Dynamical Constraints on the Origin of Multiple Stellar Populations in Globular Clusters

Abstract

We have carried out a large grid of N-body simulations in order to investigate if mass-loss as a result of primordial gas expulsion can be responsible for the large fraction of second generation stars in globular clusters (GCs) with multiple stellar populations (MSPs). Our clusters start with two stellar populations in which $10\%$ of all stars are second generation stars. We simulate clusters with different initial masses, different ratios of the half-mass radius of first to second generation stars, different primordial gas fractions and Galactic tidal fields with varying strength. We then let our clusters undergo primordial gas-loss and obtain their final properties such as mass, half-mass radius and the fraction of second generation stars. Using our N-body grid we then perform a Monte Carlo analysis to constrain the initial masses, radii and required gas expulsion time-scales of GCs with MSPs. Our results can explain the present-day properties of GCs only if (1) a substantial amount of gas was present in the clusters after the formation of second generation stars and (2) gas expulsion time-scales were extremely short ($\lesssim 10^5$ yr). Such short gas expulsion time-scales are in agreement with recent predictions that dark remnants have ejected the primordial gas from globular clusters, and pose a potential problem for the AGB scenario. In addition, our results predict a strong anti-correlation between the number ratio of second-generation stars in GCs and the present-day mass of GCs. So far, the observational data show only a significantly weaker anti-correlation, if any at all.

arXiv comment14 pages, 6 figures, 3 tables, typos corrected. Accepted for publication in MNRAS

References in corpus (65)

• On the variation of the Initial Mass Function
• Embedded Clusters in Molecular Clouds
• Comprehensive analytic formulae for stellar evolution as a function of mass and metallicity
• Young massive star clusters
• Na-O Anticorrelation and HB. VII. The chemical composition of first and second-generation stars in 15 globular clusters from GIRAFFE spectra
• Dynamical evolution of star clusters in tidal fields
• Resolved Massive Star Clusters in the Milky Way and its Satellites: Brightness Profiles and a Catalogue of Fundamental Parameters
• Fast rotating massive stars and the origin of the abundance patterns in galactic globular clusters
• A Triple Main Sequence in the Globular Cluster NGC 2808
• Formation and Dynamical Evolution of Multiple Stellar Generations in Globular Clusters
• The Luminosity Function of Young Star Clusters In "The Antennae" Galaxies (NGC 4038/4039)
• Omega Centauri: The Population Puzzle Goes Deeper
• Predictions for self-pollution in globular cluster stars
• Massive binaries as the source of abundance anomalies in globular clusters
• A comprehensive set of simulations studying the influence of gas expulsion on star cluster evolution
• The ACS Survey of Galactic Globular Clusters. III. The Double Subgiant Branch of NGC 1851
• Early Disc Accretion as the Origin of Abundance Anomalies in Globular Clusters
• Star cluster disruption by giant molecular clouds
• The early evolution of Globular Clusters: the case of NGC 2808
• Multiple stellar populations in 47 Tucanae
• On the self-enrichment scenario of galactic globular clusters: Constraints on the IMF
• Multi-physics simulations using a hierarchical interchangeable software interface
• Abundance patterns of multiple populations in Globular Clusters: a chemical evolution model based on yields from AGB ejecta
• The Astrophysical Multipurpose Software Environment
• Origin of the abundance patterns in Galactic globular clusters: constraints on dynamical and chemical properties of globular clusters
• A multiphysics and multiscale software environment for modeling astrophysical systems
• Origin of multiple stellar populations in globular clusters and their helium enrichment
• On the Formation of Multiple Stellar Populations in Globular Clusters
• Dynamical Evolution and Spatial Mixing of Multiple Population Globular Clusters
• The fraction of second generation stars in Globular Clusters from the analysis of the Horizontal Branch
• A top-heavy stellar initial mass function in starbursts as an explanation for the high mass-to-light ratios of ultra compact dwarf galaxies
• Accretion relicts in the solar neighbourhood: debris from omegaCen's parent galaxy
• Studying the YMC population of M83: how long clusters remain embedded, their interaction with the ISM and implications for GC formation theories
• Superbubble dynamics in globular cluster infancy II. Consequences for secondary star formation in the context of self-enrichment via fast rotating massive stars
• The influence of residual gas expulsion on the evolution of the Galactic globular cluster system and the origin of the Population II halo
• Star Clusters in M31: V. Internal Dynamical Trends: Some Troublesome, Some Reassuring
• A General Abundance Problem for All Self-Enrichment Scenarios for the Origin of Multiple Populations in Globular Clusters
• Mining SDSS in search of Multiple Populations in Globular Clusters
• Constraints on mass loss and self-enrichment scenarios for the globular clusters of the Fornax dSph
• Radial distribution of the multiple stellar populations in omega Centauri
• A highly abnormal massive star mass function in the Orion Nebula cluster and the dynamical decay of trapezia systems
• Dynamical Evolution of Globular Clusters in Hierarchical Cosmology
• The Rotation Curve of the Large Magellanic Cloud and the Implications for Microlensing
• A Dynamical Signature of Multiple Stellar Populations in 47 Tucanae
• A Double Main Sequence in the Globular Cluster NGC 6397
• Chemical composition and constraints on mass loss for globular clusters in dwarf galaxies: WLM and IKN
• On the mass-radius relation of hot stellar systems
• A Large Dark Matter Core in the Fornax Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy?
• On the Origin of the High Helium Sequence in $\omega$ Centauri
• The Na-O anticorrelation in horizontal branch stars. III. 47 Tuc and M 5
• The double sub-giant branch of NGC 6656 (M22): a chemical characterization
• Formation of Multiple Populations in Globular Clusters: Another Possible Scenario
• Evolution of two stellar populations in globular clusters II. Effects of primordial gas expulsion
• First evidence of fully spatially mixed first and second generations in globular clusters: the case of NGC 6362
• The infrared eye of the Wide-Field Camera 3 on the Hubble Space Telescope reveals multiple main sequences of very low-mass stars in NGC 2808
• The evolution of two stellar populations in globular clusters I. The dynamical mixing timescale
• CCD Photometry of the Globular Cluster omega Centauri. II. Stellar Populations and Age-Metallicity Relation
• The Origin of the Gaussian Initial Mass Function of Old Globular Cluster Systems
• Constraining Globular Cluster Formation Through Studies of Young Massive Clusters - IV. Testing the Fast Rotating Massive Star Scenario
• Radial distributions of sub-populations in the globular cluster M15: a more centrally concentrated primordial population
• The Gradients in the 47 Tuc Red Giant Branch Bump and Horizontal Branch are Consistent With a Centrally-Concentrated, Helium-Enriched Second Stellar Generation
• Superbubble dynamics in globular cluster infancy I. How do globular clusters first lose their cold gas?
• Biases in the inferred mass-to-light ratio of globular clusters: no need for variations in the stellar mass function
• The puzzle of metallicity and multiple stellar populations in the Globular Clusters in Fornax
• Galactic globular cluster 47 Tucanae: new ties between the chemical and dynamical evolution of globular clusters?

Cited by in corpus (25)

• A catalogue of masses, structural parameters and velocity dispersion profiles of 112 Milky Way globular clusters
• Concurrent formation of supermassive stars and globular clusters: implications for early self-enrichment
• Gas expulsion in massive star clusters? Constraints from observations of young and gas-free objects
• Globular Cluster Mass Loss in the Context of Multiple Populations
• Multiple populations in the old and massive Small Magellanic Cloud globular cluster NGC121
• Globular Cluster Formation at High Density: A model for Elemental Enrichment with Fast Recycling of Massive-Star Debris
• The formation of secondary stellar generations in massive young star clusters from rapidly cooling shocked stellar winds
• Multiple stellar populations and their evolution in globular clusters: A nucleosynthesis perspective
• A spectroscopic study of the Globular Cluster NGC 4147
• On the survival of resonant and non-resonant planetary systems in star clusters
• Sodium abundances of AGB and RGB stars in Galactic globular clusters II. Analysis and results of NGC 104, NGC 6121 and NGC 6809
• Monte Carlo simulations of multiple populations in globular clusters: constraints on the cooling flow vs. accretion scenario using million bodies simulations
• Empirical estimates of the Na-O anti-correlation in 95 Galactic globular clusters
• Role of supergiants in the formation of globular clusters
• Spectral properties and detectability of supermassive stars in protoglobular clusters at high redshift
• MOCCA: Dynamics and evolution of binary stars of multiple stellar populations in tidally filling and underfilling globular star clusters
• Star clusters forming in a low metallicity starburst -- rapid self-enrichment by (very) massive stars
• The radial distributions of the two main-sequence components in the young massive star cluster NGC 1856
• Multiple stellar population mass loss in massive Galactic globular clusters
• Limits on the significant mass-loss scenario based on the globular clusters of the Fornax dwarf spheroidal galaxy
• Birth cluster simulations of planetary systems with multiple super-Earths: initial conditions for white dwarf pollution drivers
• Ionising Feedback Effects on Star Formation in Globular Clusters with Multiple Stellar Populations
• Stellar collisions in globular clusters: Constraints on the initial mass function of the first generation of stars
• Identifying the possible ex-situ origin of the globular clusters of the Milky Way: A kinematic study
• Globular clusters and their contribution to the formation of the Galactic halo