Multilayer formation and evaporation of deuterated ices in prestellar and protostellar cores

Abstract

Extremely large deuteration of several molecules has been observed towards prestellar cores and low-mass protostars for a decade. New observations performed towards low-mass protostars suggest that water presents a lower deuteration in the warm inner gas than in the cold external envelope. We coupled a gas-grain astrochemical model with a one-dimension model of collapsing core to properly follow the formation and the deuteration of interstellar ices as well as their subsequent evaporation in the low-mass protostellar envelopes with the aim of interpreting the spatial and temporal evolutions of their deuteration. The astrochemical model follows the formation and the evaporation of ices with a multilayer approach and also includes a state-of-the-art deuterated chemical network by taking the spin states of H${}_2$ and light ions into account. Because of their slow formation, interstellar ices are chemically heterogeneous and show an increase of their deuterium fractionation towards the surface. The differentiation of the deuteration in ices induces an evolution of the deuteration within protostellar envelopes. The warm inner region is poorly deuterated because it includes the whole molecular content of ices while the deuteration predicted in the cold external envelope scales with the highly deuterated surface of ices. We are able to reproduce the observed evolution of water deuteration within protostellar envelopes but we are still unable to predict the super-high deuteration observed for formaldehyde and methanol. Finally, the extension of this study to the deuteration of complex organics (COMs), important for the prebiotic chemistry, shows a good agreement with the observations, suggesting that we can use the deuteration to retrace their mechanisms and their moments of formation.

arXiv comment22 pages, 11 figures. Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal

References in corpus (86)

• The Spitzer c2d Legacy Results: Star Formation Rates and Efficiencies; Evolution and Lifetimes
• Complex Chemistry in Star-Forming Regions: An Expanded Gas-Grain Warm-up Chemical Model
• A KInetic Database for Astrochemistry (KIDA)
• Systematic Molecular Differentiation in Starless Cores
• The Spitzer ice legacy: Ice evolution from cores to protostars
• Rapid Formation of Molecular Clouds and Stars in the Solar Neighborhood
• Formation rates of complex organics in UV irradiated CH3OH-rich ices I: Experiments
• Non-thermal desorption from interstellar dust grains via exothermic surface reactions
• A three-phase chemical model of hot cores: the formation of glycine
• Evolution of Massive Protostars with High Accretion Rates
• Self-similarity and scaling behavior of IR emission from radiatively heated dust: I. Theory
• Tracing the Mass during Low-Mass Star Formation. II. Modelling the Submillimeter Emission from Pre-Protostellar Cores
• Molecular Hydrogen Formation on Astrophysically Relevant Surfaces
• The Mass Distribution and Lifetime of Prestellar Cores in Perseus, Serpens, and Ophiuchus
• Thermal Desorption of Water-Ice in the Interstellar Medium
• Observing the gas temperature drop in the high-density nucleus of L 1544
• Polycylcic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH's) in dense cloud chemistry
• Structure and Evolution of the Envelopes of Deeply Embedded Massive Young Stars
• On the Formation of CO2 and Other Interstellar Ices
• Molecular Inventories and Chemical Evolution of Low-mass Protostellar Envelopes
• Simulation of the Formation and Morphology of Ice Mantles on Interstellar Grains
• Water in star-forming regions with Herschel (WISH): II. Evolution of 557 GHz 110-101 emission in low-mass protostars
• First detection of triply-deuterated methanol
• A Survey for Infall Motions toward Starless Cores. II. $CS(2-1)$ and $N_2{H}^{+}(1-0)$ Mapping Observations
• Complete Depletion in prestellar cores
• Complex molecules in the hot core of the low mass protostar NGC1333-IRAS4A
• Molecular Evolution in Collapsing Prestellar Cores
• Detection of doubly-deuterated methanol in the solar-type protostar IRAS16293-2422
• Desorption rates and sticking coefficients for CO and N2 interstellar ices
• A Survey for Infall Motions toward Starless Cores. I. CS (2-1) and N${}_2$H${}^{+}$ (1-0) Observations
• Evolution of Chemistry and Molecular Line Profile during Protostellar Collapse
• Hot corinos in NGC1333-IRAS4B and IRAS2A
• Chemical modeling of L183 (= L134N) : an estimate of the ortho/para H2 ratio
• Dynamics and Depletion in Thermally Supercritical Starless Cores
• Photodesorption of water ice: a molecular dynamics study
• The importance of the ortho:para H2 ratio for the deuteration of molecules during pre-protostellar collapse
• An empirical model for protostellar collapse
• Testing grain surface chemistry : a survey of deuterated formaldehyde and methanol in low-mass Class 0 protostars
• CO ice photodesorption: A wavelength-dependent study
• Multilayer modeling of porous grain surface chemistry I. The GRAINOBLE model
• TIMASSS: The IRAS16293-2422 Millimeter And Submillimeter Spectral Survey. I. Observations, calibration and analysis of the line kinematics
• Molecular Excitation and Differential Gas-Phase Depletions in the IC 5146 Dark Cloud
• The H2CO abundance in the inner warm regions of low mass protostellar envelopes
• Ice and Dust in the Quiescent Medium of Isolated Dense Cores
• A Unified Monte Carlo Treatment of Gas-Grain Chemistry for Large Reaction Networks. II. A Multiphase Gas-Surface-Layered Bulk Model
• A study of deuterated water in the low-mass protostar IRAS16293-2422
• The formation of active protoclusters in the Aquila Rift: A millimeter continuum view
• Triply deuterated ammonia in NGC 1333
• From Prestellar to Protostellar Cores II. Time Dependence and Deuterium Fractionation
• Molecular oxygen in the rho Ophiuchi cloud
• Observational Constraints on the Ages of Molecular Clouds and the Star-Formation Timescale: Ambipolar-Diffusion--Controlled or Turbulence-Induced Star Formation?
• Interstellar deuterated ammonia: From NH3 to ND3
• Thermal desorption characteristics of CO, O2 and CO2 on non-porous water, crystalline water and silicate surfaces at sub-monolayer and multilayer coverages
• The initial conditions of isolated star formation. V: ISOPHOT imaging and the temperature and energy balance of pre-stellar cores
• The first ALMA view of IRAS 16293-2422: Direct detection of infall onto source B and high-resolution kinematics of source A
• The structure and stability of molecular cloud cores in external radiation fields
• Desorption of CO and O2 interstellar ice analogs
• Interstellar chemistry of nitrogen hydrides in dark clouds
• Atomic Deuterium/Hydrogen in the Galaxy
• First detection of doubly deuterated hydrogen sulfide
• Water formation at low temperatures by surface O2 hydrogenation I: characterization of ice penetration
• Multi-line detection of O2 toward rho Oph A
• New extended deuterium fractionation model: assessment at dense ISM conditions and sensitivity analysis
• Formaldehyde and methanol deuteration in protostars: fossiles from a past fast high density pre-collapse phase
• Chemo-dynamical deuterium fractionation in the early solar nebula: The origin of water on Earth and in asteroids and comets
• Water ice deuteration: a tracer of the chemical history of protostars
• Wavelength-dependent UV photodesorption of pure N2 and O2 ices
• Water in Protoplanetary Disks: Deuteration and Turbulent Mixing
• Nitrogen hydrides and the H2 ortho-to-para ratio in dark clouds
• The deuterium fractionation of water on solar-system scales in deeply-embedded low-mass protostars
• HDO abundance in the envelope of the solar-type protostar IRAS16293-2422
• A Survey For Infall Motions Toward Starless Cores. III. CS (3-2) and DCO+(2-1) Observations
• Interstellar ices as witnesses of star formation: selective deuteration of water and organic molecules unveiled
• HD depletion in starless cores
• Warm water deuterium fractionation in IRAS 16293-2422 - The high-resolution ALMA and SMA view
• How to Identify Pre-Protostellar Cores
• Deuterated formaldehyde in rho Ophiuchi A
• Water deuterium fractionation in the low-mass protostar NGC1333-IRAS2A
• Deuterated water in the solar-type protostars NGC 1333 IRAS 4A and IRAS 4B
• Waterfalls around protostars: Infall motions towards Class 0/I envelopes as probed by water
• Hot water in the inner 100 AU of the Class 0 protostar NGC1333 IRAS2A
• Water deuterium fractionation in the inner regions of two solar type protostars
• Warm gas phase chemistry as possible origin of high HDO/H2O ratios in hot and dense gases: application to inner protoplanetary discs
• Heavy water stratification in a low-mass protostar
• TIMASSS : The IRAS16293-2422 Millimeter And Submillimeter Spectral Survey: Tentative Detection of Deuterated Methyl Formate (DCOOCH3)
• Radial molecular abundances and gas cooling in starless cores

Cited by in corpus (92)

• The ALMA Protostellar Interferometric Line Survey (PILS): First results from an unbiased submillimeter wavelength line survey of the Class 0 protostellar binary IRAS 16293-2422 with ALMA
• Formation of complex organic molecules in cold objects: the role of gas phase reactions
• Astrochemistry During the Formation of Stars
• The ALMA-PILS survey: Isotopic composition of oxygen-containing complex organic molecules toward IRAS 16293-2422B
• Constraining the abundances of complex organics in the inner regions of solar-type protostars
• Exploring Molecular Complexity with ALMA (EMoCA): Deuterated complex organic molecules in Sagittarius B2(N2)
• Cometary Chemistry and the Origin of Icy Solar System Bodies, the view after Rosetta
• Formation of complex organic molecules in hot molecular cores through nondiffusive grain-surface and ice-mantle chemistry
• Water in star-forming regions (WISH): Physics and chemistry from clouds to disks as probed by Herschel spectroscopy
• Formation of Complex Organic Molecules in Cold Interstellar Environments through non-diffusive grain-surface and ice-mantle chemistry
• Formation and recondensation of complex organic molecules during protostellar luminosity outbursts
• CORINOS I: JWST/MIRI Spectroscopy and Imaging of a Class 0 protostar IRAS 15398-3359
• Complex organic molecules in low-mass protostars on solar system scales -- I. Oxygen-bearing species
• An infrared measurement of chemical desorption from interstellar ice analogues
• Benchmarking spin-state chemistry in starless core models
• Water deuteration and ortho-to-para nuclear spin ratio of H2 in molecular clouds formed via the accumulation of HI gas
• Reconstructing the history of water ice formation from HDO/H2O and D2O/HDO ratios in protostellar cores
• A primordial origin for molecular oxygen in comets: A chemical kinetics study of the formation and survival of O${}_2$ ice from clouds to disks
• The ALMA-PILS survey: Formaldehyde deuteration in warm gas on small scales toward IRAS 16293-2422 B
• Complex organic molecules in low-mass protostars on Solar System scales -- II. Nitrogen-bearing species
• Water delivery from cores to disks: deuteration as a probe of the prestellar inheritance of H2O
• Why does ammonia not freeze out in the center of pre-stellar cores?
• The composition of the protosolar disk and the formation conditions for comets
• Water and acetaldehyde in HH212: The first hot corino in Orion
• Decrease of the organic deuteration during the evolution of Sun-like protostars: the case of SVS13-A
• The ALMA-PILS survey: The first detection of doubly-deuterated methyl formate (CHD2OCHO) in the ISM
• Prestellar grain-surface origins of deuterated methanol in comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko
• Chemical Variation among Protostellar Cores: Dependence on Prestellar Core Conditions
• High D${}_2$O/HDO ratio in the inner regions of the low-mass protostar NGC1333 IRAS2A
• The evolution of grain mantles and silicate dust growth at high redshift
• Low levels of methanol deuteration in the high-mass star-forming region NGC 6334I
• The detection of a hot molecular core in the extreme outer Galaxy
• Depletion of heavy nitrogen in the cold gas of star-forming regions
• Chemical Segregation in Hot Cores With Disk Candidates: An investigation with ALMA
• Seeds of Life in Space (SOLIS). VI. Chemical evolution of sulfuretted species along the outflows driven by the low-mass protostellar binary NGC1333-IRAS4A
• ALMA observations of water deuteration: A physical diagnostic of the formation of protostars
• Interferometric observations of warm deuterated methanol in the inner regions of low-mass protostars
• Deuterated methanol on Solar System scale around the HH212 protostar
• Water deuterium fractionation in the high-mass star-forming region G34.26+0.15 based on Herschel/HIFI data
• JWST observations of ${}^{13}$CO${}_2$ ice: Tracing the chemical environment and thermal history of ices in protostellar envelopes
• X-ray induced chemistry of water and related molecules in low-mass protostellar envelopes
• Hydrogen isotope exchanges between water and methanol in interstellar ices
• A novel framework to study the impact of binding energy distributions on the chemistry of dust grains
• Organic chemistry in the protosolar analogue HOPS-108: Environment matters
• A Survey of CH2DOH Towards Starless and Prestellar Cores in the Taurus Molecular Cloud
• Chemical survey of Class I protostars with the IRAM-30m
• JWST detections of amorphous and crystalline HDO ice toward massive protostars
• Efficient methanol production on the dark side of a prestellar core
• Successive deuteration in low-mass star-forming regions: the case of D${}_2$-methanol (CHD${}_2$OH) in IRAS 16293-2422
• ALMA Survey of Orion Planck Galactic Cold Clumps (ALMASOP): I. Detection of New Hot Corinos with ACA
• Methanol deuteration in high-mass protostars
• The efficiency of photodissociation for molecules in interstellar ices
• Sulphur-rich cold gas around the hot core precursor G328.2551-0.5321. An APEX unbiased spectral survey of the 2 mm, 1.2 mm, and 0.8 mm atmospheric windows
• Quantifying the chemical desorption of H${}_2$S and PH${}_3$ from amorphous water ice surfaces
• A cryogenic ice setup to simulate carbon atom reactions in interstellar ices
• Imaging the water snowline in a protostellar envelope with H${}^{13}$CO${}^{+}$
• A Revised Description of the Cosmic Ray-Induced Desorption of Interstellar Ices
• H2CS deuteration maps towards the pre-stellar core L1544
• Rotational spectroscopy of mono-deuterated oxirane ($c$-C${}_2$H${}_3$DO) and its detection towards IRAS 16293$-$2422 B
• A 3D physico-chemical model of a pre-stellar core. I. Environmental and structural impact on the distribution of CH${}_3$OH and $c$-C${}_3$H${}_2$
• The connection between warm carbon chain chemistry and interstellar irradiation of star-forming cores
• Tracing the atomic nitrogen abundance in star-forming regions with ammonia deuteration
• Enhanced formation of interstellar complex organic molecules on carbon monoxide ice
• Rotational and rovibrational spectroscopy of CD${}_3$OH with an account of CD${}_3$OH toward IRAS 16293$-$2422
• ALMA Observations of the IRDC Clump G34.43+00.24 MM3: DNC/HNC Ratio
• H${}_2$ ortho-para spin conversion on inhomogeneous grain surfaces
• A D/H Ratio Consistent with Earth's Water in Halley-type Comet 12P from ALMA HDO Mapping
• The effect of multilayer ice chemistry on gas-phase deuteration in starless cores
• Millimetre and sub-millimetre spectroscopy of doubly deuterated acetaldehyde (CHD2CHO) and first detection towards IRAS 16293-2422
• First detection of CHD${}_2$OH towards pre-stellar cores
• Rotational spectroscopy of oxirane-\textit{2,2}-$d_2$, $c$-CD${}_2$CH${}_2$O, and its tentative detection toward IRAS 16293$-$2422~B
• Deuterium chemistry and D/H ratios in Class 0/I proto-brown dwarfs
• Detectability of deuterated water in prestellar cores
• Investigation of the rotational spectrum of CD${}_3$OD and an astronomical search toward IRAS 16293$-$2422
• A multigrain-multilayer astrochemical model with variable desorption energy for surface species
• The first interferometric measurements of NH${}_2$D/NH${}_3$ ratio in hot corinos
• Exploring molecular complexity in the Galactic Center with ALMA
• Analysis of Low Excitation HDO Transitions Toward the High-Mass Star-forming Regions G34.26+0.15, W51e${}_1$/e${}_2$, and W49N
• Low-temperature chemistry between water and hydroxyl radicals: H/D isotopic effects
• Isotopic fractionation in interstellar molecules
• A survey of HDCO and D${}_2$CO towards Class 0/I proto-brown dwarfs
• Physicochemical models: source-tailored or generic?
• Dust temperature and time-dependent effects in the chemistry of photodissociation regions
• On the origin of O${}_2$ and other volatile species in comets
• Broadband infrared spectroscopy of methanol isotopologues in pure, H2O-rich, and CO-rich ice analogues
• Protostellar Interferometric Line Survey of the Cygnus-X region (PILS-Cygnus) -- The role of the external environment in setting the chemistry of protostars
• Imaging the water snowline in protostellar envelopes
• Deuterated forms of H${}_3^{+}$ and their importance in astrochemistry
• Isotopomer-Specific Carbon Isotope Ratio of Complex Organic Molecules in Star-Forming Cores
• Modeling the UV-photon irradiation of CS${}_2$-bearing ices in the laboratory with the pyRate gas-grain astrochemical code. New insights into the missing sulfur problem
• On the Formation of Deuterated Methyl Formate in Hot Corinos
• Survival of Molecular Complexity under Recent Supernova Feedback: Detection of Hot Cores in RX J1713.7-3946