Mass Assembly of Stellar Systems and their Evolution with the SMA (MASSES) -- Full Data Release

Abstract

We present and release the full dataset for the Mass Assembly of Stellar Systems and their Evolution with the SMA (MASSES) survey. This survey used the Submillimeter Array (SMA) to image the 74 known protostars within the Perseus molecular cloud. The SMA was used in two array configurations to capture outflows for scales $>$30${}^{\prime \prime }$ ($>$9000 au) and to probe scales down to $\sim$1${}^{\prime \prime }$ ($\sim$300 au). The protostars were observed with the 1.3 mm and 850 $\mu$m receivers simultaneously to detect continuum at both wavelengths and molecular line emission from CO(2-1), ${}^{13}$CO(2-1), C${}^{18}$O(2-1), N${}_2$D${}^{+}$(3-2), CO(3-2), HCO${}^{+}$(4-3), and H${}^{13}$CO${}^{+}$(4-3). Some of the observations also used the SMA's recently upgraded correlator, SWARM, whose broader bandwidth allowed for several more spectral lines to be observed (e.g., SO, H${}_2$CO, DCO${}^{+}$, DCN, CS, CN). Of the main continuum and spectral tracers observed, 84% of the images and cubes had emission detected. The median C${}^{18}$O(2-1) linewidth is $\sim$1.0 km s${}^{-1}$, which is slightly higher than those measured with single-dish telescopes at scales of 3000-20000 au. Of the 74 targets, six are suggested to be first hydrostatic core candidates, and we suggest that L1451-mm is the best candidate. We question a previous continuum detection toward L1448 IRS2E. In the SVS13 system, SVS13A certainly appears to be the most evolved source, while SVS13C appears to be hotter and more evolved than SVS13B. The MASSES survey is the largest publicly available interferometric continuum and spectral line protostellar survey to date, and is largely unbiased as it only targets protostars in Perseus. All visibility ($uv$) data and imaged data are publicly available at https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataverse/full_MASSES/.

Accepted to ApJS

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Cited by in corpus (19)

• A protostellar system fed by a streamer of 10,500 au length
• The Perseus ALMA Chemistry Survey (PEACHES). I. The Complex Organic Molecules in Perseus Embedded Protostars
• PRODIGE -- Envelope to disk with NOEMA I. A 3000 au streamer feeding a Class I protostar
• Probing the Physics of Star-Formation (ProPStar): II. The first systematic search for streamers toward protostars
• ALMA observations of envelopes around first hydrostatic core candidates
• The Near Stellar Environment of Class 0 Protostars: A First Look with Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
• A low-velocity bipolar outflow from a deeply embedded object in Taurus revealed by the Atacama Compact Array
• Turbulence and Accretion: a High-resolution Study of the B5 Filaments
• ALMA ACA study of the H${}_2$S/OCS ratio in low-mass protostars
• Evolution and Kinematics of Protostellar Envelopes in the Perseus Molecular Cloud
• No impact of core-scale magnetic field, turbulence, or velocity gradient on sizes of protostellar disks in Orion A
• Linear dust polarization during the embedded phase of protostar formation
• Confirmation of the outflow in L1451-mm: SiO line and CH${}_3$OH maser detections
• PRODIGE VI -- Envelope to Disk with NOEMA: VI. The Missing Sulfur Problem
• Velocity-resolved high-J CO emission from massive star-forming clumps
• Protostellar Interferometric Line Survey of the Cygnus-X region (PILS-Cygnus) -- The role of the external environment in setting the chemistry of protostars
• Dense Molecular Clumps with Large Blue Asymmetries: Evidence for Collapse
• Can Protostellar Outflows Set Stellar Masses?
• Effects of magnetic field orientations in dense cores on gas kinematics in protostellar envelopes