Na-O Anticorrelation and HB. VII. The chemical composition of first and second-generation stars in 15 globular clusters from GIRAFFE spectra

Abstract

We present abundances of Fe, Na, and O for 1409 red giant stars in 15 galactic globular clusters, derived from the homogeneous analysis of high resolution FLAMES/GIRAFFE spectra. Combining the present data with previous results, we obtained a total sample of 1958 stars in 19 clusters, the largest and most homogeneous database of this kind to date. Our GCs have [Fe/H] from -2.4 to -0.4, with a wide variety of global parameters (morphology of the horizontal branch, mass, concentration, etc). For all clusters we find the Na-O anticorrelation, the classical signature of proton-capture reactions in H-burning at high temperature in a previous generation of more massive stars, now extinct. Using quantitative criteria (from the morphology and extension of the Na-O anticorrelation), we can define 3 components of the stellar population in GCs: a primordial component (P) of first-generation stars, and 2 components of second-generation stars (intermediate I and extreme E populations from their different chemical composition). The P component is present in all GCs, and its fraction is almost constant at about one third. The I component represents the bulk of the cluster population. The E component is not present in all GCs, and it is more conspicuous in some (but not in all) of the most massive ones. We discuss the fractions and spatial distributions of these components in our sample and in two additional clusters (M3 and M13) from the literature. We also find that the slope of the anti-correlation (defined by the minimum O and maximum Na abundances) changes from cluster-to-cluster, a change that is represented well by a bilinear relation on cluster metallicity and luminosity. This second dependence suggests a correlation between average mass of polluters and cluster mass.

25 pages, 20 figures,figs.3,5,15 degraded. Accepted for publication on Astronomy and Astrophysics

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• Elemental Abundances in M31: Alpha and Iron Element Abundances from Low-Resolution Resolved Stellar Spectroscopy in the Stellar Halo
• The Optical Colors of Giant Elliptical Galaxies and their Metal-Rich Globular Clusters Indicate a Bottom-Heavy Initial Mass Function
• A stellar census in globular clusters with MUSE -- Extending the CaT-metallicity relation below the horizontal branch and applying it to multiple populations
• The puzzle of metallicity and multiple stellar populations in the Globular Clusters in Fornax
• Light-Element Abundance Variations at Low Metallicity: the Globular Cluster NGC 5466
• Monte Carlo simulations of multiple populations in globular clusters: constraints on the cooling flow vs. accretion scenario using million bodies simulations
• The vertical Na-O relation in the bulge globular cluster NGC 6553
• Chromosome maps of Globular Clusters from wide-field ground-based photometry
• The role of rotation on the formation of second generation stars in globular clusters
• Chemical Study of the Metal-rich Globular Cluster NGC 5927
• Double Horizontal Branches in NGC 6440 and NGC 6569 unveiled by the VVV Survey
• On the metallicity distribution of the peculiar globular cluster M22
• On the internal pollution mechanisms in the globular cluster NGC 6121 (M4): heavy-element abundances and AGB models
• Estimating the parameters of globular cluster M 30 (NGC 7099) from time-series photometry
• Hunting the Parent of the Orphan Stream II: The First High-Resolution Spectroscopic Study
• The Age of the Old Metal-Poor Globular Cluster NGC6397 Using WFC3/IR Photometry
• The chemical composition of NGC5824, a globular cluster without iron spread but with an extreme Mg-Al anticorrelation
• Globular cluster formation with multiple stellar populations: self-enrichment in fractal massive molecular clouds
• Blood ties: the real nature of the LMC binary globular clusters NGC 2136 and NGC 2137
• Light-Element Abundances of Giant Stars in the Globular Cluster M71 (NGC 6838)
• The Abundance of Fluorine in Normal G and K Stars of the Galactic Thin Disk
• Kron 3: a fourth intermediate age cluster in the SMC with evidence of multiple populations
• Chemical Inhomogeneities Amongst First Population Stars in Globular Clusters: Evidence for He variations
• Galactic globular cluster 47 Tucanae: new ties between the chemical and dynamical evolution of globular clusters?
• NGC 6139: a normal massive globular cluster or a first-generation dominated cluster? Clues from the light elements
• Empirical estimates of the Na-O anti-correlation in 95 Galactic globular clusters
• Abundances of Na, Mg, and K in the atmospheres of red giant branch stars of Galactic globular cluster 47 Tucanae
• On the role of Type Ia supernovae in the second generation star formation in globular clusters
• A broad perspective on multiple abundance populations in the globular cluster NGC 1851
• The peculiar kinematics of the multiple populations in the globular cluster Messier 80 (NGC 6093)
• Second Generation Stars in Globular Clusters from Rapid Radiative Cooling of Pre-Supernova Massive Star Winds
• Nuclear Star Clusters in Cosmological Simulations
• Star Formation Timescales of the Halo Populations from Asteroseismology and Chemical Abundances
• Lost and found: evidence of Second Generation stars along the Asymptotic Giant Branch of the globular cluster NGC 6752
• MOCCA: Dynamics and evolution of binary stars of multiple stellar populations in tidally filling and underfilling globular star clusters
• Spectral properties and detectability of supermassive stars in protoglobular clusters at high redshift
• Aluminum abundances of multiple stellar generations in the globular cluster NGC 1851
• A Census of Variability in Globular Cluster M68 (NGC 4590)
• The Hubble Space Telescope UV Legacy Survey of Galactic Globular Clusters. XXI. Binaries among multiple stellar populations
• The Gaia-ESO Survey: Detailed Abundances in the Metal-poor Globular Cluster NGC 4372
• MgAl burning chain in Omega Centauri
• On the Origin of Multiple Populations During Massive Star Cluster Formation
• Atmospheric Parameters and Metallicities for 2191 stars in the Globular Cluster M4
• A differential chemical abundance scale for the globular cluster M5
• The VISIR@VLT Mid-IR view of 47Tuc: A further step in solving the puzzle of RGB mass loss
• Isochrone fitting of Galactic globular clusters - I. NGC 5904
• A Model for Clumpy Self-Enrichment in Globular Clusters
• Reversed radial distribution trend of subpopulations in the globular clusters NGC 362 and NGC 6723
• Light and Heavy Element Abundance Variations in the Outer Halo Globular Cluster NGC 6229
• Kinematic differences between multiple populations in Galactic globular clusters
• Star cluster dynamics
• High Resolution Optical Spectroscopy of Stars in the Sylgr Stellar Stream
• Multiple populations along the asymptotic giant branch of the globular cluster M 4
• G2C2 II: Integrated colour-metallicity relations for Galactic Globular Clusters in SDSS passbands
• On the serendipitous discovery of a Li-rich giant in the globular cluster NGC 362
• Common Origin of Two RR Lyrae Populations and the Double Red Clump in the Milky Way Bulge
• Observing multiple populations in globular clusters with the ESO archive: NGC 6388 reloaded
• Models for the lithium abundances of multiple populations in globular clusters and the possible role of the Big Bang lithium
• On the origin of the helium-rich population in Omega Centauri
• Chemical Abundances of Red Giant Stars in the Globular Cluster M107 (NGC 6171)
• Star clusters forming in a low metallicity starburst -- rapid self-enrichment by (very) massive stars
• A differential chemical element analysis of the metal poor Globular Cluster NGC 6397
• Formation of N-rich field stars in the high-density building blocks of the Galactic bulge
• The s-Process Enrichment of the Globular Clusters M4 and M22
• Formation of globular clusters with multiple stellar populations from massive gas clumps in high-z gas-rich dwarf galaxies
• Chemical Abundances in NGC 5053: A Very Metal-Poor and Dynamically Complex Globular Cluster
• Multiple stellar populations of globular clusters from homogeneous Ca--CN photometry. III. NGC 6752
• Dissolved Massive Metal-Rich Globular Clusters Can Cause the Range of UV Upturn Strengths Found among Early-type Galaxies
• The VMC Survey. XI. Radial Stellar Population Gradients in the Galactic Globular Cluster 47 Tucanae
• BALRoGO: Bayesian Astrometric Likelihood Recovery of Galactic Objects -- Global properties of over one hundred globular clusters with Gaia EDR3
• Excess of Ca (and Sc) produced in globular cluster multiple populations: a first census in 77 Galactic globular clusters
• Multiple stellar populations of globular clusters from homogeneous Ca--CN photometry. IV. Toward precision populational tagging
• Chemical abundances in the metal-intermediate GC NGC 6723
• Are there any first-generation stars in globular clusters today?
• The Kapteyn moving group is not tidal debris from $\omega$ Centauri
• The Be-test in the Li-rich star \#1657 of NGC 6397: evidence for Li-flash in RGB stars?
• A model for GN-z11: top-heavy stellar initial mass functions in forming galactic nuclei and ultra-compact dwarfs
• The Chemical Composition of Red Giant Branch Stars in the Galactic Globular Clusters NGC 6342 and NGC 6366
• Relative Ages of Nine Inner Milky Way Globular Clusters from Proper Motion Cleaned Color-Magnitude Diagrams
• The radial distributions of the two main-sequence components in the young massive star cluster NGC 1856
• The Pattern of CN, O, and Na Inhomogeneities on the Red Giant Branch of Messier 5
• Detailed study of the Milky Way globular cluster Laevens 3
• The Rotation of Selected Globular Clusters and the Differential Rotation of M3 in Multiple Populations from the SDSS-IV APOGEE-2 Survey
• Chemical evolution of the metal poor Globular Cluster NGC 6809
• Evolution of long-lived globular cluster stars. II. Sodium abundance variations on the asymptotic giant branch as a function of globular cluster age and metallicity
• Light Element Discontinuities Suggest an Early Termination of Star Formation in the Globular Cluster NGC 6402 (M14)
• Confirming the intrinsic abundance spread in the globular cluster NGC 6273 (M 19) with calcium triplet spectroscopy
• CAPOS: The bulge Cluster APOgee Survey III. Spectroscopic Tomography of Tonantzintla 2
• M13 multiple stellar populations seen with the eyes of Strömgren photometry
• A VST and VISTA study of globular clusters in NGC253
• Chemical Abundances Of Open Clusters From High-Resolution Infrared Spectra. I. NGC 6940
• The Galactic evolution of sulphur as traced by globular clusters
• The CN-CH positive correlation in the globular cluster NGC 5286
• Rubidium abundances in the globular clusters NGC 6752, NGC 1904 and NGC 104 (47 Tuc)
• Simulations of globular clusters within their parent galaxies: multiple stellar populations and internal kinematics
• G2C2 - IV: A novel approach to study the radial distributions of multiple populations in Galactic globular clusters
• Searching for GC-like abundance patterns in young massive clusters II. - Results from the Antennae galaxies
• No Evidence for Chemical Abundance Variations in the Intermediate-age Cluster NGC 1783
• Chemical abundance analysis of red giant branch stars in the globular cluster E3
• The metallicity distribution in the core of the Sagittarus dwarf spheroidal: minimising the metallicity biases
• A chromosome map to unveil stellar populations with different magnesium abundances. The case of Omega Centauri
• Second generation star formation in globular clusters of different masses
• Formation of globular clusters with internal abundance spreads in r-process elements: strong evidence for prolonged star formation
• Constraints on Helium Enhancement in the Globular Cluster M4 (NGC 6121): The Horizontal Branch Test
• Barium abundance in red giants of NGC 6752. Non-local thermodynamic equilibrium and three-dimensional effects
• Tracing the origin of the Aquarius Stream: I
• First evidence of multiple populations along the AGB from Strömgren photometry
• Near-infrared photometry and spectroscopy of the low Galactic latitude globular cluster 2MASS-GC03
• NLTE modelling of integrated light spectra. Abundances of barium, magnesium, and manganese in a metal-poor globular cluster
• The Mg-K anti-correlation in Omega Centauri
• Underground Measurements of Nuclear Reaction Cross-Sections Relevant to AGB Stars
• Light Element Abundances and Multiple Populations in M10
• Signatures of multiple stellar populations in unresolved extragalactic globular/ young massive star clusters
• Abundance analysis of the outer halo globular cluster Palomar 14
• When does the onset of multiple stellar populations in star clusters occur-III: No evidence of significant chemical variations in main-sequence stars of NGC 419
• Blanco DECam Bulge Survey (BDBS) III: A new view of the double red clump in the Milky Way bulge through luminosity and color distribution
• Searching for multiple populations in star clusters using the China Space Station Telescope
• Chemistry of multiple stellar populations in the mono-metallic, in situ, bulge globular cluster NGC 6388
• Multiple stellar population mass loss in massive Galactic globular clusters
• The giants that were born swiftly -- Implications of the top-heavy stellar initial mass function on the birth conditions of globular clusters
• Multiple Stellar Populations of Globular Clusters From Homogeneous Ca-CN-CH-NH Photometry. VII. Metal-Poor Populations in 47 Tucanae (NGC 104)
• When does the onset of multiple stellar populations in star clusters occur? Detection of enriched stellar populations in NGC 2121
• Chemical abundance anticorrelations in globular cluster stars: The effect on cluster integrated spectra
• Analysis of the CN and CH molecular band strengths in stars of the open cluster NGC 6791
• Diluting the material forming the second generation stars in Globular Clusters: the contribution by unevolved stars
• Another brick in understanding chemical and kinematical properties of BSSs: NGC 6752
• Rubin Observatory LSST Stars Milky Way and Local Volume Star Clusters Roadmap
• The Lithium test for multiple populations in Globular Clusters: Lithium in NGC 2808
• Difference in chemical composition between the bright and faint red clump stars in the Milky Way bulge
• Searching for Multiple Populations in Ruprecht 106
• The effect of second generation populations on the integrated colors of metal-rich globular clusters in early-type galaxies
• Should I Stay or Should I Go: Stellar Wind Retention and Expulsion in Massive Star Clusters
• Linking globular cluster structural parameters and their evolution: multiple stellar populations
• Chemo-Dynamical Clustering applied to APOGEE data: Re-Discovering Globular Clusters
• New cluster members and halo stars of the Galactic globular cluster NGC 1851
• Star formation within globular clusters:discrete multiple bursts and top-light mass functions
• Multiple Stellar Populations of Globular Clusters from Homogeneous Ca-CN-CH-NH Photometry. VI. M3 (NGC 5272) is not a Prototypical Normal Globular Cluster
• Stellar populations in star clusters
• High Resolution Spectroscopic Abundances of Red Giant Branch Stars in NGC 6681
• The impact of enhanced He and CNONa abundances on globular cluster relative age-dating methods
• Lithium abundance in lower red giant branch stars of Omega Centauri
• Stellar populations in $\omega$ Centauri: a multivariate analysis
• Integrated photometry of multiple stellar populations in Globular Clusters
• HST observations of the globular cluster NGC 6402 (M14) and its peculiar multiple populations
• A stellar population synthesis approach to the Oosterhoff dichotomy
• Euclid: Early Release Observations -- Unveiling the morphology of two Milky Way globular clusters out to their periphery
• Chemical analysis of eight giant stars of the globular cluster NGC 6366
• Spectral matching for abundances of 848 stars of the giant branches of the globular cluster ω Centauri
• Light-element abundance variations in globular clusters
• Detection of multiple stellar populations in extragalactic massive clusters with JWST
• Galactic Pal-eontology: Abundance Analysis of the Disrupting Globular Cluster Palomar 5
• Sick, the spectroscopic inference crank
• SIEGE IV: compact star clusters in cosmological simulations with high star formation efficiency and sub-parsec resolution
• How many explosions does one need? -- Quantifying supernovae in globular clusters from iron abundance spreads
• On the AGB stars of M 4: A robust disagreement between spectroscopic observations and theory
• The Celestial Buffet: multiple populations and globular cluster formation in dwarf galaxies
• Chemical Cartography with APOGEE: Two-process Parameters and Residual Abundances for 288,789 Stars from Data Release 17
• SHOTGLAS II. MUSE spectroscopy of blue horizontal branch stars in the core of $\omega$ Centauri and NGC 6752
• Four Metal-poor Stars in the Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy
• On the early evolution of massive star clusters: the case of cloud D1 and its embedded cluster in NGC 5253
• Intrinsic Metallicity Variation in the Intermediate Mass Type II Globular Cluster NGC 1261
• The Hubble Space Telescope UV Legacy Survey of Galactic Globular Clusters. XIII. ACS/WFC Parallel-Field Catalogues
• High-resolution near-infrared spectroscopy of globular cluster and field stars toward the Galactic bulge
• On the Hunt for the Origins of the Orphan--Chenab Stream: Detailed Element Abundances with APOGEE and Gaia
• Multiple Stellar Populations of Globular Clusters from Homogeneous Ca--CN--CH Photometry. V. $c{n}_{\mathrm{JWL}}^{\prime }$ as a Surrogate $c{n}_{\mathrm{JWL}}$ Index and NGC 6723
• Stellar collisions in globular clusters: the origin of multiple stellar populations
• Chemical analysis of the Bulge Globular Cluster NGC 6553
• Identifying Multiple Populations in M71 Using CN
• Lithium in the lower red giant branch of 5 Galactic globular clusters
• The in situ origin of the globular cluster NGC 6388 from abundances of Sc, V, and Zn of a large sample of stars
• Multiple populations in globular clusters: Unified efforts from stellar evolution and chemical evolution models
• The near-IR counterpart of IGR J17480-2446 in Terzan 5
• Energy equipartition in multiple-population globular clusters
• Formation of Multiple Populations of M5 (NGC 5904)
• Absence of obvious tidal tails around the globular cluster NGC 6397
• First inverse kinematics measurement of key resonances in the ${}^{22}\text{Ne}(p,\gamma {)}^{23}\text{Na}$ reaction at stellar temperatures
• Ionising Feedback Effects on Star Formation in Globular Clusters with Multiple Stellar Populations
• Chemical Tagging N-rich Field Stars with High-resolution Spectroscopy
• When does the onset of multiple stellar populations in star clusters occur-II: No evidence of multiple stellar populations in Lindsay 113
• The Aquarius Co-Moving Group is Not a Disrupted Classical Globular Cluster
• A high-resolution spectroscopic study of two new Na- and Al-rich field giants -- likely globular cluster escapees in the Galactic halo
• Bayesian Analysis of Two Stellar Populations in Galactic Globular Clusters II: NGC 5024, NGC 5272, and NGC 6352
• APOGEE view of the globular cluster NGC 6544
• Signature of a massive rotating metal-poor star imprinted in the Phoenix stellar stream
• Evidence of globular cluster abundance anomalies in the SMC intermediate-age cluster Kron 3
• Exploring the formation environment of multiple stellar populations in Globular Clusters through binary systems
• Chemical Abundances of the Typhon Stellar Stream
• Lithium abundances as a tracer of AGB stars pollution in the globular cluster NGC 6752
• Monte Carlo simulations of multiple populations in globular clusters: constraints on the initial size of the second generation from binary stars
• Variability in NGC 3201 giant stars and its impact on their spectroscopic [Fe/H] determination
• Probing 3D and NLTE models using APOGEE observations of globular cluster stars
• Detailed Chemical Abundances of Star Clusters in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• The Bulge Cluster Origin (BulCO) survey at the ESO-VLT: probing the early history of the Milky Way assembling. Design and first results in Liller1
• Metal-Poor Type II Cepheids with Periods Less Than Three Days
• Multiple stellar populations at less evolved stages-II: no evidence of significant helium spread among NGC 1846 dwarfs
• Discrepancies between spectroscopy and HST photometry in tagging multiple stellar populations in 22 globular clusters
• Variable Stars and Stellar Populations in Andromeda XXVII: IV. An off-centered, disrupted galaxy
• Stellar collisions in globular clusters: Constraints on the initial mass function of the first generation of stars
• Infrared photometry of Young Massive Clusters in the starburst galaxy NGC 4214
• The realm of the Galactic globular clusters and the mass of their primordial clouds
• Potassium abundances in multiple stellar populations of the globular cluster NGC 4833
• Integrated Spectra of Milky Way Globular Cluster
• NGC 6397: The metallicity trend along the isochrone revisited
• AGB subpopulations in the nearby globular cluster NGC 6397
• Metallicity of the globular cluster NGC 6388 from high resolution spectra of more than 160 giant stars
• Globular Cluster Intrinsic Iron Abundance Spreads: II. Protocluster Metallicities and the Age-Metallicity Relations of Milky Way Progenitors
• CAPOS: The bulge Cluster APOgee Survey V. Elemental abundances of the bulge globular cluster HP 1
• Self-enrichment in Globular Clusters: the extreme He-rich population of NGC 2808
• Spectroscopic analysis of the bulge Globular Cluster ESO~456-SC38
• The ones that got away: chemical tagging of globular cluster-origin stars with Gaia BP/RP spectra
• The Blue Straggler Population in Dwarf Galaxies
• Light Element Chemistry and the Double Red Giant Branch in the Galactic Globular Cluster NGC 288
• Driving factors behind multiple populations
• Abundance of zirconium in the globular cluster 47 Tuc: a possible Zr-Na correlation?
• The 10830 Angstrom Helium Line Among Evolved Stars in the Globular Cluster M4
• NGC 6388 reloaded: some like it hot, but not too much
• Carbon Isotope Ratios in M10 Giants
• Diffusion and mixing in globular clusters
• The discovery of a Li-Na-rich giant star in Omega Centauri: formed from the pure ejecta of super-AGB stars?
• A stellar census in globular clusters with MUSE. Metallicity spread and dispersion among first-population stars
• MUSE observations of NGC330 in the Small Magellanic Cloud. Helium abundance of bright main sequence stars
• Chemical evolution of star clusters
• The Hubble Space Telescope UV Legacy Survey of Galactic Globular Clusters. XXII. Relative ages of multiple populations in five Globular Clusters
• Studying stellar populations in Omega Centauri with phylogenetics
• The effects of individual metal contents on isochrones for C, N, O, Na, Mg, Al, Si, and Fe
• Lithium in NGC 2243 and NGC 104
• Validating Stellar Abundance Measurements from Multi-Resolution Spectroscopy
• A Comparative Study Between M30 and M92 : M92 Is A Merger Remnant With A Large Helium Enhancement
• Exploring the nature and synchronicity of early cluster formation in the Large Magellanic Cloud V: Multiple Populations in ancient Globular Clusters
• Investigating a predicted metallicity [Fe/H] variation in the Type II Globular Cluster NGC 362
• A Photometric Study of Globular Clusters Observed by the APOGEE Survey
• Thermally Pulsing Asymptotic Giant Branch Star Models and Globular Cluster Planetary Nebulae I: The Model
• CAPOS: The bulge Cluster APOGEE Survey VI. Characterizing multiple stellar populations and chemical abundances in the bulge globular cluster NGC 6569
• Carbon Abundance Inhomogeneities and Deep Mixing Rates in Galactic Globular Clusters
• Weighing stars from birth to death: mass determination methods across the HRD
• Photometric Detection of Multiple Populations in Globular Clusters Using Integrated Light
• MUSE spectroscopic observations of the Young Massive Cluster NGC1850
• A high-resolution spectroscopic search for multiple populations in the 2 Gyr old cluster NGC 1846
• Determination of Sodium Abundance Ratio from Low-Resolution Stellar Spectra and Its Applications
• Multiple populations within globular clusters in Early-type galaxies Exploring their effect on stellar initial mass function estimates
• Compact objects formation, retention, and growth through accretion onto gas-embedded white-dwarfs/neutron-stars in gas-enriched globular-clusters
• New sub-grouping of multiple stellar populations in NGC 2808 based on low-resolution spectroscopy
• Internal r-process abundance spread of M15 and a single stellar population model
• Neutron-capture elements in NGC 6752 multiple populations
• CAPOS: The bulge Cluster APOgee Survey VII. First detailed chemical analysis of NGC 6316
• The impact of wind mass loss on nucleosynthesis and yields of very massive stars at low metallicity
• Abundance of barium in the atmospheres of red giants in the Galactic globular cluster NGC 104 (47 Tuc)
• CAPOS: The bulge Cluster APOgee Survey VIII. Final ASPCAP results for all clusters
• The internal kinematics of NGC 2808 and its multiple populations
• Mass transfer of low-mass binaries and chemical anomalies among unevolved stars in globular clusters
• On the Use of the Number Count of Blue Horizontal--Branch Stars to Infer the Dominant Building Blocks of the Milky Way Halo
• Abundance of zinc in the red giants of Galactic globular cluster 47 Tucanae
• Is Fornax 4 the nuclear star cluster of the Fornax dwarf spheroidal galaxy?
• Structure of our Galactic Bulge from CN Measurements
• Apparent Trend of the Iron Abundance in NGC 3201: the Same Outcome with Different Data
• Uncovering Multiple Populations in NGC 7099 (M 30) using Washington Photometry
• The GeMS/GSAOI Galactic Globular Cluster Survey (G4CS) II: Characterization of 47 Tuc with Bayesian Statistics
• Exploring Multiple Stellar Populations in Globular Clusters with Euclid: A Theoretical Overview and Insights from NGC 6397
• The fractions of post-binary-interaction stars and evolved blue straggler stars on the red giant branch of globular clusters
• A Wide View of the Galactic Globular Cluster NGC 2808: Red Giant and Horizontal Branch Star Spatial Distributions
• A uvbyCaHbeta CCD Analysis of the Open Cluster Standard, M67,and its Relation to NGC 752
• Internal Kinematics of M10 and M71
• Search strategies for supermassive stars in young clusters and application to nearby galaxies
• Abundances of Mg and K in the atmospheres of turn-off stars in Galactic globular cluster 47 Tucanae
• Galactic or extragalactic chemical tagging for NGC3201? Discovery of an anomalous CN-CH relation
• Detection of a white dwarf orbiting a Carbon-Oxygen depleted blue straggler in 47 Tucanae
• The Origin of Young Stellar Populations in NGC 1783: Accretion of External Stars
• The complex stellar system M 22: constraining the chemical enrichment from AGB stars using magnesium isotope ratios
• Evolution of the kinematic properties of rotating multiple-population globular clusters
• Testing the sources of the peculiar abundances in globular clusters
• Recent Advances in Understanding R-Process Nucleosynthesis in Metal-Poor Stars and Stellar Systems
• Inconsistent metallicity spreads in first generation stars of globular clusters from high resolution spectroscopy and HST photometry
• On the impact of Helium abundance on the Cepheid Period-Luminosity and Wesenheit relations and the Distance Ladder
• Role of host galaxy in the formation of multiple stellar populations: Analysis of NGC 1786 and NGC 1898
• Robust statistical tools for identifying multiple stellar populations in globular clusters in the presence of measurement errors. A case study: NGC 2808
• Abundance of strontium in the Galactic globular cluster 47 Tuc
• A Careful Reassessment of Globular Cluster Multiple Population Radial Distributions with Sloan Digital Sky Survey and Johnson-Cousins Broadband Photometry
• Multiple stellar populations at less evolved stages-III: a possible helium spread in NGC 2210
• The Curious Radial Distributions of Horizontal Branch Stars in NGC 6441
• Chemical enrichment by collapsars as the origin of the unusually high [Ba/Fe] in a massive star cluster of the dwarf galaxy NGC 1569
• Searching for chemical abundance variations in young star clusters in the Magellanic Clouds: NGC 411, NGC 1718 and NGC 2213
• Light Element Abundances and Multiple Populations in M53
• Synthetic photometry of globular clusters: Uncertainties on synthetic colors
• Unexpected radial trend of the iron abundance in a sample of monometallic Galactic globular clusters
• Globular Cluster Intrinsic Iron Abundance Spreads: I. Catalog
• Extended Main Sequences in Star Clusters
• PSF-based Analysis for Detecting Unresolved Wide Binaries
• Not all nitrogen-rich field stars originate from globular clusters
• Homogenous abundances of Mg, Si, Ca, and Ti for about 1500 red giants in 16 globular clusters from FLAMES spectra
• The Predicted Properties of Helium-Enriched Globular Cluster Progenitors at High Redshift
• On the connection between nitrogen-enhanced field stars and the Galactic globular clusters
• C,T1,T2: A complementary method to detect Multiple Populations with the Washington filter system
• Synthetic spectroscopic indices for identifying multiple stellar populations in globular clusters
• Old stellar systems in UV: resolved and integrated properties
• New insights on the origin of multiple stellar populations in globular clusters
• UVES analysis of red giants in the bulge globular cluster NGC 6522
• The Formation of Globular Clusters as a Case of Overcooling
• Homogeneous abundance ratios of hydrostatic and explosive alpha-elements in globular clusters from high resolution optical spectroscopy