Tracing the Mass during Low-Mass Star Formation. III. Models of the Submillimeter Dust Continuum Emission from Class 0 Protostars

Abstract

Seven Class 0 sources mapped with SCUBA at 850 and 450 micron are modeled using a one dimensional radiative transfer code. The modeling takes into account heating from an internal protostar, heating from the ISRF, realistic beam effects, and chopping to model the normalized intensity profile and spectral energy distribution. Power law density models, n(r) ~ r^{-p}, fit all of the sources; best fit values are mostly p = 1.8 +/- 0.1, but two sources with aspherical emission contours have lower values (p ~ 1.1). Including all sources, <p> = 1.63 +/- 0.33. Based on studies of the sensitivity of the best-fit p to variations in other input parameters, uncertainties in p for an envelope model are Δp = +/- 0.2. If an unresolved source (e.g., a disk) contributes 70% of the flux at the peak, p is lowered in this extreme case and Δp = ^{+0.2}_{-0.6}. The models allow a determination of the internal luminosity (<L_{int}> = 4.0 \lsun) of the central protostar as well as a characteristic dust temperature for mass determination (<T_{iso}> = 13.8 +/- 2.4 K). We find that heating from the ISRF strongly affects the shape of the dust temperature profile and the normalized intensity profile, but does not contribute strongly to the overall bolometric luminosity of Class 0 sources. There is little evidence for variation in the dust opacity as a function of distance from the central source. The data are well-fitted by dust opacities for coagulated dust grains with ice mantles (Ossenkopf & Henning 1994). The density profile from an inside-out collapse model (Shu 1977) does not fit the data well, unless the infall radius is set so small as to make the density nearly a power-law.

Accepted to ApJ. 28 pages, 13 figures, uses emulateapj5.sty

References in corpus (6)

• Tracing the Mass during Low-Mass Star Formation. II. Modelling the Submillimeter Emission from Pre-Protostellar Cores
• The Physical Conditions for Massive Star Formation: Dust Continuum Maps and Modeling
• Tracing the Mass during Low-Mass Star Formation. I. Submillimeter Continuum Observations
• Structure of Protostellar Collapse Candidate B335 Derived from Near-Infrared Extinction Maps
• Completion of a SCUBA survey of Lynds dark clouds and implications for low-mass star formation
• Interferometric observation of the L483 molecular core

Cited by in corpus (123)

• Properties of the Youngest Protostars in Perseus, Serpens, and Ophiuchus
• Bolocam Survey for 1.1 mm Dust Continuum Emission in the c2d Legacy Clouds. I. Perseus
• The Physical Conditions for Massive Star Formation: Dust Continuum Maps and Modeling
• The Mass Distribution and Lifetime of Prestellar Cores in Perseus, Serpens, and Ophiuchus
• Identifying the Low Luminosity Population of Embedded Protostars in the c2d Observations of Clouds and Cores
• PROSAC: A Submillimeter Array Survey of Low-Mass Protostars. I. Overview of Program: Envelopes, Disks, Outflows and Hot Cores
• Molecular Inventories and Chemical Evolution of Low-mass Protostellar Envelopes
• PROSAC: A Submillimeter Array survey of low-mass protostars. II. The mass evolution of envelopes, disks, and stars from the Class 0 through I stages
• Bolocam Survey for 1.1 mm Dust Continuum Emission in the c2d Legacy Clouds. II. Ophiuchus
• The Herschel Orion Protostar Survey: Spectral Energy Distributions and Fits Using a Grid of Protostellar Models
• A CS J=5-4 Mapping Survey Towards High-mass Star Forming Cores Associated with Water Masers
• Evolutionary Signatures in the Formation of Low-Mass Protostars. II. Towards Reconciling Models and Observations
• Evolution of Chemistry and Molecular Line Profile during Protostellar Collapse
• Comparing Star Formation on Large Scales in the c2d Legacy Clouds: Bolocam 1.1 mm Dust Continuum Surveys of Serpens, Perseus, and Ophiuchus
• A "Starless" Core that Isn't: Detection of a Source in the L1014 Dense Core with the Spitzer Space Telescope
• The earliest phases of star formation - A Herschel key project. The thermal structure of low-mass molecular cloud cores
• Characterizing young protostellar disks with the CALYPSO IRAM-PdBI survey: large Class 0 disks are rare
• Evolutionary Signatures in the Formation of Low-Mass Protostars
• Probing the inner 200 AU of low-mass protostars with the Submillimeter Array: Dust and organic molecules in NGC1333-IRAS2A
• Molecular Outflows Driven by Low-Mass Protostars. I. Correcting for Underestimates When Measuring Outflow Masses and Dynamical Properties
• Current Star Formation in the Perseus Molecular Cloud: Constraints from Unbiased Submillimeter and Mid-Infrared Surveys
• The Different Structures of the Two Classes of Starless Cores
• Tracing the Mass during Low-Mass Star Formation, IV: Observations and Modeling of the Submillimeter Continuum Emission from Class I Protostars
• N2H+(1-0) survey of massive molecular cloud cores
• The Virial Balance of Clumps and Cores in Molecular Clouds
• The Spitzer c2d Survey of Nearby Dense Cores: I: First Direct Detection of the Embedded Source in IRAM 04191+1522
• Molecular freeze-out as a tracer of the thermal and dynamical evolution of pre- and protostellar cores
• APEX-CHAMP+ high-J CO observations of low-mass young stellar objects: III. NGC 1333 IRAS 4A/4B envelope, outflow and UV heating
• Imaging chemical differentiation around the low-mass protostar L483-mm
• Astrochemistry of Sub-Millimeter Sources in Orion: Studying the Variations of Molecular Tracers with Changing Physical Conditions
• Modeling the Physical Structure of the Low Density Pre-protostellar Core Lynds 1498
• Observational Constraints on Submillimeter Dust Opacity
• The solar type protostar IRAS16293-2422: new constraints on the physical structure
• Molecule sublimation as a tracer of protostellar accretion: Evidence for accretion bursts from high angular resolution C18O images
• BLAST: The Mass Function, Lifetimes, and Properties of Intermediate Mass Cores from a 50 Square Degree Submillimeter Galactic Survey in Vela (l = ~265)
• The Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey V: HCO+ and N2H+ Spectroscopy of 1.1 mm Dust Continuum Sources
• No Keplerian Disk >10 AU around the Protostar B335: Magnetic Braking or Young Age?
• On the origin of H2CO abundance enhancements in low-mass protostars
• B335: A Laboratory for Astrochemistry in a Collapsing Cloud
• Spitzer Observations of Bok Globule B335: Isolated Star Formation Efficiency and Cloud Structure
• Radiative Transfer and Starless Cores
• The structure of the NGC1333-IRAS2 protostellar system on 500 AU scales: an infalling envelope, a circumstellar disk, multiple outflows, and chemistry
• Looking into the hearts of Bok globules: MM and submm continuum images of isolated star-forming cores
• The Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey -- III. Characterizing Physical Properties of Massive Star-Forming Regions in the Gemini OB1 Molecular Cloud
• Dark cloud cores and gravitational decoupling from turbulent flows
• Disk Properties and Density Structure of the Star-Forming Dense Core B335
• Formation of Massive Protostellar Clusters -- Observations of Massive 70 $\mu$m Dark Molecular Clouds
• The ALMA-PILS survey: 3D modeling of the envelope, disks and dust filament of IRAS 16293-2422
• SHARC-II Mapping of Spitzer c2d Small Clouds and Cores
• The Spitzer c2d Survey of Nearby Dense Cores. IX. Discovery of a Very Low Luminosity Object Driving a Molecular Outflow in the Dense Core L673-7
• Fragmentation and Evolution of Molecular Clouds. II: The Effect of Dust Heating
• Oscillations of starless cores
• The JCMT Gould Belt Survey: SCUBA-2 observations of radiative feedback in NGC1333
• Protostellar holes: Spitzer Space Telescope observations of the protostellar binary IRAS16293-2422
• Far-Infrared Spectral Energy Distributions of Embedded Protostars and Dusty Galaxies: I. Theory for Spherical Sources
• Inner Structure of Protostellar Collapse Candidate B335 Derived from Millimeter-Wave Interferometry
• Physical structure of the envelopes of intermediate-mass protostars
• A quantification of the non-spherical geometry and accretion of collapsing cores
• The Detection and Characterization of cm Radio Continuum Emission from the Low-mass Protostar L1014-IRS
• Density profile evolution during prestellar core collapse: Collapse starts at the large scale
• ALMA observations of water deuteration: A physical diagnostic of the formation of protostars
• ALMA observations of NGC 6334S $-$ I: Forming massive stars and cluster in subsonic and transonic filamentary clouds
• Unveiling the detailed density and velocity structures of the protostellar core B335
• The Spitzer c2d Survey of Large, Nearby, Interstellar Clouds. IV. Lupus Observed with MIPS
• How to identify the youngest protostars
• The Spitzer c2d Survey of Nearby Dense Cores XI : Infrared and Submillimeter Observations of CB130
• Radiative Transfer modeling of EC 53: An Episodically Accreting Class I Young Stellar Object
• The properties of SCUBA cores in the Perseus molecular cloud: the bias of clump-finding algorithms
• The Possibly Remnant Massive Outflow in G5.89-0.39: I - Observations and Initial MHD Simulations
• Molecular line profiles as diagnostics of protostellar collapse: modelling the `blue asymmetry' in inside-out infall
• The JCMT Gould Belt Survey: Evidence for radiative heating in Serpens MWC 297 and its influence on local star formation
• Water in Star and Planet Forming Regions
• Self-Similar Shocks in Polytropic Gas Flows around Star-Forming Regions
• Constraining the structure of the non-spherical preprotostellar core L1544
• The Class 0 Protostar BHR71: Herschel Observations and Dust Continuum Models
• MUSTANG 3.3 Millimeter Continuum Observations of Class 0 Protostars
• The Small-Scale Physical Structure and Fragmentation Difference of Two Embedded Intermediate Mass Protostars in Orion
• Protostellar accretion traced with chemistry: Comparing synthetic C18O maps of embedded protostars to real observations
• Large-scale numerical simulations of star formation put to the test: Comparing synthetic images and actual observations for statistical samples of protostars
• The Modelling of InfraRed Dark Clouds
• An analysis of the deuterium fractionation of star-forming cores in the Perseus molecular cloud
• Fragmentation and Kinematics of dense molecular cores in the filamentary infrared-dark cloud G011.11-0.12
• Models of Rotating Infall for the B335 Protostar
• The L723 low mass star forming protostellar system: resolving a double core
• The Circumstellar Environment of the Early B Protostar G192.16-3.84 and the Discovery of a Low-Mass, Protostellar Core
• FAUST IX. Multi-band, multi-scale dust study of L1527 IRS. Evidence for dust properties variations within the envelope of a Class 0/I YSO
• The JCMT Gould Belt Survey: Evidence for radiative heating and contamination in the W40 complex
• AMI radio continuum observations of young stellar objects with known outflows
• Tentative Detection of Deuterated Methane toward the Low-Mass Protostar IRAS 04368+2557 in L1527
• Very low-luminosity Class I/Flat outflow sources in sigma Orionis
• Constraining the magnetic field properties of Bok globule B335 using SOFIA/HAWC+
• Intensity-Corrected Herschel Observations of Nearby Isolated Low-Mass Clouds
• Depletion and fractionation of nitrogen in collapsing cores
• Interacting Jets from Binary Protostars
• Tracing the evolutionary stage of Bok globules: CCS and NH3
• JCMT POL-2 and ALMA polarimetric observations of 6000-100 au scales in the protostar B335: linking magnetic field and gas kinematics in observations and MHD simulations
• Starless Cloud Core L1517B in Envelope Expansion with Core Collapse
• Importance of source structure on complex organics emission III. Effect of disks around massive protostars
• Supersonic turbulence in the cold massive core JCMT 18354-0649S
• Inner Structure of Starless Core L694--2 Derived from Millimeter-Wave Interferometry
• The Evolution of Cloud Cores and the Formation of Stars
• A Parameter Study of the Dust and Gas Temperature in a Field of Young Stars
• The Spitzer c2d Survey of Nearby Dense Cores VII: Chemistry and Dynamics in L43
• Forming Protostars in Molecular Clouds with Shocked Envelope Expansion and Core Collapse
• Precessing Jet and Large Dust Grains in the V380 Ori NE Star-forming Region
• Increasing mass-to-flux ratio from the dense core to the protostellar envelope around the Class 0 protostar HH 211
• A multi-wavelength characterization of proto-brown dwarf candidates in Serpens
• Externally Fed Star Formation: A Numerical Study
• Molecular Line Profiles of Collapsing Gas Clouds
• FAUST XXVI. The dust opacity spectral indices of protostellar envelopes bridge the gap between interstellar medium and disks
• Fragmentation and Evolution of Molecular Clouds. III: The Effect of Dust and Gas Energetics
• The Spitzer c2d Survey of Nearby Dense Cores: VI. The Protostars of Lynds Dark Nebula 1221
• Linking High- and Low-Mass Star Formation: Observation-Based Continuum Modelling and Physical Conditions
• Externally Fed Accretion onto Protostars
• The SOFIA Massive (SOMA) Star Formation Q-band follow-up I. Carbon-chain chemistry of intermediate-mass protostars
• The nature of HH 223 from long-slit spectroscopy
• SABOCA 350-micron and LABOCA 870-micron dust continuum imaging of IRAS 05399-0121: mapping the dust properties of a pre- and protostellar core system
• Unified Models of Molecular Emission from Class 0 Protostellar Outflow Sources
• Radiation Forces on Dust Envelopes
• Variable protostellar mass accretion rates in cloud cores
• The origin of organic emission in NGC 2071
• Effect of FIR Fluxes on Constraining Properties of YSOs
• Observational characteristics of dense cores with deeply embedded young protostars