Formation and Dynamical Evolution of Multiple Stellar Generations in Globular Clusters

Abstract

Some globular clusters are observed to host a population of second generation (SG) stars which show chemical anomalies and must have formed from gas containing matter processed in the envelopes of first generation (FG) cluster stars. We study the SG formation process by means of 1D hydrodynamical simulations, assuming that the SG is formed by the gas ejected by AGB stars. This gas collects in a cooling flow into the cluster core, where it forms a SG star subsystem strongly concentrated in the cluster innermost regions with structural properties largely independent of the FG initial properties. We also present the results of a model in which pristine gas contributes to the SG formation. In this model a very helium-rich SG population and one with a moderate helium enrichment form; the resulting SG bimodal helium distribution resembles that observed for SG stars in NGC 2808. By means of N-body simulations, we study the two-population cluster dynamical evolution. In our simulations, a large fraction of FG stars are lost early in the cluster evolution due to the expansion and stripping of the cluster outer layers resulting from early mass loss associated with FG SN ejecta. The SG population is largely unscathed by this early mass loss, and this early evolution leads to values of the SG to FG number ratio consistent with observations. We also demonstrate possible evolutionary routes leading to the loss of most of the FG population, leaving an SG-dominated cluster. Until mixing of the two populations is complete, the radial profile of the SG to FG number ratio is characterized by a flat inner part and a declining portion in the outer cluster regions. (abridged)

21 pages, 18 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRAS

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• IC4499 revised: spectro-photometric evidence of small light-element variations
• Monte Carlo simulations of multiple populations in globular clusters: constraints on the cooling flow vs. accretion scenario using million bodies simulations
• From the CMD of Omega Centauri and (super-)AGB stellar models to a Galactic plane passage gas purging chemical evolution scenario
• On the internal pollution mechanisms in the globular cluster NGC 6121 (M4): heavy-element abundances and AGB models
• Light-Element Abundance Variations at Low Metallicity: the Globular Cluster NGC 5466
• On the metallicity distribution of the peculiar globular cluster M22
• Face-on accretion onto a protoplanetary disc
• The puzzle of metallicity and multiple stellar populations in the Globular Clusters in Fornax
• Uncovering Multiple Populations with Washington Photometry: I. The Globular Cluster NGC 1851
• Chromosome maps of Globular Clusters from wide-field ground-based photometry
• The role of rotation on the formation of second generation stars in globular clusters
• Blood ties: the real nature of the LMC binary globular clusters NGC 2136 and NGC 2137
• Kron 3: a fourth intermediate age cluster in the SMC with evidence of multiple populations
• Light-Element Abundances of Giant Stars in the Globular Cluster M71 (NGC 6838)
• Chemical Inhomogeneities Amongst First Population Stars in Globular Clusters: Evidence for He variations
• Globular cluster formation with multiple stellar populations: self-enrichment in fractal massive molecular clouds
• Constraints on the Formation of the Globular Cluster IC 4499 from Multi-Wavelength Photometry
• The Luminosity Function and stellar Mass to Light ratio of the massive globular cluster NGC2419
• Expanding the time domain of multiple populations: evidences of nitrogen variations in the ~1.5 Gyr old star cluster NGC 1783
• Confirmation of a metallicity spread amongst first population stars in globular clusters
• On the role of Type Ia supernovae in the second generation star formation in globular clusters
• Empirical estimates of the Na-O anti-correlation in 95 Galactic globular clusters
• The Hubble Space Telescope UV Legacy Survey of Galactic Globular Clusters. XXIV. Differences in internal kinematics of multiple stellar populations
• Constraints on the [CII] luminosity of a proto-globular cluster at z~6 obtained with ALMA
• MOCCA: Dynamics and evolution of binary stars of multiple stellar populations in tidally filling and underfilling globular star clusters
• Spectral properties and detectability of supermassive stars in protoglobular clusters at high redshift
• Explanation of a special color-magnitude diagram of star cluster NGC 1651 from different models
• Role of supergiants in the formation of globular clusters
• Carbon and nitrogen abundances of stellar populations in the globular cluster M 2
• Reversed radial distribution trend of subpopulations in the globular clusters NGC 362 and NGC 6723
• A Model for Clumpy Self-Enrichment in Globular Clusters
• A 3D view of multiple populations kinematics in Galactic globular clusters
• Globular cluster formation with multiple stellar populations from hierarchical star cluster complexes
• The Gaia-ESO Survey: Detailed Abundances in the Metal-poor Globular Cluster NGC 4372
• Mass loss of different stellar populations in Globular Clusters: the case of M4
• The Hubble Space Telescope UV Legacy Survey of Galactic Globular Clusters. XXI. Binaries among multiple stellar populations
• Star clusters forming in a low metallicity starburst -- rapid self-enrichment by (very) massive stars
• Heart of Darkness: dust obscuration of the central stellar component in globular clusters younger than ~100Myr in multiple stellar population models
• Sensitivity to Thermonuclear Reaction Rates in Modeling the Abundance Anomalies of NGC 2419
• The influence of the C+N+O abundances on the determination of the relative ages of Globular Clusters: the case of NGC 1851 and NGC 6121 (M4)
• Spatial mixing of binary stars in multiple-population globular clusters
• Models for the lithium abundances of multiple populations in globular clusters and the possible role of the Big Bang lithium
• On the origin of the helium-rich population in Omega Centauri
• Multiple populations along the asymptotic giant branch of the globular cluster M 4
• Common Origin of Two RR Lyrae Populations and the Double Red Clump in the Milky Way Bulge
• Star cluster dynamics
• The evolution of the UV luminosity function of globular clusters in the E-MOSAICS simulations
• The evolutionary status of the blue hook stars in Omega Centauri
• Dissolved Massive Metal-Rich Globular Clusters Can Cause the Range of UV Upturn Strengths Found among Early-type Galaxies
• Chemical Abundances in NGC 5053: A Very Metal-Poor and Dynamically Complex Globular Cluster
• Formation of globular clusters with multiple stellar populations from massive gas clumps in high-z gas-rich dwarf galaxies
• Multiple stellar populations of globular clusters from homogeneous Ca--CN photometry. III. NGC 6752
• Bayesian Analysis of Two Stellar Populations in Galactic Globular Clusters III: Analysis of 30 Clusters
• New Post-AGB star models as tools to understand AGB evolution and nucleosynthesis
• The VMC Survey. XI. Radial Stellar Population Gradients in the Galactic Globular Cluster 47 Tucanae
• Are there any first-generation stars in globular clusters today?
• High-precision abundances of first population stars in NGC 2808: confirmation of a metallicity spread
• The Be-test in the Li-rich star \#1657 of NGC 6397: evidence for Li-flash in RGB stars?
• On the Chemical and Kinematic Consistency Between N-rich Metal-poor Field Stars and Enriched Populations in Globular Clusters
• On the radial distribution of horizontal branch stars in ngc2808
• Little Blue Dots in the Hubble Space Telescope Frontier Fields: Precursors to Globular Clusters?
• Light Element Discontinuities Suggest an Early Termination of Star Formation in the Globular Cluster NGC 6402 (M14)
• WIYN Open Cluster Study LXXIX. M48 (NGC 2548) I. Radial Velocities, Rotational Velocities, and Metallicities of Stars in the Open Cluster M48 (NGC 2548)
• Chromosome maps of young LMC clusters: An additional case of coeval multiple populations
• Assembling the Milky Way bulge from globular clusters: Evidence from the double red clump
• Resolved Star Formation Efficiency in the Antennae Galaxies
• HST/WFC3 Observations of Low-Mass Globular Clusters AM 4 and Palomar 13: Physical Properties and Implications for Mass Loss
• Spectral matching for abundances and clustering analysis of stars on the giant branches of ω Centauri
• Searching for GC-like abundance patterns in young massive clusters II. - Results from the Antennae galaxies
• On the determination of the He abundance distribution in globular clusters from the width of the main sequence
• Simulations of globular clusters within their parent galaxies: multiple stellar populations and internal kinematics
• The tight subgiant branch of the intermediate-age star cluster NGC 411 implies a single-aged stellar population
• Formation and evolution of molecular hydrogen in disk galaxies with different masses and Hubble types
• Magnesium isotopes: a tool to understand self-enrichment in Globular Clusters
• No Evidence for Chemical Abundance Variations in the Intermediate-age Cluster NGC 1783
• The main sequences of NGC2808: constraints on the early disc accretion scenario
• G2C2 - IV: A novel approach to study the radial distributions of multiple populations in Galactic globular clusters
• Formation of globular clusters with internal abundance spreads in r-process elements: strong evidence for prolonged star formation
• Binary black hole growth by gas accretion in stellar clusters
• Second generation star formation in globular clusters of different masses
• Constraints on Helium Enhancement in the Globular Cluster M4 (NGC 6121): The Horizontal Branch Test
• Lithium and oxygen in globular cluster dwarfs and the early disc accretion scenario
• A chromosome map to unveil stellar populations with different magnesium abundances. The case of Omega Centauri
• Light element variations in globular clusters via nucleosynthesis in black hole accretion discs
• An Extragalactic Chromosome Map: The intermediate age SMC Cluster Lindsay 1
• Signatures of multiple stellar populations in unresolved extragalactic globular/ young massive star clusters
• Peeking beneath the precision floor I: metallicity spreads and multiple elemental dispersions in the globular clusters NGC 288 and NGC 362
• Abundance analysis of the outer halo globular cluster Palomar 14
• Light Element Abundances and Multiple Populations in M10
• Galactic planetary nebulae with precise nebular abundances as a tool to understand the evolution of asymptotic giant branch stars
• The Mg-K anti-correlation in Omega Centauri
• AAOmega Observations of 47 Tucanae: Evidence for a Past Merger?
• The loss of the intra-cluster medium in globular clusters
• On the Onset of Secondary Stellar Generations in Giant Star Forming Regions and Massive Star Clusters
• Multiple stellar population mass loss in massive Galactic globular clusters
• Chemical abundance anticorrelations in globular cluster stars: The effect on cluster integrated spectra
• Diluting the material forming the second generation stars in Globular Clusters: the contribution by unevolved stars
• When does the onset of multiple stellar populations in star clusters occur? Detection of enriched stellar populations in NGC 2121
• Analysis of the CN and CH molecular band strengths in stars of the open cluster NGC 6791
• Globular Clusters: DNA of Early-Type galaxies?
• Multiple Stellar Populations of Globular Clusters From Homogeneous Ca-CN-CH-NH Photometry. VII. Metal-Poor Populations in 47 Tucanae (NGC 104)
• The colour-magnitude relation of Globular Clusters in Centaurus and Hydra - Constraints on star cluster self-enrichment with a link to massive Milky Way GCs
• Accretion of sub-stellar companions as the origin of chemical abundance inhomogeneities in globular clusters
• Limits on the significant mass-loss scenario based on the globular clusters of the Fornax dwarf spheroidal galaxy
• Pre-main sequence accretion and the formation of multiple populations in Globular Clusters
• Supergiants and their shells in young globular clusters
• Star formation within globular clusters:discrete multiple bursts and top-light mass functions
• Linking globular cluster structural parameters and their evolution: multiple stellar populations
• The Lithium test for multiple populations in Globular Clusters: Lithium in NGC 2808
• Searching for Multiple Populations in Ruprecht 106
• Should I Stay or Should I Go: Stellar Wind Retention and Expulsion in Massive Star Clusters
• Formation of Compact Stellar Clusters by High-Redshift Galaxy Outflows II: Effect of Turbulence and Metal-Line Cooling
• HST observations of the globular cluster NGC 6402 (M14) and its peculiar multiple populations
• The impact of enhanced He and CNONa abundances on globular cluster relative age-dating methods
• A stellar population synthesis approach to the Oosterhoff dichotomy
• Astrometry with the Wide-Field InfraRed Space Telescope
• The M4 Core Project with HST --- I. Overview and First-Epoch
• Manganese evolution in Omega Centauri: a clue to the cluster formation mechanisms?
• Lithium abundance in lower red giant branch stars of Omega Centauri
• The Kinematics of 30 Milky Way Globular Clusters and the Multiple Stellar Populations within
• Multiple Stellar Populations of Globular Clusters from Homogeneous Ca-CN-CH-NH Photometry. VI. M3 (NGC 5272) is not a Prototypical Normal Globular Cluster
• Chemical analysis of eight giant stars of the globular cluster NGC 6366
• The Carina Project VII: Towards the breaking of the age-metallicity degeneracy of red giant branch stars using the c_UBI index
• Light-element abundance variations in globular clusters
• Formation of massive globular clusters with heavy element abundance spread in the Galactic building blocks
• The Celestial Buffet: multiple populations and globular cluster formation in dwarf galaxies
• Hubble Space Telescope photometry of multiple stellar populations in the inner parts of NGC 2419
• Cold gas in hot star clusters: the wind from the red supergiant W26 in Westerlund 1
• The Hubble Space Telescope UV Legacy Survey of Galactic Globular Clusters. XIII. ACS/WFC Parallel-Field Catalogues
• The Nature and Nurture of Star Clusters
• Young Massive Clusters: Their Population Properties, Formation and Evolution, and Their Relation to the Ancient Globular Clusters
• Investigation of the Globular Cluster NGC 2808 with the Ultra-Violet Imaging Telescope
• Intrinsic Metallicity Variation in the Intermediate Mass Type II Globular Cluster NGC 1261
• Multiple populations in low mass globular clusters: Palomar 13
• A discovery of young stellar objects in older clusters of the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Identifying Multiple Populations in M71 Using CN
• The structural properties of multiple populations in the dynamically young globular cluster NGC 2419
• Ionising Feedback Effects on Star Formation in Globular Clusters with Multiple Stellar Populations
• The Early Evolution of Star Clusters in Compressive and Extensive Tidal Fields
• MOCCA: Global properties of tidally filling and underfilling globular star clusters with multiple stellar populations
• Energy equipartition in multiple-population globular clusters
• Formation of Multiple Populations of M5 (NGC 5904)
• Spatial and kinematic segregation in star cluster merger remnants
• Modifying two-body relaxation in N-body systems by gas accretion
• A possible physical connection between helium-rich stellar populations of massive globular clusters and the UV upturn of galactic spheroids
• The Chemical Evolution of Globular Clusters - II. Metals and Fluorine
• Investigating the Blue Straggler Stars radial distribution in globular clusters with Monte Carlo simulations
• When does the onset of multiple stellar populations in star clusters occur-II: No evidence of multiple stellar populations in Lindsay 113
• Chemical Tagging N-rich Field Stars with High-resolution Spectroscopy
• Exploring the formation environment of multiple stellar populations in Globular Clusters through binary systems
• Monte Carlo simulations of multiple populations in globular clusters: constraints on the initial size of the second generation from binary stars
• Leveraging HST with MUSE: II. Na-abundance variations in intermediate age star clusters
• A new formation model for omega Centauri: the crossroad of astrophysical processes
• Formation of Compact Stellar Clusters by High-Redshift Galaxy Outflows III: Observability and Connection to Halo Globular Clusters
• The realm of the Galactic globular clusters and the mass of their primordial clouds
• Infrared photometry of Young Massive Clusters in the starburst galaxy NGC 4214
• Do stellar winds play a decisive role in feeding AGN?
• M92 (NGC~6341) Is a Metal-Complex Globular Cluster with an Atypical Primordial Population
• Evidence for Enrichment by Supernovae in the Globular Cluster NGC 6273
• The discovery of a Li-Na-rich giant star in Omega Centauri: formed from the pure ejecta of super-AGB stars?
• MUSE observations of NGC330 in the Small Magellanic Cloud. Helium abundance of bright main sequence stars
• Chemical evolution of star clusters
• Self-enrichment in Globular Clusters: the extreme He-rich population of NGC 2808
• Light Element Chemistry and the Double Red Giant Branch in the Galactic Globular Cluster NGC 288
• A JWST project on 47 Tucanae. Binaries among multiple populations
• The wide upper main sequence and main sequence turnoff of the ~ 800 Myr old star cluster NGC1831
• A Comparative Study Between M30 and M92 : M92 Is A Merger Remnant With A Large Helium Enhancement
• Investigating a predicted metallicity [Fe/H] variation in the Type II Globular Cluster NGC 362
• A Photometric Study of Globular Clusters Observed by the APOGEE Survey
• Phase-space mixing of multiple stellar populations in globular clusters
• On the star formation efficiencies and evolution of multiple stellar generations in Globular Clusters
• Globular Cluster UVIT legacy Survey (GlobUleS) III. Omega Centauri in Far-Ultraviolet
• MOCCA: Effects of pristine gas accretion and cluster migration on globular cluster evolution, global parameters, and multiple stellar populations
• Compact objects formation, retention, and growth through accretion onto gas-embedded white-dwarfs/neutron-stars in gas-enriched globular-clusters
• A high-resolution spectroscopic search for multiple populations in the 2 Gyr old cluster NGC 1846
• Evolution of the disky second generation of stars in globular clusters on cosmological timescale
• Decoding the bifurcated red-giant branch as a tracer of multiple stellar populations in the young Large Magellanic Cloud cluster NGC 2173
• Dating N loud AGNs at high redshift: GS3073 as a snapshot of wCen like evolution of a nuclear star cluster
• MUSE spectroscopic observations of the Young Massive Cluster NGC1850
• A JWST project on 47 Tucanae: kinematics, energy equipartition and anisotropy of multiple populations
• Kinematics of outer halo globular clusters: M 75 and NGC 6426
• Multiple stellar populations and their influence on blue stragglers
• Spectroscopy of Red Giants in the globular cluster Terzan 8: kinematics and evidence for the surrounding Sagittarius stream
• An empirical calibration of Lick indices using Milky Way Globular Clusters
• Multipopulation aftereffects on the color-magnitude diagram and Cepheid variables of young stellar systems
• Carbon Abundance of Globular Cluster M22 (NGC 6656) and the Surface Carbon Depletion Rates of the Milky Way Globular Clusters
• On the Use of the Number Count of Blue Horizontal--Branch Stars to Infer the Dominant Building Blocks of the Milky Way Halo
• Mass transfer of low-mass binaries and chemical anomalies among unevolved stars in globular clusters
• Uncovering Multiple Populations in NGC 7099 (M 30) using Washington Photometry
• Globular Cluster formation in a collapsing supershell
• Tidal mass loss in the Fornax dwarf spheroidal galaxy through N-body simulations with Gaia DR3-based orbits
• Resolved photometry of Young Massive Clusters in the starburst galaxy NGC 4214
• Nonlinear Color-Metallicity Relations of Globular Clusters. X. Subaru/FOCAS Multi-object Spectroscopy of M87 Globular Clusters
• The Origin of Young Stellar Populations in NGC 1783: Accretion of External Stars
• Dynamical Processes in Globular Clusters
• Radial Dependence of the Proto-Globular Cluster Contribution to the Milky Way Formation
• Assessment of Stellar Stratification in Three Young Star Clusters in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• A Wide View of the Galactic Globular Cluster NGC 2808: Red Giant and Horizontal Branch Star Spatial Distributions
• On the impact of Helium abundance on the Cepheid Period-Luminosity and Wesenheit relations and the Distance Ladder
• The complex stellar system M 22: constraining the chemical enrichment from AGB stars using magnesium isotope ratios
• On the formation of globular clusters: comparison with observations
• Galactic or extragalactic chemical tagging for NGC3201? Discovery of an anomalous CN-CH relation
• Globular cluster formation with multiple stellar populations: A single-binary composite scenario
• Evolution of the kinematic properties of rotating multiple-population globular clusters
• The Curious Radial Distributions of Horizontal Branch Stars in NGC 6441
• Massive binaries and the enrichment of the interstellar medium in globular clusters
• A Careful Reassessment of Globular Cluster Multiple Population Radial Distributions with Sloan Digital Sky Survey and Johnson-Cousins Broadband Photometry
• Spatial mixing of stellar populations in globular clusters via binary-single star scattering
• Light Element Abundances and Multiple Populations in M53
• Globular clusters and their contribution to the formation of the Galactic halo
• Searching for chemical abundance variations in young star clusters in the Magellanic Clouds: NGC 411, NGC 1718 and NGC 2213
• Multiple stellar populations at less evolved stages-III: a possible helium spread in NGC 2210
• Detectors and Shieldings: Past and Future at LUNA
• The Predicted Properties of Helium-Enriched Globular Cluster Progenitors at High Redshift
• Rebounding Cores to Build Star Cluster Multiple Populations
• Low-luminosity galaxies in the early universe have observed sizes similar to star cluster complexes
• Bimodal regime in young massive clusters leading to subsequent stellar generations
• Lithium factories in the Galaxy: novae and AGB stars
• The CUBES Science Case
• Spectroscopic studies of stellar populations in globular clusters and field stars: implications for globular cluster and Milky Way halo formation
• PSF-based Analysis for Detecting Unresolved Wide Binaries
• Linking the Internal Properties of Infant Globular Clusters to their Formation Environments
• Homogenous abundances of Mg, Si, Ca, and Ti for about 1500 red giants in 16 globular clusters from FLAMES spectra
• C,T1,T2: A complementary method to detect Multiple Populations with the Washington filter system
• `Status update' for the AGB scenario for the formation of multiple populations
• S-PLUS: Exploring wide field properties of multiple populations in galactic globular clusters at different metallicities
• Constraining the original composition of the gas forming first-generation stars in globular clusters
• Gas and dust from extremely metal-poor AGB stars
• The mass functions of multiple stellar populations in 47 Tucanae
• Noble gases Neon and argon: a role for the chemical patterns of multiple populations in globular clusters?
• Is the overconcentration of pristine populations in Galactic globular clusters real? An N-body approach to the problem