Globular cluster formation with multiple stellar populations: self-enrichment in fractal massive molecular clouds

Abstract

Internal chemical abundance spreads are one of fundamental properties of globular clusters (GCs) in the Galaxy. In order to understand the origin of such abundance spreads, we numerically investigate GC formation from massive molecular clouds (MCs) with fractal structures using our new hydrodynamical simulations with star formation and feedback effects of supernovae (SNe) and asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars. We particularly investigate star formation from gas chemically contaminated by SNe and AGB stars within MCs with different initial conditions and environments. The principal results are as follows. GCs with multiple generation of stars can be formed from merging of hierarchical star cluster complexes that are developed from high-density regions of fractal MCs. Feedback effects of SNe and AGB stars can control the formation efficiencies of stars formed from original gas of MCs and from gas ejected from AGB stars. The simulated GCs have radial gradients of helium abundances within the central 3 pc. The original MC masses need to be as large as 10^7 Msun for a canonical initial stellar mass function (IMF) so that the final masses of stars formed from AGB ejecta can be 10^5 Msun. Since star formation from AGB ejecta is rather prolonged (10^8 yr), their formation can be strongly suppressed by SNe of the stars themselves. This result implies that the so-called mass budget problem is much more severe than ever thought in the self-enrichment scenario of GC formation. and thus that IMF for the second generation of stars should be `top-light'.

21 pages, 13 figure, MNRAS in press. Animation for the formation of first generation of stars from a fractal molecular cloud is found at https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B5PiT98G6JJrU3hYWkVrQVlZMFU/view?usp=sharing Animation for the second generation is found at https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B5PiT98G6JJrWnZkOFZfdEVPV00/view?usp=sharing

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• Simulations of globular clusters within their parent galaxies: multiple stellar populations and internal kinematics
• Formation of globular clusters with internal abundance spreads in r-process elements: strong evidence for prolonged star formation
• When does the onset of multiple stellar populations in star clusters occur? Detection of enriched stellar populations in NGC 2121
• Simulations of globular clusters within their parent galaxies: Metallicity spreads and anomalous precursor populations
• Star formation within globular clusters:discrete multiple bursts and top-light mass functions
• The VMC survey -- XLVII. Turbulence-Controlled Hierarchical Star Formation in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• A new formation model for omega Centauri: the crossroad of astrophysical processes
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