Models of Rotating Infall for the B335 Protostar

Abstract

Models of the protostellar source, B335, are developed using axisymmetric three-dimensional models to resolve conflicts found in one-dimensional models. The models are constrained by a large number of observations, including ALMA, Herschel, and Spitzer data. Observations of the protostellar source B335 with ALMA show red-shifted absorption against a central continuum source indicative of infall in the HCO${}^{+}$ and HCN $J=4\to 3$ transitions. The data are combined with a new estimate of the distance to provide strong constraints to three-dimensional radiative transfer models including a rotating, infalling envelope, outflow cavities, and a very small disk. The models favor ages since the initiation of collapse between $3\times 10^4$ and $4\times 10^4$ yr for both the continuum and the lines, resolving a conflict found in one-dimensional models. The models under-predict the continuum emission seen by ALMA, suggesting an additional component such as a pseudo-disk. The best-fitting model is used to convert variations in the 4.5 $\mu m$ flux in recent years into a model for a variation of a factor of 5-7 in luminosity over the last 8 years.

22 pages, 20 figures, in press ApJ

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Cited by in corpus (7)

• Early Planet Formation in Embedded Disks (eDisk). I. Overview of the Program and First Results
• Investigating Protostellar Accretion-Driven Outflows Across the Mass Spectrum: JWST NIRSpec IFU 3-5~$\mu$m Spectral Mapping of Five Young Protostars
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• Evolution of Chemistry in the envelope of Hot Corinos (ECHOS). I. Extremely young sulphur chemistry in the isolated Class 0 object B335
• Episodic infall towards a compact disk in B335?
• Can Protostellar Outflows Set Stellar Masses?