due to Infall and Dispersal
• The Detection and Characterization of cm Radio Continuum Emission from the Low-mass Protostar L1014-IRS
• Density Profiles in Molecular Cloud Cores Associated with High-Mass Star-Forming Regions
• Envelope Structure of Starless Core L694-2 Derived from a Near-Infrared Extinction Map
• Density profile evolution during prestellar core collapse: Collapse starts at the large scale
• Molecular Line Observations of Carbon-Chain-Producing Regions L1495B and L1521B
• Waterfalls around protostars: Infall motions towards Class 0/I envelopes as probed by water
• Rotation of the pre-stellar core L1689B
• A (sub)millimetre study of dense cores in Orion B9
• Molecular Emission Line Formation in Prestellar Cores
• Temperature structure and kinematics of the IRDC G035.39-00.33
• On the stability of non-isothermal Bonnor-Ebert spheres
• Massive Quiescent Cores in Orion. -- II. Core Mass Function
• Oscillations in the stable starless core Barnard 68
• Identification of prestellar cores in high-mass star forming clumps via ${\mathrm{H}}_2{\mathrm{D}}^{+}$ observations with ALMA
• Detection of 6 K gas in Ophiuchus D
• The Effect of Noise in Dust Emission Maps on the Derivation of Column Density, Temperature and Emissivity Spectral Index
• The Spitzer c2d Survey of Nearby Dense Cores XI : Infrared and Submillimeter Observations of CB130
• How to identify the youngest protostars
• Radiative Transfer modeling of EC 53: An Episodically Accreting Class I Young Stellar Object
• The dynamical state of the First Hydrostatic Core Candidate Cha-MMS1
• Monte Carlo radiative transfer in molecular cloud cores
• Abundances of Molecular Species in Barnard 68
• Non-Equilibrium Chemistry of Dynamically Evolving Prestellar Cores: I. Basic Magnetic and Non-Magnetic Models and Parameter Studies
• A Survey of CH2DOH Towards Starless and Prestellar Cores in the Taurus Molecular Cloud
• The census of dense cores in the Serpens region from the Herschel Gould Belt Survey
• Polarized dust emission of magnetized molecular cloud cores
• C18O Depletion in Starless Cores in Taurus
• Molecular line profiles as diagnostics of protostellar collapse: modelling the `blue asymmetry' in inside-out infall
• The Physical Properties of High-Mass Star-Forming Clumps: A Systematic Comparison of Molecular Tracers
• Constraining the structure of the non-spherical preprotostellar core L1544
• Dust-Dust Collisional Charging and Lightning in Protoplanetary Discs
• Radiative transfer models of non-spherical prestellar cores
• Binary and Multiple Star Formation in Magnetic Clouds: Bar Growth and Fragmentation
• Characterizing the line emission from molecular clouds. II. A comparative study of California, Perseus, and Orion A
• Earliest phases of star formation (EPoS): Dust temperature distributions in isolated starless cores
• The Modelling of InfraRed Dark Clouds
• Transition from Coherent Cores to Surrounding Cloud in L1688
• The Gas Temperature of Starless Cores in Perseus
• The dynamical influence of cooling in the envelope of prestellar and protostellar cores
• Initial conditions for star formation in clusters: physical and kinematical structure of the starless core Oph A-N6
• The Circumstellar Environment of the Early B Protostar G192.16-3.84 and the Discovery of a Low-Mass, Protostellar Core
• BIMA N2H+ 1-0 mapping observations of L183 -- fragmentation and spin-up in a collapsing, magnetized, rotating, pre-stellar core
• Continuum Observations at 350 Microns of High-Redshift Molecular Emission Line Galaxies
• Uncertainties and biases of source masses derived from fits of integrated fluxes or image intensities
• Non-Equilibrium Chemistry of Dynamically Evolving Prestellar Cores: II. Ionization and Magnetic Field
• A comparison of density structures of a star forming and a non-star-forming globule. DCld303.8-14.2 and Thumbprint Nebula
• Large-Scale CO Maps of the Lupus Molecular Cloud Complex
• Molecular Line Observations of the Small Protostellar Group L1251B
• Spitzer observations of a 24 micron shadow: Bok Globule CB190
• A 3D physico-chemical model of a pre-stellar core. I. Environmental and structural impact on the distribution of CH${}_3$OH and $c$-C${}_3$H${}_2$
• The Spectral Energy Distribution of Self-gravitating Interstellar Clouds I. Spheres
• Physical properties of accretion shocks toward the Class I protostellar system Oph-IRS 44
• Velocity distribution of collapsing starless cores, L694-2 and L1197
• Mid-J CO shock tracing observations of infrared dark clouds II Low-J CO constraints on excitation, depletion, and kinematics
• Molecular abundance ratios as a tracer of accelerated collapse in regions of high mass star formation?
• Intensity-Corrected Herschel Observations of Nearby Isolated Low-Mass Clouds
• Mapping the prestellar core Ophiuchus D (L1696A) in ammonia
• Nonaxisymmetric Evolution of Magnetically Subcritical Clouds: Bar Growth, Core Elongation, and Binary Formation
• Estimation of high-resolution dust column density maps. Comparison of modified black-body fits and radiative transfer modelling
• Submillimeter Studies of Prestellar Cores and Protostars: Probing the Initial Conditions for Protostellar Collapse
• Inner Structure of Starless Core L694--2 Derived from Millimeter-Wave Interferometry
• Star-forming gas in young clusters
• The Evolution of Cloud Cores and the Formation of Stars
• A centrally concentrated sub-solar mass starless core in the Taurus L1495 filamentary complex
• The Earliest Phases of Star formation (EPoS): Temperature, density, and kinematic structure of the star-forming core CB 17
• The initial conditions of high-mass star formation: radiative transfer models of IRDCs seen in the Herschel Hi-GAL survey
• Enrichment of the dust-to-gas mass ratio in Bondi/Jeans accretion/cloud systems due to unequal changes in dust and gas incoming velocities
• The Spitzer c2d Survey of Nearby Dense Cores VII: Chemistry and Dynamics in L43
• Ice mantles on dust grains: dramatic variation of thickness with grain size
• Physical and Chemical Structure of the Disk and Envelope of the Class 0/I Protostar L1527
• An observational survey of molecular emission ahead of Herbig-Haro objects
• The effect of multilayer ice chemistry on gas-phase deuteration in starless cores
• Herschel dust emission as a probe of starless cores mass: MCLD 123.5+24.9 of the Polaris Flare
• Role of environment and gas temperature in the formation of multiple protostellar systems: molecular tracers
• A correlation between chemistry, polarization and dust properties in the Pipe Nebula starless core FeSt 1-457
• On the stability of non-isothermal Bonnor-Ebert spheres. II. The effect of gas temperature on the stability
• ALMA-IMF XVI: Mass-averaged temperature of cores and protostellar luminosities in the ALMA-IMF protoclusters
• Cosmic history of integrated galactic stellar initial mass function : a simulation study
• From Filaments to Oscillating Starless Cores
• On the stability of nonisothermal Bonnor-Ebert spheres. III. The role of chemistry in core stabilization
• The Role of Non-ionizing Radiation Pressure in Star Formation: The Stability of Cores and Filaments
• 3D Radiative Transfer Modelling and Virial Analysis of Starless Cores in the B10 Region of the Taurus Molecular Cloud
• Modified Bonnor-Ebert spheres with ambipolar diffusion heating
• The Green Bank Ammonia Survey: Unveiling the Dynamics of the Barnard 59 star-forming Clump
• The Equilibrium Structure of Prolate Magnetized Molecular Cores
• A submillimeter search for pre- and proto-brown dwarfs in Chamaeleon II
• "Dust, Ice, and Gas In Time" (DIGIT) Herschel Observations of GSS30-IRS1 in Ophiuchus
• A Catalog of Low-Mass Star-Forming Cores Observed with SHARC-II at 350 microns
• ALMA observations of the early stages of substellar formation in the Lupus 1 and 3 molecular clouds
• Molecular Line Profiles of Collapsing Gas Clouds
• Dynamical timescale of precollapse evolution inferred from chemical distribution in the Taurus Molecular Cloud-1 (TMC-1) filament
• On the internal dynamics of starless cores: stability of starless cores with internal motions and collapse dynamics
• Cold Dust in Hot Regions
• Effect of stochastic grain heating on cold dense clouds chemistry
• Observational studies of pre-stellar cores and infrared dark clouds
• The Sensitivity of Infall Molecular Line Profiles to the Ambient Radiation Field
• MHD simulations of dense core collision
• Geometry-Independent Determination of Radial Density Distributions in Molecular Cloud Cores and Other Astronomical Objects
• Effects of clumping on temperature I: externally heated clouds
• Nobeyama Survey of Inward Motions toward Cores in Orion Identified by SCUBA-2
• Turbulent Fragmentation and Star Formation
• Detectability of deuterated water in prestellar cores
• The HP2 Survey - IV. The Pipe nebula: Effective dust temperatures in dense cores
• Dust properties of the dark cloud IC5146 - Submillimeter and NIR imaging
• The JCMT Gould Belt Survey: radiative heating by OB stars
• Radiative Transfer in Prestellar Cores: A Monte Carlo Approach
• Extended and Compact Ortho-H${}_2$D${}^{+}$ Structures Close to the Moment of Star-Formation: Evidence from ALMA-ACA Observations in Taurus
• Mass estimates for very cold (< 8 K) gas in molecular cloud cores
• ALMA Datacubes and Continuum Maps of the Irradiated Western Wall in Carina
• The JCMT Gould Belt Survey Complete Core Catalogue: Core mass function variations between nearby molecular clouds
• Understanding the IMF
• Hunting pre-stellar cores with APEX: overview
• Chemical constraints on the dynamical evolution of the cold core L694
• Observational characteristics of dense cores with deeply embedded young protostars
• Estimation of high-resolution dust column density maps: Empirical model fits
• The Power of SOFIA/FORCAST in Estimating Internal Luminosities of Low Mass Class 0/I Protostars
• Why do some cores remain starless ?
• Collapsing Index: A New Method to Identify Star-forming Cores Based on ALMA Images
• Formation of Stellar Clusters and the Importance of Thermodynamics for Fragmentation