Nitrogen-enriched, highly-pressurized nebular clouds surrounding a super star cluster at cosmic noon

Abstract

Strong lensing offers a precious opportunity for studying the formation and early evolution of super star clusters that are rare in our cosmic backyard. The Sunburst Arc, a lensed Cosmic Noon galaxy, hosts a young super star cluster with escaping Lyman continuum radiation. Analyzing archival HST images and emission line data from VLT/MUSE and X-shooter, we construct a physical model for the cluster and its surrounding photoionized nebula. We confirm that the cluster is $\lesssim 4$Myr old, is extremely massive $M_{\star }\sim 10^7{M}_{\odot }$ and yet has a central component as compact as several parsecs, and we find a gas-phase metallicity $Z=(0.22\pm 0.03)Z_{\odot }$. The cluster is surrounded by $\gtrsim 10^5{M}_{\odot }$ of dense clouds that have been pressurized to $P\sim 10^9\mathrm{K}{\mathrm{cm}}^{-3}$ by perhaps stellar radiation at within ten parsecs. These should have large neutral columns $N_{\mathrm{HI}}>10^{22.5}{\mathrm{cm}}^{-2}$ to survive rapid ejection by radiation pressure. The clouds are likely dusty as they show gas-phase depletion of silicon, and may be conducive to secondary star formation if $N_{\mathrm{HI}}>10^{24}{\mathrm{cm}}^{-2}$ or if they sink further toward the cluster center. Detecting strong $\mathrm{NIII}]\lambda \lambda$1750,1752, we infer heavy nitrogen enrichment $\log (N/O)=-0.21_{-0.11}^{+0.10}$. This requires efficiently retaining $\gtrsim 500M_{\odot }$ of nitrogen in the high-pressure clouds from massive stars heavier than $60M_{\odot }$ up to 4 Myr. We suggest a physical origin of the high-pressure clouds from partial or complete condensation of slow massive star ejecta, which may have important implication for the puzzle of multiple stellar populations in globular clusters.

27 pages, 11 figures, Published in ApJ

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• Insight into the Starburst Nature of Galaxy GN-z11 with JWST MIRI Spectroscopy
• Anatomy of a z=6 Lyman-α emitter down to parsec scales: extreme UV slopes, metal-poor regions and possibly leaking star clusters
• Star clusters forming in a low metallicity starburst -- rapid self-enrichment by (very) massive stars
• High N/O ratio at high redshift as a result of a strong burst of star formation and differential galactic winds
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• Intergalactic Medium Tomography with the Sunburst Arc
• Kinematic Mapping of Giant Arcs: A New Method to Locate Lensing Critical Curves