Multiple Stellar Populations in Globular Clusters

Abstract

Globular Clusters (GCs) exhibit star-to-star variations in specific elements (e.g., He, C, N, O, Na, Al) that bare the hallmark of high temperature H burning. These abundance variations can be observed spectroscopically and also photometrically, with the appropriate choice of filters, due to the changing of spectral features within the band pass. This phenomenon is observed in nearly all of the ancient GCs, although, to date, has not been found in any massive cluster younger than 2~Gyr. Many scenarios have been suggested to explain this phenomenon, with most invoking multiple epochs of star-formation within the cluster, however all have failed to reproduce various key observations, in particular when a global view of the GC population is taken. We review the state of current observations, and outline the successes and failures of each of the main proposed models. The traditional idea of using the stellar ejecta from a 1st generation of stars to form a 2nd generation of stars, while conceptually straight forward, has failed to reproduce an increasing number of observational constraints. We conclude that the puzzle of multiple populations remains unsolved, hence alternative theories are needed.

To appear in Annual Reviews of Astronomy and Astrophysics (volume 56). Author's own version. Please see the journal website for the final published version: http://www.annualreviews.org/journal/astro

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• Chrono-chemodynamical analysis of the globular cluster NGC 6355: Looking for the fundamental bricks of the Bulge
• Constraints on the multiplicity of the most massive stars known: R136 a1, a2, a3, and c
• Rubin Observatory LSST Stars Milky Way and Local Volume Star Clusters Roadmap
• Globular cluster metallicity distributions in the E-MOSAICS simulations
• Globular Clusters UVIT Legacy Survey (GlobULeS) I. FUV-optical Color-Magnitude Diagrams for Eight Globular Clusters
• Linking globular cluster structural parameters and their evolution: multiple stellar populations
• s-process Enirchment of Ultrafaint Dwarf Galaxies
• The contribution of globular clusters to cosmic reionization
• A Nitrogen-Enhanced Metal-Poor star discovered in the globular cluster ESO280-SC06
• Multiple Populations in Integrated Light Spectroscopy of Intermediate Age Clusters
• LBT/MODS spectroscopy of globular clusters in the irregular galaxy NGC 4449
• Discovery of double BSS sequences in the old Galactic open cluster Berkeley 17
• The Kinematics of 30 Milky Way Globular Clusters and the Multiple Stellar Populations within
• On the link between nuclear star cluster and globular cluster system mass, nucleation fraction and environment
• Gaia-ESO Survey: Detailed elemental abundances in red giants of the peculiar globular cluster NGC 1851
• An investigation of C, N and Na abundances in red giant stars of the Sculptor dwarf spheroidal galaxy
• On the Reionization-Era Globular Cluster in Low-Mass Galaxy Eridanus II
• Multiple Stellar Populations of Globular Clusters from Homogeneous Ca-CN-CH-NH Photometry. VI. M3 (NGC 5272) is not a Prototypical Normal Globular Cluster
• Lithium abundance in lower red giant branch stars of Omega Centauri
• The hydrogen clock to infer the upper stellar mass
• HST observations of the globular cluster NGC 6402 (M14) and its peculiar multiple populations
• SIEGE IV: compact star clusters in cosmological simulations with high star formation efficiency and sub-parsec resolution
• Detection of multiple stellar populations in extragalactic massive clusters with JWST
• Exploring the Mass Segregation Effect of X-ray Sources in Globular Clusters. II. The Case of Terzan 5
• Hubble Space Telescope photometry of multiple stellar populations in the inner parts of NGC 2419
• Binary properties of the globular cluster 47 Tuc (NGC 104). A dearth of short-period binaries
• Evidence for C and Mg variations in the GD-1 stellar stream
• SHOTGLAS II. MUSE spectroscopy of blue horizontal branch stars in the core of $\omega$ Centauri and NGC 6752
• High-resolution near-infrared spectroscopy of globular cluster and field stars toward the Galactic bulge
• The Massive M31 Cluster G1: Detailed Chemical Abundances from Integrated Light Spectroscopy
• Multiple populations in low mass globular clusters: Palomar 13
• Searching for globular cluster chemical anomalies on the main sequence of a young massive cluster
• An outer shade of Pal: Abundance analysis of the outer halo globular cluster Palomar 13
• Euclid preparation. LVIII. Detecting globular clusters in the Euclid survey
• On the Hunt for the Origins of the Orphan--Chenab Stream: Detailed Element Abundances with APOGEE and Gaia
• On the Origin of Metal-poor Stars in the Solar Neighborhood
• On the Precision of Full-spectrum Fitting of Simple Stellar Populations. I. Well-sampled Populations
• APOGEE Detection of N-rich stars in the tidal tails of Palomar 5
• SNe and their impact during the early evolution of Type I Globular Clusters
• Energy equipartition in multiple-population globular clusters
• Multiple populations in globular clusters: Unified efforts from stellar evolution and chemical evolution models
• Rotational Variation Allows for Narrow Age Spread in the Extended Main Sequence Turnoff of Massive Cluster NGC 1846
• Stellar collisions in globular clusters: the origin of multiple stellar populations
• Lithium in the lower red giant branch of 5 Galactic globular clusters
• The structural properties of multiple populations in the dynamically young globular cluster NGC 2419
• Bringing Stellar Evolution & Feedback Together: Summary of proposals from the Lorentz Center Workshop, 2022
• Impact of a companion and of chromospheric emission on the shape of chromosome maps for globular clusters
• Ionising Feedback Effects on Star Formation in Globular Clusters with Multiple Stellar Populations
• Observations of the Ultraviolet-Bright Star Barnard 29 in the Globular Cluster M13 (NGC 6205)
• Is Terzan 5 the remnant of a building block of the Galactic bulge? Evidence from APOGEE
• Formation of Multiple Populations of M5 (NGC 5904)
• Chemical analysis of the Bulge Globular Cluster NGC 6553
• Searching for Multiple Populations in the Integrated Light of the Young and Extremely Massive Clusters in the Merger Remnant NGC~7252
• Leveraging HST with MUSE: II. Na-abundance variations in intermediate age star clusters
• Confirming the presence of second population stars and the iron discrepancy along the AGB of the globular cluster NGC 6752
• Evidence of globular cluster abundance anomalies in the SMC intermediate-age cluster Kron 3
• Monte Carlo simulations of multiple populations in globular clusters: constraints on the initial size of the second generation from binary stars
• Dynamical Masses and Mass-to-light Ratios of Resolved Massive Star Clusters. I. NGC 419 and NGC 1846
• When does the onset of multiple stellar populations in star clusters occur-II: No evidence of multiple stellar populations in Lindsay 113
• Lithium abundances as a tracer of AGB stars pollution in the globular cluster NGC 6752
• The chemical compositions of multiple stellar populations in the globular cluster NGC 2808
• Mergers all the way down: stellar collisions and kinematics of a dense hierarchically forming massive star cluster in a dwarf starburst
• Exploring the formation environment of multiple stellar populations in Globular Clusters through binary systems
• Chemical Tagging N-rich Field Stars with High-resolution Spectroscopy
• A new formation model for omega Centauri: the crossroad of astrophysical processes
• Chemical Abundances of the Typhon Stellar Stream
• Hubble Space Telescope imaging of the extremely metal-poor globular cluster EXT8 in Messier 31
• APOGEE view of the globular cluster NGC 6544
• Globular Clusters Lost by the Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy
• A high-resolution spectroscopic study of two new Na- and Al-rich field giants -- likely globular cluster escapees in the Galactic halo
• Collision-induced mass loss and mass gain on an extremely massive star. An analytical approach and a static proto-globular cluster test-case
• Reliable stellar abundances of individual stars with the MUSE integral-field spectrograph
• SpectroTranslator: a deep-neural network algorithm to homogenize spectroscopic parameters
• Impact of Radiation Feedback on the Formation of Globular Cluster Candidates during Cloud-Cloud Collisions
• On the precision of full-spectrum fitting of simple stellar populations. II. The dependence on star cluster mass in the wavelength range 0.3-5.0 $\mu$m
• From Giant H II regions and H II galaxies to globular clusters and compact dwarf ellipticals
• The Effect of Stellar Helium Abundance on Dynamics of Multiple Populations in Globular Clusters
• CAPOS: The bulge Cluster APOgee Survey V. Elemental abundances of the bulge globular cluster HP 1
• Hubble Space Telescope FUV observations of M31's globular clusters suggest a spatially homogeneous helium-enriched sub population
• Dust Emission as a Function of Stellar Population Age in the Nearby Galaxy M33
• Discrepancies between spectroscopy and HST photometry in tagging multiple stellar populations in 22 globular clusters
• Integrated Spectra of Milky Way Globular Cluster
• Detailed Chemical Abundances of Star Clusters in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Globular Cluster Intrinsic Iron Abundance Spreads: II. Protocluster Metallicities and the Age-Metallicity Relations of Milky Way Progenitors
• Detailed analysis of a sample of field metal-poor N-rich dwarfs
• Multiple stellar populations at less evolved stages-II: no evidence of significant helium spread among NGC 1846 dwarfs
• Potassium abundances in multiple stellar populations of the globular cluster NGC 4833
• Hints for multiple populations in intermediate-age clusters of the Small Magellanic Cloud
• M92 (NGC~6341) Is a Metal-Complex Globular Cluster with an Atypical Primordial Population
• A JWST project on 47 Tucanae. Binaries among multiple populations
• On the Precision of Full-spectrum Fitting of Stellar Populations. III. Identifying Age Spreads
• A stellar census in globular clusters with MUSE. Metallicity spread and dispersion among first-population stars
• The proper motion of sub-populations in Omega Centauri
• Multiple Stellar Populations outside the tidal radius of NGC1851 through Gaia DR3 XP Spectra
• Property of Young Massive Clusters in a Galaxy-Galaxy Merger Remnant
• Abundance of zirconium in the globular cluster 47 Tuc: a possible Zr-Na correlation?
• The ones that got away: chemical tagging of globular cluster-origin stars with Gaia BP/RP spectra
• Measuring Dwarf Galaxy Intrinsic Abundance Scatter with Mid-resolution Spectroscopic Surveys: Calibrating APOGEE Abundance Errors
• Exploring the nature and synchronicity of early cluster formation in the Large Magellanic Cloud V: Multiple Populations in ancient Globular Clusters
• On the original composition of the gas forming first-generation stars in clusters: insights from HST and JWST
• CAPOS: The bulge Cluster APOGEE Survey VI. Characterizing multiple stellar populations and chemical abundances in the bulge globular cluster NGC 6569
• Mapping the Distant and Metal-Poor Milky Way with SDSS-V
• Non-standard modeling of a possible blue straggler star, KIC 11145123
• Discovery and Characterization of a Rare Magnetic Hybrid $\beta$ Cephei Slowly Pulsating B-type Star in an Eclipsing Binary in the Young Open Cluster NGC 6193
• Beryllium abundances in turn-off stars of globular clusters with the CUBES spectrograph
• MOCCA: Effects of pristine gas accretion and cluster migration on globular cluster evolution, global parameters, and multiple stellar populations
• New Determination of Fundamental Properties of Palomar 5 Using Deep DESI Imaging Data
• APOGEE-2S Mg-Al anti-correlation of the Metal-Poor Globular Cluster NGC 2298
• Spectroscopic Observations of Obscured Populations in the Inner Galaxy: 2MASS-GC02, Terzan 4, and the 200 km/s stellar peak
• Investigating a predicted metallicity [Fe/H] variation in the Type II Globular Cluster NGC 362
• On the maximum helium content of multiple populations in the globular cluster NGC6752
• On the star formation efficiencies and evolution of multiple stellar generations in Globular Clusters
• Neutron-Capture Element Signatures in Globular Clusters: Insights from the Gaia-ESO Survey
• A high-resolution spectroscopic search for multiple populations in the 2 Gyr old cluster NGC 1846
• Internal r-process abundance spread of M15 and a single stellar population model
• Evolution of the Ultraviolet Upturn at $0.3<z<1$: exploring helium rich stellar populations
• A JWST project on 47 Tucanae: kinematics, energy equipartition and anisotropy of multiple populations
• The true nature of HE0057-5959, the most metal-poor Li-rich star
• Chemodynamically Characterizing the Jhelum Stellar Stream with APOGEE-2
• UVIT study of UV bright stars in the globular cluster NGC 4147
• Lifting the dust veil from the Globular Cluster Palomar2
• The Pristine survey: XXVII. The extremely metal-poor stream C-19 stretches over more than 100 degrees
• Chemical composition of the outer halo globular cluster Palomar 15
• Investigating dusty Red Supergiant outflows in Westerlund 1 with 3D Hydrodynamic simulations
• Signature of a chemical spread in the open cluster M37
• Stellar population astrophysics (SPA) with the TNG: Measurement of the He I 10830Å line in the open cluster Stock 2
• Compact objects formation, retention, and growth through accretion onto gas-embedded white-dwarfs/neutron-stars in gas-enriched globular-clusters
• New sub-grouping of multiple stellar populations in NGC 2808 based on low-resolution spectroscopy
• Evolution of the disky second generation of stars in globular clusters on cosmological timescale
• Kinematics of outer halo globular clusters: M 75 and NGC 6426
• Multiple populations within globular clusters in Early-type galaxies Exploring their effect on stellar initial mass function estimates
• Bimodal Star Formation in Simulations of Strongly Magnetized Giant Molecular Clouds
• The dynamical state of the globular clusters Rup 106 and IC 4499
• Neutron-capture elements in NGC 6752 multiple populations
• Globular clusters as cosmic clocks: new cosmological hints from their integrated light
• Different Sodium enhancements among multiple populations of Milky Way globular clusters
• The impact of wind mass loss on nucleosynthesis and yields of very massive stars at low metallicity
• Abundance of barium in the atmospheres of red giants in the Galactic globular cluster NGC 104 (47 Tuc)
• Chemical composition of the young massive cluster NGC 1569-B
• CAPOS: The bulge Cluster APOgee Survey VIII. Final ASPCAP results for all clusters
• The internal kinematics of NGC 2808 and its multiple populations
• Mass transfer of low-mass binaries and chemical anomalies among unevolved stars in globular clusters
• Could kilomasers pinpoint supermassive stars?
• The building blocks of the Milky Way halo using APOGEE and Gaia -- or -- Is the Galaxy a typical galaxy?
• Searching for resonance states in ${}^{22}$Ne($p,\gamma$)${}^{23}$Na
• The Ultraviolet Upturn in field Luminous Red Galaxies at $0.3<z<0.7$
• Radial Dependence of the Proto-Globular Cluster Contribution to the Milky Way Formation
• A joint 1% calibration of the RR Lyrae & type-II Cepheid Leavitt laws yields homogeneous distances to 93 Galactic globular clusters
• Evaluating the gravitational wave detectability of globular clusters and the Magellanic Clouds for LISA
• Unevolved Li-rich stars at low metallicity: a possible formation pathway through novae
• Globular cluster formation with multiple stellar populations: A single-binary composite scenario
• Testing the sources of the peculiar abundances in globular clusters
• Supermassive stars as the origin of the multiple populations in globular clusters
• Stellar populations of the globular cluster NGC 5053 investigated using AstroSat-Ultra Violet Imaging Telescope
• The complex stellar system M 22: constraining the chemical enrichment from AGB stars using magnesium isotope ratios
• Role of host galaxy in the formation of multiple stellar populations: Analysis of NGC 1786 and NGC 1898
• Chemical tagging with APOGEE, MUSE, and HST: constraints on the formation of $\omega$ Centauri
• Stellar Mass Segregation in Dark Matter Halos
• Inconsistent metallicity spreads in first generation stars of globular clusters from high resolution spectroscopy and HST photometry
• Dark Star Clusters or Ultra-Faint Dwarf galaxies? Revisiting UMa3/U1
• Curiouser and curiouser: the peculiar chemical composition of the Li/Na-rich star in Omega Centauri
• On the formation of globular clusters: comparison with observations
• The VISCACHA Survey: XIII. The extended main-sequence turn-off in intermediate-age low-mass clusters
• Exploring Multiple Stellar Populations in Globular Clusters with Euclid: A Theoretical Overview and Insights from NGC 6397
• Robust statistical tools for identifying multiple stellar populations in globular clusters in the presence of measurement errors. A case study: NGC 2808
• Ultraluminous X-ray sources in Globular Clusters
• Low-density star cluster formation: discovery of a young faint fuzzy on the outskirts of the low-mass spiral galaxy NGC 247
• The fractions of post-binary-interaction stars and evolved blue straggler stars on the red giant branch of globular clusters
• Synthetic stellar spectra to study multiple populations in globular clusters: an extended grid and the effects on the integrated light
• Search strategies for supermassive stars in young clusters and application to nearby galaxies
• Multiple stellar populations in MOCCA globular cluster models: Transient spatial over-concentration of pristine red giant stars driven by strong dynamical encounters
• Extended Main Sequences in Star Clusters
• Spatial mixing of stellar populations in globular clusters via binary-single star scattering
• Hidden Figures of Globular Clusters: Integrated Stellar Populations Impacted by Hot Subdwarfs
• Far Ultra-Violet Insights Into NGC 1399's Globular Cluster Population
• Time to Sparkler. Accurate ages of lensed globular clusters at $z=1.4$ with JWST photometry
• Abundance of strontium in the Galactic globular cluster 47 Tuc
• Globular Cluster Intrinsic Iron Abundance Spreads: I. Catalog
• Properties of Globular Clusters in Galaxy Clusters: Sensitivity from the Formation and Evolution of Globular Clusters
• A comparison of abundance analyses of first generation stars in multiple populations in 47 Tuc and NGC 3201
• Searching for chemical abundance variations in young star clusters in the Magellanic Clouds: NGC 411, NGC 1718 and NGC 2213
• Chemical enrichment by collapsars as the origin of the unusually high [Ba/Fe] in a massive star cluster of the dwarf galaxy NGC 1569
• Nitrogen enhancement of GN-z11 by metal pollution from supermassive stars
• Multiple stellar populations at less evolved stages-III: a possible helium spread in NGC 2210
• Light Element Abundances and Multiple Populations in M53
• A Careful Reassessment of Globular Cluster Multiple Population Radial Distributions with Sloan Digital Sky Survey and Johnson-Cousins Broadband Photometry
• When did the initial mass function become bottom-heavy?
• Metallicity estimation of RR Lyrae stars from their I-band light curves
• Linking the Internal Properties of Infant Globular Clusters to their Formation Environments
• Chemo-dynamical reconstruction of Milky Way globular cluster progenitors: Age-metallicity relations and the universality of multiple stellar populations
• Exploration about the origin of galactic and extragalactic star clusters through simulated H-R diagrams
• The In Situ Growth of Stellar-mass "Light" Seed Black Holes in Nuclear Star Clusters
• Double white dwarf binary population in MOCCA star clusters -- Comparisons with observations of close and wide binaries
• Homogenous abundances of Mg, Si, Ca, and Ti for about 1500 red giants in 16 globular clusters from FLAMES spectra
• Spectroscopic studies of stellar populations in globular clusters and field stars: implications for globular cluster and Milky Way halo formation
• Rebounding Cores to Build Star Cluster Multiple Populations
• The Predicted Properties of Helium-Enriched Globular Cluster Progenitors at High Redshift
• Energy equipartition in Globular Clusters through the eyes of dynamical models
• Statistical analysis of Galactic globular cluster type properties
• Multiple Populations in Low-mass Globular Clusters: Eridanus
• The He abundance in NGC 1850 A and B: are we observing the early stage of formation of multiple populations in a stellar cluster?
• C,T1,T2: A complementary method to detect Multiple Populations with the Washington filter system
• New Way to Date Globular Clusters: Brown Dwarf Cooling Sequences
• Stellar age determination using deep neural networks: Isochrone ages for 1.3 million stars, based on BaSTI, MIST, PARSEC, Dartmouth and SYCLIST evolutionary grids
• Not all nitrogen-rich field stars originate from globular clusters
• Spectroscopy of LMC Cluster Stars
• Resolving white dwarf binaries within globular clusters with LISA
• Nonlinear Color-Metallicity Relations of Globular Clusters. XI. Nonlinearity Effect Revealed by NGC 5128 (Centaurus A) and NGC 4594 (Sombrero) Galaxies
• The SAPP pipeline for the determination of stellar abundances and atmospheric parameters of stars in the core program of the PLATO mission
• Breaking the dichotomy between typical and anomalous globular clusters: the case of NGC 3201
• Transfer reactions as a Tool in Nuclear Astrophysics
• The Emergence of Multiple Populations in Radiation Hydrodynamics Simulations of Cluster Formation
• Observations of the Bright Star in the Globular Cluster 47 Tucanae (NGC 104)
• Integrated Spectroscopy of Extragalactic Globular Clusters
• Star Cluster Ecology: Revisiting the Origin of Iron and Age Complex Clusters
• Detailed Abundance Determination of Metal-Poor Stars with X-Shooter I. Unusual Chemistry in Halo Stars
• Helium variations in Galactic and extragalactic Globular Clusters
• Right round: onset and long-term evolution of rotation in star clusters
• Purveyors of fine halos III. Chemical abundance analysis of a potential omega Cen associate
• Photo-chemo-dynamical analysis and the origin of the bulge globular cluster Palomar 6
• APOGEE chemical abundances of stars in the MW satellites Fornax, Sextans, Draco and Carina
• Is the overconcentration of pristine populations in Galactic globular clusters real? An N-body approach to the problem
• Abundance of zirconium in the atmospheres of red giants in Galactic globular cluster 47 Tuc
• Revisiting the Gas Dynamics of Henize 2-10: Possible Drivers of the Starburst
• Observing the influence of the youngest super star clusters in NGC 1569: Keck Brackett $\alpha$ spectroscopy
• Revisiting the science case for near-UV spectroscopy with the VLT