Multiple stellar populations in 47 Tucanae

Abstract

We use Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and ground-based imaging to study the multiple populations of 47 Tuc, combining high-precision photometry with calculations of synthetic spectra. Using filters covering a wide range of wavelengths, our HST photometry splits the main sequence (MS) into two branches, and we find that this duality is repeated in the subgiant and red-giant regions (SGB, RGB), and on the horizontal branch (HB). We calculate theoretical stellar atmospheres for MS stars, assuming different chemical composition mixtures, and we compare their predicted colors through the HST filters with our observed colors. We find that we can match the complex of observed colors with a pair of populations, one with primeval abundance and another with enhanced nitrogen and a small helium enhancement, but with depleted C and O. We confirm that models of RGB and red HB stars with that pair of compositions also give colors that fit our observations. We suggest that the different strengths of molecular bands of OH, CN, CH and NH, falling in different photometric bands, are responsible for the color splits of the two populations. Near the cluster center, in each portion of the color-magnitude diagram (CMD) the population with primeval abundances makes up only ~20% of the stars, a fraction that increases outwards, approachng equality in the outskirts of the cluster, with a fraction ~30% averaged over the whole cluster. Thus the second, He/N-enriched population is more concentrated and contributes the majority of the present-day stellar content of the cluster. We present evidence that the CMD of 47 Tuc consists of intertwined sequences of the two populations, whose separate identities can be followed continuously from the MS up to the RGB, and thence to the HB. A third population is visible only in the SGB, where it includes ~8% of the stars.

49 pages, 35 figures, accepted for pubblication in ApJ

References in corpus (11)

• Fast rotating massive stars and the origin of the abundance patterns in galactic globular clusters
• Formation and Dynamical Evolution of Multiple Stellar Generations in Globular Clusters
• Spectroscopic and Photometric evidence of two stellar populations in the Galactic Globular Cluster NGC6121 (M4)
• The ACS Survey of Galactic Globular Clusters. III. The Double Subgiant Branch of NGC 1851
• The double Subgiant Branch of NGC 1851: the role of the CNO abundance
• Ground-Based CCD Astrometry with Wide Field Imagers. I. [Observations just a few years apart allow decontamination of field objects from members in two Globular clusters.]
• Nitrogen abundances in giant stars of the globular cluster NGC 6752
• A large C+N+O abundance spread in giant stars of the globular cluster NGC 1851
• Deep FORS1 observations of the double Main Sequence of omega Centauri
• The evolution of two stellar populations in globular clusters I. The dynamical mixing timescale
• Ground-based CCD astrometry with wide field imagers. IV. An improved Geometric Distortion Correction for the Blue prime-focus Camera at the LBT

Cited by in corpus (215)

• The Dawes Review 2: Nucleosynthesis and stellar yields of low and intermediate-mass single stars
• The Hubble Space Telescope UV Legacy Survey of Galactic Globular Clusters. I. Overview of the Project and Detection of Multiple Stellar Populations
• The Ages of 55 Globular Clusters as Determined Using an Improved delta V_TO^HB Method Along with Color-Magnitude Diagram Constraints, and Their Implications for Broader Issues
• The ACS Survey of Galactic Globular Clusters. XII. Photometric Binaries along the Main-Sequence
• The Hubble Space Telescope UV Legacy Survey of Galactic Globular Clusters. IX. The Atlas of Multiple Stellar Populations
• The Hubble Space Telescope UV Legacy Survey of Galactic Globular Clusters. V. Constraints on Formation Scenarios
• What is a globular cluster? An observational perspective
• The Hubble Space Telescope UV Legacy Survey of Galactic Globular Clusters. XVI. The helium abundance of multiple populations
• The Hubble Space Telescope UV Legacy Survey of Galactic Globular Clusters. III. A quintuple stellar population in NGC2808
• A WFC3/HST view of the three stellar populations in the Globular Cluster NGC6752
• A unique model for the variety of multiple populations formation(s) in globular clusters: a temporal sequence
• A Multi-Mass Velocity Dispersion Model of 47 Tucanae Indicates No Evidence for an Intermediate Mass Black Hole
• Iron and s-elements abundance variations in NGC5286: comparison with anomalous globular clusters and Milky Way satellites
• Dynamical Evolution and Spatial Mixing of Multiple Population Globular Clusters
• Hubble Space Telescope reveals multiple Sub-Giant Branch in eight Globular Clusters
• Helium enhanced stars and multiple populations along the horizontal branch of NGC2808: direct spectroscopic measurements
• The SUMO project I. A survey of multiple populations in globular clusters
• The Hubble Space Telescope UV Legacy Survey of Galactic Globular Clusters. II. The seven stellar populations of NGC7089 (M2)
• A General Abundance Problem for All Self-Enrichment Scenarios for the Origin of Multiple Populations in Globular Clusters
• An Age Difference of 2 Gyr between a Metal-Rich and a Metal-Poor Globular Cluster
• Detailed Abundances for a Large Sample of Giant Stars in the Globular Cluster 47 Tucanae (NGC 104)
• Five groups of red giants with distinct chemical composition in the globular cluster NGC 2808
• Global and non-global parameters of horizontal branch morphology of globular clusters
• A Dynamical Signature of Multiple Stellar Populations in 47 Tucanae
• High Precision Differential Abundance Measurements in Globular Clusters: Chemical Inhomogeneities in NGC 6752
• The Na-O anticorrelation in horizontal branch stars. III. 47 Tuc and M 5
• Gaia Data Release 3: The Galaxy in your preferred colours. Synthetic photometry from Gaia low-resolution spectra
• Red Giant Branch Bump Brightness and Number Counts in 72 Galactic Globular Clusters Observed with the Hubble Space Telescope
• Multiple stellar populations in Magellanic Cloud clusters. IV. The double main sequence of the young cluster NGC1755
• Nitrogen abundances and multiple stellar populations in the globular clusters of the Fornax dSph
• A Spectroscopic Analysis of the Galactic Globular Cluster NGC 6273 (M19)
• The role of super-asymptotic giant branch ejecta in the abundance patterns of multiple populations in globular clusters
• Effects of Helium Enrichment in Globular Clusters I.Theoretical Plane with PGPUC stellar evolution code
• The Gaia-ESO Survey: Stellar content and elemental abundances in the massive cluster NGC 6705
• The RR Lyrae variables and Horizontal Branch of NGC6656 (M22)
• Terzan 8: a Sagittarius-flavoured globular cluster
• New PARSEC database of alpha-enhanced stellar evolutionary tracks and isochrones I. Calibration with 47 Tuc (NGC104) and the improvement on RGB bump
• NGC 362: another globular cluster with a split red giant branch
• The extreme chemistry of multiple stellar populations in the metal-poor globular cluster NGC 4833
• A high fraction of Be stars in young massive clusters: evidence for a large population of near-critically rotating stars
• Helium and Multiple Populations in the Massive Globular Cluster NGC6266 (M62)
• The State-of-the-Art HST Astro-Photometric Analysis of the core of ωCentauri. III. The Main Sequence's Multiple Populations Galore
• The infrared eye of the Wide-Field Camera 3 on the Hubble Space Telescope reveals multiple main sequences of very low-mass stars in NGC 2808
• Preparing the next gravitational million-body simulations: Evolution of single and binary stars in Nbody6++GPU, MOCCA and McLuster
• Differences in the rotational properties of multiple stellar populations in M 13: a faster rotation for the "extreme" chemical subpopulation
• The intriguing stellar populations in the globular clusters NGC 6388 and NGC 6441
• The primordial and evolutionary abundance variations in globular-cluster stars: a problem with two unknowns
• Three-Component Kinematics of Multiple Stellar Populations in Globular Clusters with Gaia and VLT
• NLTE Chemical abundances in Galactic open and globular clusters
• The formation of multiple populations in the globular cluster 47 Tuc
• Mass loss along the red giant branch in 46 Globular Clusters and their multiple populations
• Absolute Ages and Distances of 22 GCs using Monte Carlo Main-Sequence Fitting
• NGC 6535: the lowest mass Milky Way globular cluster with a Na-O anti-correlation? Cluster mass and age in the multiple population context
• The Search for Multiple Populations in Magellanic Cloud Clusters I: Two Stellar Populations in the Small Magellanic Cloud Globular Cluster NGC 121
• Revisiting nucleosynthesis in globular clusters: the case of NGC 2808 and the role of He and K
• The M4 Core Project with HST -- II. Multiple Stellar Populations at the Bottom of the Main Sequence
• Radial distributions of sub-populations in the globular cluster M15: a more centrally concentrated primordial population
• Gas depletion in primordial globular clusters due to accretion onto stellar-mass black holes
• AGB Sodium Abundances in the Globular Cluster 47 Tucanae (NGC 104)
• The Hubble Space Telescope UV Legacy Survey of Galactic Globular Clusters. IV. Helium content and relative age of multiple stellar populations within NGC 6352
• Photometric properties of stellar populations in Galactic globular clusters: the role of the Mg-Al anticorrelation
• The chemical composition of red giants in 47 Tucanae I: Fundamental parameters and chemical abundance patterns
• The cluster ages experiment (CASE). V. Analysis of three eclipsing binaries in the globular cluster M4
• An aluminium tool for multiple stellar generations in the globular clusters 47 Tuc and M 4
• The age of 47Tuc from self-consistent isochrone fits to colour-magnitude diagrams and the eclipsing member V69
• Constraints on the Distance Moduli, Helium and Metal Abundances, and Ages of Globular Clusters from their RR Lyrae and Non-Variable Horizontal-Branch Stars. I. M3, M15, and M92
• The Hubble Space Telescope UV Legacy Survey of Galactic Globular Clusters - XII. The RGB Bumps of multiple stellar populations
• Spectroscopic Signatures of Extra-Tidal Stars Around the Globular Clusters NGC 6656 (M22), NGC 3201 and NGC 1851 from RAVE
• Aluminium abundances in five discrete stellar populations of the globular cluster NGC 2808
• Evolution of long-lived globular cluster stars III. Effect of the initial helium spread on the position of stars in a synthetic Hertzsprung-Russell diagram
• The Hubble Space Telescope UV Legacy Survey of Galactic Globular Clusters. X. The radial distribution of stellar populations in NGC 2808
• The Hubble Space Telescope UV Legacy Survey of Galactic Globular Clusters. VII. Implications from the Nearly Universal Nature of Horizontal Branch Discontinuities
• Chemical abundances in the multiple sub-giant branch of 47 Tucanae: insights on its faint sub-giant branch component
• Dynamical cluster disruption and its implications for multiple population models in the E-MOSAICS simulations
• The chemical composition of the low-mass Galactic globular cluster NGC 6362
• Chemical abundances along the 1G sequence of the chromosome maps: The Globular Cluster NGC 3201
• On the red giant branch mass loss in 47 Tucanae: Constraints from the horizontal branch morphology
• The role of cluster mass in the multiple populations of Galactic and extragalactic globular clusters
• The Hubble Space Telescope UV Legacy Survey of Galactic Globular Clusters. VIII. Preliminary Public Catalog Release
• The unexpected kinematics of multiple populations in NGC6362: do binaries play a role?
• Constraints on the distance moduli, helium and metal abundances, and ages of globular clusters from their RR Lyrae and non-variable horizontal-branch stars. II. Multiple stellar populations in 47Tuc, M3, and M13
• Multiple stellar populations along the red Horizontal Branch and Red Clump of Globular Clusters
• Multiple stellar populations in the globular cluster M3 (NGC 5272): a Strömgren perspective
• Clear evidence for the presence of second-generation asymptotic giant branch stars in metal-poor Galactic globular clusters
• The fraction of first and second generation stars in globular clusters. I The case of NGC 6752
• Chemical characterization of the globular cluster NGC 5634 associated to the Sagittarius dwarf spheroidal galaxy
• Optical Identification of He White Dwarfs Orbiting Four Millisecond Pulsars in the Globular Cluster 47 Tucanae
• The Hubble Space Telescope UV Legacy Survey of Galactic Globular Clusters - XIV. Multiple stellar populations within M 15 and their radial distribution
• Formation of new stellar populations from gas accreted by massive young star clusters
• A comparative analysis of the observed white dwarf cooling sequence from globular clusters
• Evolution of Binary Stars in Multiple-Population Globular Clusters
• The Na-O anticorrelation in horizontal branch stars. V. NGC 6723
• Horizontal-branch morphology and multiple stellar populations in the anomalous globular cluster M22
• On the Interpretation of Sub-Giant Branch Morphologies of Intermediate-Age Star Clusters with Extended Main Sequence Turnoffs
• Dynamical Constraints on the Origin of Multiple Stellar Populations in Globular Clusters
• Reconciling the Galactic Bulge Turnoff Age Discrepancy with Enhanced Helium Enrichment
• Sodium abundances of AGB and RGB stars in Galactic globular clusters II. Analysis and results of NGC 104, NGC 6121 and NGC 6809
• The Potassium abundance in the globular clusters NGC104, NGC6752 and NGC6809
• Evolution of the Stellar Mass Function in Multiple-Population Globular Clusters
• An extreme paucity of second population AGB stars in the normal globular cluster M4
• Evolution of Binary Stars in Multiple-Population Globular Clusters - II. Compact Binaries
• Evidence for multiple populations in the massive globular cluster NGC 2419 from deep uVI LBT photometry
• Chemical Complexity in the Eu-enhanced Monometallic Globular Cluster NGC 5986
• The Hubble Space Telescope UV Legacy Survey of Galactic Globular Clusters. XX. Ages of single and multiple stellar populations in seven bulge globular clusters
• Multiple populations in massive star clusters under the magnifying glass of photometry: Theory and tools
• Hubble Space Telescope observations of the Kepler-field cluster NGC 6819. I. The bottom of the white dwarf cooling sequence
• A stellar census in globular clusters with MUSE -- Extending the CaT-metallicity relation below the horizontal branch and applying it to multiple populations
• The Optical Colors of Giant Elliptical Galaxies and their Metal-Rich Globular Clusters Indicate a Bottom-Heavy Initial Mass Function
• Stellar loci I. Metallicity dependence and intrinsic widths
• The white dwarf cooling sequence of 47 Tucanae
• Helium enrichment in intermediate-age Magellanic Clouds clusters: towards an ubiquity of multiple stellar populations?
• Uncovering Multiple Populations with Washington Photometry: I. The Globular Cluster NGC 1851
• The dynamical origin of multiple populations in intermediate-age clusters in the Magellanic Clouds
• From the CMD of Omega Centauri and (super-)AGB stellar models to a Galactic plane passage gas purging chemical evolution scenario
• Galactic globular cluster 47 Tucanae: new ties between the chemical and dynamical evolution of globular clusters?
• Light-Element Abundances of Giant Stars in the Globular Cluster M71 (NGC 6838)
• Abundances of Na, Mg, and K in the atmospheres of red giant branch stars of Galactic globular cluster 47 Tucanae
• NGC 6139: a normal massive globular cluster or a first-generation dominated cluster? Clues from the light elements
• The Hubble Space Telescope UV Legacy Survey of Galactic Globular Clusters -- XI. The horizontal branch in NGC\,6388 and NGC\,6441
• Empirical estimates of the Na-O anti-correlation in 95 Galactic globular clusters
• Role of supergiants in the formation of globular clusters
• Testing Metal Poor Stellar Models and Isochrones with HST Parallaxes of Metal Poor Stars
• Exploring the nature and synchronicity of early cluster formation in the Large Magellanic Cloud IV: Evidence for Multiple Populations in Hodge 11 and NGC 2210
• Reversed radial distribution trend of subpopulations in the globular clusters NGC 362 and NGC 6723
• Atmospheric Parameters and Metallicities for 2191 stars in the Globular Cluster M4
• Bayesian Analysis of Two Stellar Populations in Galactic Globular Clusters I: Statistical and Computational Methods
• The Hubble Space Telescope UV Legacy Survey of Galactic Globular Clusters. XXI. Binaries among multiple stellar populations
• Mass loss of different stellar populations in Globular Clusters: the case of M4
• Multiple populations along the asymptotic giant branch of the globular cluster M 4
• Spatial mixing of binary stars in multiple-population globular clusters
• UV Insights into the Complex Populations of M 87 Globular Clusters
• A Measurement of Diffusion in 47 Tucanae
• Multiple stellar populations in Asymptotic Giant Branch stars of Galactic Globular Clusters
• Stroemgren - near-infrared photometry of the Baade's Window. I. The bulge globular cluster NGC6528 and the surrounding field
• Bayesian Analysis of Two Stellar Populations in Galactic Globular Clusters III: Analysis of 30 Clusters
• The VMC Survey. XI. Radial Stellar Population Gradients in the Galactic Globular Cluster 47 Tucanae
• On the absolute age of the metal-rich globular M71 (NGC 6838): I. optical photometry
• Multiple stellar populations of globular clusters from homogeneous Ca--CN photometry. IV. Toward precision populational tagging
• Level of helium enhancement among M3's horizontal-branch stars
• M13 multiple stellar populations seen with the eyes of Strömgren photometry
• Multichromatic colour-magnitude diagrams of the globular cluster NGC 6366
• The radial distributions of the two main-sequence components in the young massive star cluster NGC 1856
• An efficient approach to extract parameters from star cluster CMDs: fitCMD
• On the Color-Metallicity Relation of the Red Clump and the Reddening Toward the Magellanic Clouds
• Simulations of globular clusters within their parent galaxies: multiple stellar populations and internal kinematics
• When do stars in 47 Tucanae lose their mass?
• Rubidium abundances in the globular clusters NGC 6752, NGC 1904 and NGC 104 (47 Tuc)
• No Evidence for Chemical Abundance Variations in the Intermediate-age Cluster NGC 1783
• On the determination of the He abundance distribution in globular clusters from the width of the main sequence
• The tight subgiant branch of the intermediate-age star cluster NGC 411 implies a single-aged stellar population
• A chromosome map to unveil stellar populations with different magnesium abundances. The case of Omega Centauri
• The GeMS/GSAOI Galactic Globular Cluster Survey (G4CS) I: A Pilot Study of the stellar populations in NGC 2298 and NGC 3201
• Globular clusters in the far-ultraviolet: evidence for He-enriched second populations in extra-galactic globular clusters?
• Fluorine abundances and the puzzle of globular cluster chemical history
• Lithium and oxygen in globular cluster dwarfs and the early disc accretion scenario
• Light Element Abundances and Multiple Populations in M10
• Theory of Stellar Population Synthesis with an application to N-Body simulations
• Simulations of globular clusters within their parent galaxies: Metallicity spreads and anomalous precursor populations
• The chemical composition of red giants in 47 Tucanae. II. Magnesium isotopes and pollution scenarios
• Searching for multiple populations in star clusters using the China Space Station Telescope
• Analysis of the CN and CH molecular band strengths in stars of the open cluster NGC 6791
• When does the onset of multiple stellar populations in star clusters occur-III: No evidence of significant chemical variations in main-sequence stars of NGC 419
• Multiple stellar population mass loss in massive Galactic globular clusters
• Multiple Stellar Populations of Globular Clusters From Homogeneous Ca-CN-CH-NH Photometry. VII. Metal-Poor Populations in 47 Tucanae (NGC 104)
• The colour-magnitude relation of Globular Clusters in Centaurus and Hydra - Constraints on star cluster self-enrichment with a link to massive Milky Way GCs
• Integrated photometry of multiple stellar populations in Globular Clusters
• High Resolution Spectroscopic Abundances of Red Giant Branch Stars in NGC 6681
• Stellar populations in star clusters
• The M4 Core Project with HST --- I. Overview and First-Epoch
• The Kinematics of 30 Milky Way Globular Clusters and the Multiple Stellar Populations within
• Close encounters involving RAVE stars beyond the 47 Tucanae tidal radius
• HST observations of the globular cluster NGC 6402 (M14) and its peculiar multiple populations
• Models for Metal-Poor Stars with Different Initial Abundances of C, N, O, Mg, and Si. II. Application to the Colour-Magnitude Diagrams of the Globular Clusters 47 Tuc, NGC 6362, M5, M3, M55, and M92
• Dynamical estimate of post main sequence stellar masses in 47 Tucanae
• On the AGB stars of M 4: A robust disagreement between spectroscopic observations and theory
• Identifying Multiple Populations in M71 Using CN
• He abundances in disc galaxies -- I. Predictions from cosmological chemodynamical simulations
• Bayesian Analysis of Two Stellar Populations in Galactic Globular Clusters II: NGC 5024, NGC 5272, and NGC 6352
• The VMC Survey. XVIII. Radial dependence of the low-mass, 0.55--0.82 $M_{\odot }$ stellar mass function in the Galactic globular cluster 47 Tucanae
• Red Giant Branch Bump Star Counts in Data and Stellar Models
• A comparative study of two 47 Tuc giant stars with different s-process enrichment
• Hubble Space Telescope FUV observations of M31's globular clusters suggest a spatially homogeneous helium-enriched sub population
• The realm of the Galactic globular clusters and the mass of their primordial clouds
• A JWST project on 47 Tucanae. Binaries among multiple populations
• Multiple Populations in NGC 1851: Abundance Variations and UV Photometric Synthesis in the Washington and HST/WFC3 Systems
• Multiple Stellar Populations outside the tidal radius of NGC1851 through Gaia DR3 XP Spectra
• On the original composition of the gas forming first-generation stars in clusters: insights from HST and JWST
• On the star formation efficiencies and evolution of multiple stellar generations in Globular Clusters
• Investigating a predicted metallicity [Fe/H] variation in the Type II Globular Cluster NGC 362
• Exploring the nature and synchronicity of early cluster formation in the Large Magellanic Cloud V: Multiple Populations in ancient Globular Clusters
• Detecting unresolved binary stars in Euclid VIS images
• A Photometric Study of Globular Clusters Observed by the APOGEE Survey
• New sub-grouping of multiple stellar populations in NGC 2808 based on low-resolution spectroscopy
• Theory of multiple-stellar population synthesis in a non-Hamiltonian setting
• A new visual -- near-infrared diagnostic to estimate the metallicity of cluster and field dwarf stars
• Photometric Detection of Multiple Populations in Globular Clusters Using Integrated Light
• Uncovering Multiple Populations in NGC 7099 (M 30) using Washington Photometry
• The GeMS/GSAOI Galactic Globular Cluster Survey (G4CS) II: Characterization of 47 Tuc with Bayesian Statistics
• UVIT-HST-Gaia-VISTA study of KRON 3 in the Small Magellanic Cloud: A cluster with an extended red clump in UV
• A uvbyCaHbeta CCD Analysis of the Open Cluster Standard, M67,and its Relation to NGC 752
• On the formation of globular clusters: comparison with observations
• Abundances of Mg and K in the atmospheres of turn-off stars in Galactic globular cluster 47 Tucanae
• Unexpected radial trend of the iron abundance in a sample of monometallic Galactic globular clusters
• Thirteen facts that you need to know on multiple populations in globular clusters
• Primordial Nucleosynthesis
• The Curious Radial Distributions of Horizontal Branch Stars in NGC 6441
• Globular clusters and their contribution to the formation of the Galactic halo
• Synthetic photometry of globular clusters: Uncertainties on synthetic colors
• Multiple populations in the Sagittarius nuclear cluster M54 and in other anomalous globular clusters
• Spectroscopic studies of stellar populations in globular clusters and field stars: implications for globular cluster and Milky Way halo formation
• S-PLUS: Exploring wide field properties of multiple populations in galactic globular clusters at different metallicities
• The Formation of Globular Clusters as a Case of Overcooling
• Mass loss of different stellar populations in globular clusters
• Observations of the Bright Star in the Globular Cluster 47 Tucanae (NGC 104)
• Constraining the original composition of the gas forming first-generation stars in globular clusters