Properties of stellar generations in Globular Clusters and relations with global parameters

Abstract

ABRIDGED) We revise the formation of Galactic GCs by adding the detailed chemical composition of their different stellar generations (from 1200 giants in 19 GCs) to their global parameters. We propose to identify as GCs those showing the Na-O anticorrelation, and we classify the GCs according to kinematics and location in the Galaxy in disk/bulge, inner, and outer halo. We find that the LF of GCs is fairly independent of their population, suggesting that it is imprinted by the formation mechanism, and only marginally affected by the ensuing evolution. We show that a large fraction of the primordial population should have been lost by the proto-GCs. The extremely low Al abundances found for the primordial population of massive GCs indicate a very fast enrichment process before the formation of the primordial population. We suggest a scenario for the formation of GCs including at least 3 main phases: i) the formation of a precursor population (likely due to the interaction of cosmological structures similar to those leading to dwarf spheroidals, but residing at smaller Rgc, with the early Galaxy or with other structures), ii) which triggers a large episode of star formation (the primordial population), and iii) the formation of the current GC, mainly within a cooling flow formed by the slow winds of a fraction of the primordial population. The precursor population is very effective in raising the metal content in massive and/or metal poor (mainly halo) clusters, while its role is minor in small and/or metal rich (mainly disk) ones. Finally, we use PCA and multivariate relations to study the phase of metal-enrichment from 1st to 2nd generation. Most of the chemical signatures of GCs may be ascribed to a few parameters, the most important being [Fe/H], mass, and age of the cluster, with the location within the Galaxy also playing some role.

24 pages (+2 pages of bibliography and 5 of Appendix), 19 figures, accepted for publication on Astronomy and Astrophysics

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• Isochrone fitting of Galactic globular clusters -- V. NGC6397 and NGC6809 (M55)
• Multiple populations in low mass globular clusters: Palomar 13
• The Massive M31 Cluster G1: Detailed Chemical Abundances from Integrated Light Spectroscopy
• Ionising Feedback Effects on Star Formation in Globular Clusters with Multiple Stellar Populations
• The in situ origin of the globular cluster NGC 6388 from abundances of Sc, V, and Zn of a large sample of stars
• Chemical analysis of the Bulge Globular Cluster NGC 6553
• Identifying Multiple Populations in M71 Using CN
• The inhomogenous reionization of the inter-galactic medium by metal-poor globular clusters
• A possible physical connection between helium-rich stellar populations of massive globular clusters and the UV upturn of galactic spheroids
• Stellar-Encounter Driven Red-Giant Star Mass-Loss in Globular Clusters
• Collision-induced mass loss and mass gain on an extremely massive star. An analytical approach and a static proto-globular cluster test-case
• A high-resolution spectroscopic study of two new Na- and Al-rich field giants -- likely globular cluster escapees in the Galactic halo
• Monte Carlo simulations of multiple populations in globular clusters: constraints on the initial size of the second generation from binary stars
• The s-process enriched star HD 55496: origin from a globular cluster or from the tidal disruption of a dwarf galaxy?
• Evidence of globular cluster abundance anomalies in the SMC intermediate-age cluster Kron 3
• When does the onset of multiple stellar populations in star clusters occur-II: No evidence of multiple stellar populations in Lindsay 113
• Globular cluster chemistry in fast rotating dwarf stars belonging to intermediate age open clusters
• Synthetic horizontal branch morphology for different metallicities and ages under tidally enhanced stellar wind
• Chemical Tagging N-rich Field Stars with High-resolution Spectroscopy
• Searching for Multiple Populations in the Integrated Light of the Young and Extremely Massive Clusters in the Merger Remnant NGC~7252
• Potassium abundances in multiple stellar populations of the globular cluster NGC 4833
• Discrepancies between spectroscopy and HST photometry in tagging multiple stellar populations in 22 globular clusters
• A Photometric in-depth look at the core-collapsed globular cluster NGC 6284
• Metallicity of the globular cluster NGC 6388 from high resolution spectra of more than 160 giant stars
• AGB subpopulations in the nearby globular cluster NGC 6397
• The Bulge Cluster Origin (BulCO) survey at the ESO-VLT: probing the early history of the Milky Way assembling. Design and first results in Liller1
• Infrared photometry of Young Massive Clusters in the starburst galaxy NGC 4214
• Hubble Space Telescope FUV observations of M31's globular clusters suggest a spatially homogeneous helium-enriched sub population
• Evolution of long-lived globular cluster stars IV. Initial helium content and white-dwarf properties
• Evidence for Enrichment by Supernovae in the Globular Cluster NGC 6273
• Driving factors behind multiple populations
• NGC 6388 reloaded: some like it hot, but not too much
• Investigation of the Prompt SNe Ia progenitor nature through the analysis of the chemical composition of globular clusters and circumgalactic clouds
• Experimental study of the ${}^{30}$Si(${}^3$He,$d$)${}^{31}$P reaction and thermonuclear reaction rate of ${}^{30}$Si($p$,$\gamma$)${}^{31}$P
• NLTE 1.5D Modeling of Red Giant Stars
• Analysis of integrated-light spectra of Galactic globular clusters
• MOCCA: Effects of pristine gas accretion and cluster migration on globular cluster evolution, global parameters, and multiple stellar populations
• Multiple populations within globular clusters in Early-type galaxies Exploring their effect on stellar initial mass function estimates
• Neutron-Capture Element Signatures in Globular Clusters: Insights from the Gaia-ESO Survey
• The formation and disruption of globular cluster populations in simulations of present-day $L^{\ast }$ galaxies with controlled assembly histories
• Determination of Sodium Abundance Ratio from Low-Resolution Stellar Spectra and Its Applications
• Photometric Detection of Multiple Populations in Globular Clusters Using Integrated Light
• The Stellar Population and Orbit of the Galactic Globular Cluster Palomar 3
• Effect of Binary Fraction on Horizontal Branch Morphology under Tidally Enhanced Stellar Wind
• Kinematics of outer halo globular clusters: M 75 and NGC 6426
• Weighing stars from birth to death: mass determination methods across the HRD
• Chemodynamically Characterizing the Jhelum Stellar Stream with APOGEE-2
• Resolved photometry of Young Massive Clusters in the starburst galaxy NGC 4214
• An empirical calibration of Lick indices using Milky Way Globular Clusters
• Different Sodium enhancements among multiple populations of Milky Way globular clusters
• On the relationship between metallicity distributions of globular clusters and of circumgalactic gas
• Neutron-capture elements in NGC 6752 multiple populations
• The GeMS/GSAOI Galactic Globular Cluster Survey (G4CS) II: Characterization of 47 Tuc with Bayesian Statistics
• Uncovering Multiple Populations in NGC 7099 (M 30) using Washington Photometry
• Testing the sources of the peculiar abundances in globular clusters
• On the formation of globular clusters: comparison with observations
• Exploring the nature and synchronicity of early cluster formation in the Large Magellanic Cloud: III. Horizontal Branch Morphology
• Globular cluster formation with multiple stellar populations: A single-binary composite scenario
• Search strategies for supermassive stars in young clusters and application to nearby galaxies
• Synthetic stellar spectra to study multiple populations in globular clusters: an extended grid and the effects on the integrated light
• Inconsistent metallicity spreads in first generation stars of globular clusters from high resolution spectroscopy and HST photometry
• VEGAS-SSS: An intra-group component in the globular cluster system of NGC 5018 group of galaxies using VST data
• Chemical enrichment by collapsars as the origin of the unusually high [Ba/Fe] in a massive star cluster of the dwarf galaxy NGC 1569
• A Careful Reassessment of Globular Cluster Multiple Population Radial Distributions with Sloan Digital Sky Survey and Johnson-Cousins Broadband Photometry
• Inferring the efficiency of convective-envelope overshooting in Red Giant Branch stars
• Re-examining the Radial Distributions of M13 Multiple Populations
• Globular clusters and their contribution to the formation of the Galactic halo
• Physical Parameters of Stars in NGC 6397 Using ANN-Based Interpolation and Full Spectrum Fitting
• He-enriched STAREVOL models for globular cluster multiple populations. Self-consistent isochrones from ZAMS to the TP-AGB phase
• Rebounding Cores to Build Star Cluster Multiple Populations
• Multiple Populations in Low-mass Globular Clusters: Eridanus
• Statistical analysis of Galactic globular cluster type properties
• Rediscovering the origins of the stellar halo with chemical tagging
• Homogenous abundances of Mg, Si, Ca, and Ti for about 1500 red giants in 16 globular clusters from FLAMES spectra
• Synthetic spectroscopic indices for identifying multiple stellar populations in globular clusters
• C,T1,T2: A complementary method to detect Multiple Populations with the Washington filter system
• Homogeneous abundance ratios of hydrostatic and explosive alpha-elements in globular clusters from high resolution optical spectroscopy
• APOGEE chemical abundances of stars in the MW satellites Fornax, Sextans, Draco and Carina
• Photo-chemo-dynamical analysis and the origin of the bulge globular cluster Palomar 6
• Massive star archeology in globular clusters
• Nature and nurture: the dynamical ages of in situ and accreted globular clusters in the Milky Way
• Indicatives of Early Stages of Star Formation in the Universe