How Starless Are Starless Cores?

Abstract

In this paper, we present the results of CARMA continuum and spectral line observations of the dense core Per-Bolo 45. Although this core has previously been classified as starless, we find evidence for an outflow and conclude that Per-Bolo 45 is actually an embedded, low-luminosity protostar. We discuss the impact of newly discovered, low-luminosity, embedded objects in the Perseus molecular cloud on starless core and protostar lifetimes. We estimate that the starless core lifetime has been overestimated by 4-18% and the Class 0/I protostellar lifetime has been underestimated by 5-20%. Given the relatively large systematic uncertainties involved in these calculations, variations on the order of 10% do not significantly change either core lifetimes or the expected protostellar luminosity function. Finally, we suggest that high resolution (sub)millimeter surveys of known cores lacking near-infrared and mid-infrared emission are necessary to make an accurate census of starless cores.

13 pages, including 5 figures and 1 table

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• An ALMA Search for Substructure, Fragmentation, and Hidden Protostars in Starless Cores in Chamaeleon I
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• Characterizing the Youngest Herschel-detected Protostars II. Molecular Outflows from the Millimeter and the Far-infrared
• Revealing The Millimeter Environment of the New FU Orionis Candidate HBC722 with the Submillimeter Array
• An analysis of the deuterium fractionation of star-forming cores in the Perseus molecular cloud
• ALMA observations of envelopes around first hydrostatic core candidates
• Synthetic Observations of the Evolution of Starless Cores in a Molecular Cloud Simulation: Comparisons with JCMT Data and Predictions for ALMA
• Kinematics of a young low-mass star forming core: Understanding the evolutionary state of the First Core Candidate L1451-mm
• Time Evolution Altitude of an Observed Coronal Wave
• Correlating Infall with Deuterium Fractionation in Dense Cores
• Contraction Signatures Toward Dense Cores in the Perseus Molecular Cloud
• An Observed Lack of Substructure in Starless Cores II: Super-Jeans Cores
• A centrally concentrated sub-solar mass starless core in the Taurus L1495 filamentary complex
• The nature of very low luminosity objects (VeLLOs)
• Radio Properties of Young Stellar Objects in the Core of the Serpens South Infrared Dark Cloud
• ALMA Survey of Orion Planck Galactic Cold Clumps (ALMASOP): Evidence for a Molecular Jet Launched at an Unprecedented Early Phase of Protostellar evolution
• Filamentary Star Formation: Observing the Evolution toward Flattened Envelopes
• Chemical fractionation of deuterium in the protosolar nebula
• A turbulent origin for the complex envelope kinematics in the young low-mass core Per-Bolo 58
• Modeling the processing of interstellar ices by energetic particles
• VLA and NOEMA view of the Bok Globule CB 17: the starless nature of a proposed FHSC candidate
• Cyano radical emission at small spatial scales towards massive protostars
• Sub-structure formation in starless cores