Toward Understanding Massive Star Formation

Abstract

Although fundamental for astrophysics, the processes that produce massive stars are not well understood. Large distances, high extinction, and short timescales of critical evolutionary phases make observations of these processes challenging. Lacking good observational guidance, theoretical models have remained controversial. This review offers a basic description of the collapse of a massive molecular core and a critical discussion of the three competing concepts of massive star formation: - monolithic collapse in isolated cores - competitive accretion in a protocluster environment - stellar collisions and mergers in very dense systems We also review the observed outflows, multiplicity, and clustering properties of massive stars, the upper initial mass function and the upper mass limit. We conclude that high-mass star formation is not merely a scaled-up version of low-mass star formation with higher accretion rates, but partly a mechanism of its own, primarily owing to the role of stellar mass and radiation pressure in controlling the dynamics.

139 pages, 18 figures, 5 tables, glossary

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• Theory of Star Formation
• Physical Properties of Wolf-Rayet Stars
• The Two Young Star Disks in the Central Parsec of the Galaxy: Properties, Dynamics and Formation
• The mass function of dense molecular cores and the origin of the IMF
• Radiation-Hydrodynamic Simulations of Collapse and Fragmentation in Massive Protostellar Cores
• Star formation through gravitational collapse and competitive accretion
• Simulating the formation of molecular clouds. II. Rapid formation from turbulent initial conditions
• Evidence for the Strong Effect of Gas Removal on the Internal Dynamics of Young Stellar Clusters
• Equilibrium Star Cluster Formation
• A dynamical origin for early mass segregation in young star clusters
• Fragmentation of Massive Protostellar Disks
• Ionisation-induced star formation I: The collect and collapse model
• The secrets of the nearest starburst cluster: II. The present-day mass function in NGC 3603
• Radiation Feedback and Fragmentation in Massive Protostellar Cores
• A highly abnormal massive star mass function in the Orion Nebula cluster and the dynamical decay of trapezia systems
• Massive star formation via high accretion rates and early disk-driven outflows
• The Arches Cluster Mass Function
• Visual/infrared interferometry of Orion Trapezium stars: Preliminary dynamical orbit and aperture synthesis imaging of the Theta 1 Orionis C system
• Large Area Mapping at 850 Microns. V. Analysis of the Clump Distribution in the Orion A South Molecular Cloud
• Supersonic turbulence, filamentary accretion,and the rapid assembly of massive stars and disks
• Ionisation-induced star formation II: External irradiation of a turbulent molecular cloud
• GCIRS16SW: a massive eclipsing binary in the Galactic Center
• The evolution of very massive stars
• A very massive runaway star from Cygnus OB2
• Collisions and close encounters involving massive main-sequence stars
• The Stellar Mass Spectrum in Warm and Dusty Gas: Deviations from Salpeter in the Galactic Centre and in Circum-Nuclear Starburst Regions
• Variability of Young Massive Stars in the Galactic Super Star Cluster Westerlund 1
• Early-type stars in the young open cluster IC1805. II. The probably single stars HD15570 and HD15629, and the massive binary/triple system HD15558
• Star formation triggered by SN explosions: an application to the stellar association of $\beta$ Pictoris
• Stellar Encounters with Massive Star-Disk Systems
• Sequentially Triggered Star Formation in OB Associations
• Capture Formed Binaries via Encounters with Massive Protostars
• Massive binaries in high-mass star-forming regions: A multi-epoch radial velocity survey of embedded O-stars
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• The Morphology of M17-UC1 - A Disk Candidate Surrounding a Hypercompact HII Region

Cited by in corpus (837)

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• Southern Massive Stars at High Angular Resolution: Observational Campaign and Companion Detection
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• The First Galaxies
• High-Mass Star and Massive Cluster Formation in the Milky Way
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• A Catalog of Extended Green Objects (EGOs) in the GLIMPSE Survey: A new sample of massive young stellar object outflow candidates
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• Outflow Feedback Regulated Massive Star Formation in Parsec-Scale Cluster Forming Clumps
• Global collapse of molecular clouds as a formation mechanism for the most massive stars
• A spectroscopic survey on the multiplicity of high-mass stars
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• Stellar Populations in the Central 0.5 pc of the Galaxy II: The Initial Mass Function
• Low Virial Parameters in Molecular Clouds: Implications for High Mass Star Formation and Magnetic Fields
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• The stellar and sub-stellar IMF of simple and composite populations
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• ATLASGAL --- towards a complete sample of massive star forming clumps
• A spectroscopic survey of Herbig Ae/Be stars with X-Shooter I: Stellar parameters and accretion rates
• The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey XII. Rotational velocities of the single O-type stars
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• The spine of the swan: A Herschel study of the DR21 ridge and filaments in Cygnus X
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• Clustered and Triggered Star Formation in W5: Observations with Spitzer
• Chemical evolution in the early phases of massive star formation. I
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• A new look at the molecular gas in M42 and M43; possible evidence for cloud-cloud collision which triggered formation of the OB stars in the Orion Nebula Cluster
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• Testing Larson's relationships in massive clumps
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• The Evolution of Massive YSOs in the LMC: Part I. Identification and Spectral Classification
• On the Relationship of UC H II Regions and Class II Methanol Masers: I. Source Catalogs
• The G305 star-forming complex: the central star clusters Danks 1 and Danks 2
• The Evolution and Properties of Rotating Massive Star Populations
• The formation and dynamical evolution of young star clusters
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• An ALMA view of molecular filaments in the Large Magellanic Cloud I: The formation of high-mass stars and pillars in the N159E-Papillon Nebula triggered by a cloud-cloud collision
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• Kinematics of OB-associations in Gaia epoch
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• Biases on initial mass function determinations. II. Real multiple systems and chance superpositions
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• Star formation in the first galaxies - III. Formation, evolution, and characteristics of the first stellar cluster
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• A revolution in star cluster research: setting the scene
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• Spatial distribution of star formation related to ionized regions throughout the inner Galactic plane
• The Swift UVOT Stars Survey: I. Methods and Test Clusters
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• CN Zeeman and dust polarization in a high-mass cold clump
• Rapid and efficient mass collection by a supersonic cloud-cloud collision as a major mechanism of high-mass star formation
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• HST/WFC3 Imaging of Protostellar Jets in Carina: [Fe II] Emission Tracing Massive Jets from Intermediate Mass Protostars
• Asymmetric Line Profiles in Dense Molecular Clumps Observed in MALT90: Evidence for Global Collapse
• History and modes of star formation in the most active region of the Small Magellanic Cloud, NGC 346
• Understanding hydrogen recombination line observations with ALMA and EVLA
• Massive runaway stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud
• ALMA View of the Infalling Envelope around a Massive Protostar in S255IR SMA1
• Molecular clouds toward three Spitzer bubbles S116, S117 and S118: Evidence for the cloud-cloud collision which formed the three \HII \ regions and a 10-pc scale molecular cavity
• Slow ionized wind and rotating disklike system associated with the high-mass young stellar object G345.4938+01.4677
• Twins Among the Low Mass Spectroscopic Binaries
• Uniform Infall toward the Cometary H II Region in the G34.26+0.15 Complex?
• Infall and outflow motions in the high-mass star forming complex G9.62+0.19
• The G305 star-forming complex: Embedded Massive Star Formation Discovered by Herschel Hi-GAL
• Identification of prestellar cores in high-mass star forming clumps via ${\mathrm{H}}_2{\mathrm{D}}^{+}$ observations with ALMA
• Near-Infrared H2 and Continuum Survey of Extended Green Objects
• A VLT/FLAMES survey for massive binaries in Westerlund 1. III. The WC9d binary W239 and implications for massive stellar evolution
• Young Stellar Objects in the Massive Star-Forming Regions W51 and W43
• A new hybrid radiative transfer method for massive star formation
• On the alignment between the circumstellar disks and orbital planes of Herbig Ae/Be binary systems
• Linking pre- and proto-stellar objects in the intermediate-/high-mass star forming region IRAS 05345+3157
• $K$-band integral field spectroscopy and optical spectroscopy of massive young stellar objects in the Small Magellanic Cloud
• Simulating protostellar evolution and radiative feedback in the cluster environment
• SMA Observations of W3(OH) Complex: Physical and Chemical Differentiation between W3(H${}_2$O) and W3(OH)
• W49A: A starburst triggered by expanding shells
• Dynamical evolution of star-forming regions: III. Unbound stars and predictions for Gaia
• Rotational Structure and Outflow in the Infrared Dark Cloud 18223-3
• The Spatial Evolution of Young Massive Clusters I. A New Tool to Quantitatively Trace Stellar Clustering
• Wolf 1130: A Nearby Triple System Containing a Cool, Ultramassive White Dwarf
• The Rotating Molecular Structures and the Ionized Outflow Associated with IRAS 16547-4247
• Massive pre-main sequence stars in M17
• Discovery of two new Galactic candidate luminous blue variables with WISE
• MALT-45: A 7 mm survey of the southern Galaxy - I. Techniques and spectral line data
• A non-LTE radiative transfer model to study ionized outflows and disks. The case of MWC349A
• Star Formation & Young Stellar Content in the W3 GMC
• The Lifetimes of Phases in High-Mass Star-Forming Regions
• The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey: XXXI. Radial velocities and multiplicity constraints of red supergiant stars in 30 Doradus
• The role of low-mass star clusters in massive star formation. The Orion Case
• Dynamical Accretion Flows -- ALMAGAL: Flows along filamentary structures in high-mass star-forming clusters
• Massive Star Formation of the Sgr A East HII Regions Near the Galactic Center
• A Search for H2CO 6cm Emission toward Young Stellar Objects III: VLA Observations
• The SEDIGISM survey: a search for molecular outflows
• Triggered star formation around mid-infrared bubbles in G8.14+0.23 H II region
• Star formation around mid-infrared bubble N37: Evidence of cloud-cloud collision
• An investigation into the fraction of particle accelerators among colliding-wind binaries. Towards an extension of the catalogue
• Testing Triggered Star Formation in Six H II Regions
• Star Formation Activity in the molecular cloud G35.20$-$0.74: onset of cloud-cloud collision
• Encounters in the ONC - observing imprints of star-disc interactions
• APEX/SABOCA observations of small-scale structure of infrared-dark clouds I. Early evolutionary stages of star-forming cores
• The Physical Properties of High-Mass Star-Forming Clumps: A Systematic Comparison of Molecular Tracers
• New insights in the mid-infrared bubble N49 site: a clue of collision of filamentary molecular clouds
• Millimeter and submillimeter high angular resolution interferometric observations: dust in the heart of IRAS 18162-2048
• Formation of massive stars under protostellar radiation feedback: Very metal-poor stars
• Circumstellar disks and planets. Science cases for next-generation optical/infrared long-baseline interferometers
• The Balloon-Borne Large Aperture Submillimeter Telescope (BLAST) 2005: A 10 deg^2 Survey of Star Formation in Cygnus X
• Angular Momentum and the Formation of Stars and Black Holes
• Low-resolution spectroscopy and spectral energy distributions of selected sources towards sigma Orionis
• The multiplicity of massive stars in the Orion Nebula cluster as seen with long-baseline interferometry
• High Spatial Resolution Spectroscopy of W51 IRS2E and IRS2W: Two Very Massive Young Stars in Early Formation Stages
• Physical characterisation of southern massive star-forming regions using Parkes NH${}_3$ observations
• A Protostellar Jet Emanating from a Hypercompact HII Region
• 6.7GHz Methanol Maser Associated Outflows: An evolutionary sequence
• FOREST Unbiased Galactic plane Imaging survey with the Nobeyama 45 m telescope (FUGIN). VI. Dense gas and mini-starbursts in the W43 giant molecular cloud complex
• SMA observations of the W3(OH) complex: Dynamical differentiation between W3(H${}_2$O) and W3(OH)
• ALMA observations of RCW 120 Fragmentation at 0.01pc scale
• Massive core/star formation triggered by cloud-cloud collision: Effect of magnetic field
• Looking for outflow and infall signatures in high mass star forming regions
• Star formation in the outer Galaxy: membership and fundamental parameters of the young open cluster NGC 1893
• ALMA CO Observations of a Giant Molecular Cloud in M33: Evidence for High-Mass Star Formation Triggered by Cloud-Cloud Collisions
• The interactions of winds from massive young stellar objects: X-ray emission, dynamics, and cavity evolution
• Tracing early evolutionary stages of high-mass star formation with molecular lines
• Hot HCN around young massive stars at 0.1" resolution
• The G305 star-forming complex: radio continuum and molecular line observations
• The scale-free character of the cluster mass function and the universality of the stellar IMF
• Evolution of massive protostars: the IRAS 18151-1208 region
• Dense molecular cocoons in the massive protocluster W3 IRS5: a test case for models of massive star formation
• Machine learning detects multiplicity of the first stars in stellar archaeology data
• From Gas to Stars in Energetic Environments: Dense Gas Clumps in the 30 Doradus Region Within the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Near-infrared integral field spectroscopy of Massive Young Stellar Objects
• Near-infrared H2 and Continuum Survey of Extended Green Objects. II. Complete Census for the Northern Galactic Plane
• Relic proto-stellar disks and the origin of luminous circumstellar interaction in core collapse supernovae
• New Wolf-Rayet star and its circumstellar nebula in Aquila
• Sh2-138: Physical environment around a small cluster of massive stars
• Star formation towards the southern Cometary HII region IRAS 17256-3631
• MONOS.II. Orbit review and analysis for 35 single-lined spectroscopic binary systems and candidates
• Are molecular outflows around high-mass stars driven by ionization feedback?
• Multiple low-turbulence starless cores associated with intermediate- to high-mass star formation
• New OB star candidates in the Carina Arm around Westerlund 2 from VPHAS+
• Gaia and HST astrometry of the very massive $\sim$150 $M_{\odot }$ candidate runaway star VFTS682
• Formation of stellar clusters
• Planet Hunters TESS IV: A massive, compact hierarchical triple star system TIC 470710327
• Massive star formation in the GMC G345.5+1.0: Spatial distribution of the dust emission
• A rotating molecular disk toward IRAS 18162-2048, the exciting source of HH 80-81
• LABOCA 870 micron dust continuum mapping of selected infrared-dark cloud regions in the Galactic plane
• Galactic 26Al traces metal loss through hot chimneys
• Water abundances in high-mass protostellar envelopes: Herschel observations with HIFI
• VLBA imaging of the 3mm SiO maser emission in the disk-wind from the massive protostellar system Orion Source I
• Upper stellar mass limit by radiative feedback at low-metallicities: metallicity and accretion rate dependence
• Companion-driven evolution of massive stellar binaries
• Earliest Stages of Protocluster Formation: Substructure and Kinematics of Starless Cores in Orion
• The First Metallicity Study of M83 using the integrated UV light of Star Clusters
• Cloud-Cloud Collision Induced Star Formation in IRAS 18223-1243
• A molecular line study towards massive extended green object clumps in the southern sky: chemical properties
• Tracing Accretion onto Herbig Ae/Be Stars Using the Brγ Line
• Blinded by the light: on the relationship between CO first overtone emission and mass accretion rate in massive young stellar objects
• Star-forming cores embedded in a massive cold clump: Fragmentation, collapse and energetic outflows
• ALMA Observations of Giant Molecular Clouds in M33 I: Resolving Star Formation Activities in the Giant Molecular Filaments Possibly Formed by a Spiral Shock
• A systematic study of Galactic infrared bubbles along the Galactic plane with AKARI and Herschel
• Detection of a large massive circumstellar disk around a high-mass young stellar object in the Carina Nebula
• ATOMS: ALMA Three-millimeter Observations of Massive Star-forming regions -XIV. Properties of resolved UC Hii regions
• Rapidly increasing collimation and magnetic field changes of a H2O maser outflow
• Multiplicity and disks within the high-mass core NGC7538IRS1: Resolving cm line and continuum emission at ~0.06"x0.05" resolution
• Ionized Gas Towards Molecular Clumps: Physical Properties of Massive Star Forming Regions
• The Intermediate-mass Young Stellar Object 08576nr292: Discovery of a disk-jet system
• LBT Discovery of a Yellow Supergiant Eclipsing Binary in the Dwarf Galaxy Holmberg IX
• Diverse protostellar evolutionary states in the young cluster AFGL961
• Disks around massive young stellar objects: are they common?
• UKIRT Widefield Infrared Survey for Fe${}^{+}$
• Fragmentation and kinematics in high-mass star formation: CORE-extension targeting two very young high-mass star-forming regions
• Sgr B2(N): A bipolar outflow and rotating hot core revealed by ALMA
• Linking low- to high-mass YSOs with Herschel-HIFI observations of water
• A sub-arcsecond study of the hot molecular core in G023.01-00.41
• An All-Sky Sample of Intermediate-Mass Star-Forming Regions
• Signatures of infall motions in the images of the molecular emission of G31 HMC
• The role of low-mass star clusters in forming the massive stars in DR 21
• Star formation activity in the Galactic H II region Sh2-297
• A Comparative Astrochemical Study Of The High-Mass Protostellar Objects NGC 7538 IRS 9 and IRS 1
• Physical Structure and Nature of Supernova Remnants in M101
• A Spitzer Space Telescope survey of massive young stellar objects in the G333.2-0.4 giant molecular cloud
• A Survey for Hydroxyl in the THOR Pilot Region around W43
• Massive star formation in the Carina nebula complex and Gum 31 -- I. The Carina nebula complex
• Molecular gas in a Spitzer bubble N4: possible evidence for cloud-cloud collisions as a trigger of massive star formation
• Fragmentation, rotation and outflows in the high-mass star-forming region IRAS 23033+5951. A case study of the IRAM NOEMA large program CORE
• Interferometric Observations of High-Mass Star-Forming Clumps with Unusual N2H+/HCO+ Line Ratios
• VLA Survey of Dense Gas in Extended Green Objects: Prevalence of 25 GHz Methanol Masers
• Young open clusters in the galactic star forming region NGC 6357
• Multi-wavelength study of triggered star formation around mid-infrared bubble N14
• Investigation of the stellar content in the western part of the Carina nebula
• A Highly collimated Water Maser Bipolar Outflow in the Cepheus A HW3d Massive Young Stellar Object
• Dense Cores, Filaments and Outflows in the S255IR Region of High Mass Star Formation
• ALMA observations of the Extended Green Object G19.01$-$0.03: I. A Keplerian disc in a massive protostellar system
• Different Evolutionary Stages in the Massive Star Forming Region W3 Main Complex
• Inferring the evolutionary stages of the internal structures of NGC 7538 S and IRS1 from chemistry
• Magnetic field regulated infall on the disc around the massive protostar Cepheus A HW2
• A global view on star formation: The GLOSTAR Galactic plane survey IV. Radio continuum detections of young stellar objects in the Galactic Centre region
• Spectral Energy Distributions of High Mass Proto Stellar Objects - Evidence for High Accretion Rates
• Hierarchical formation of Westerlund 1: a collapsing cluster with no primordial mass segregation?
• Physical and chemical complexity in high-mass star-forming regions with ALMA. I. Overview and evolutionary trends of physical properties
• Chemical enrichment of the pre-solar cloud by supernova dust grains
• An ALMA study of the massive molecular clump N159W-North in the Large Magellanic Cloud: A possible gas flow penetrating one of the most massive protocluster systems in the Local Group
• Extended ammonia observations towards the 'Integral-Shaped Filament'
• Unveiling the formation of the massive DR21 ridge
• On the magnetic flux problem in star formation
• Molecular gas in the compact H{\sc ii} region RCW 166; possible evidence for an early phase of cloud-cloud collision prior to the bubble formation
• Hubble Space Telescope NICMOS Polarization Observations of Three Edge-on Massive YSOs
• Unveiling the physical conditions in NGC 6910
• Ammonia and CO Outflow around 6.7 GHz Methanol Masers
• Near-infrared Monitoring of the Accretion Outburst in the MYSO S255-NIRS3
• Detection of Low Mass-ratio Stellar Binary Systems
• Mid-infrared interferometry of the massive young stellar object NGC 2264 IRS 1
• On the origin of close massive binaries in the M17 star-forming region
• On the ALMA observability of nascent massive multiple systems formed by gravitational instability
• Molecular line and continuum study of the W40 cloud
• A Large Scale, Low Frequency Murchison Widefield Array Survey of Galactic HII regions between 260< l <\340
• ATOMS: ALMA Three-millimeter Observations of Massive Star-forming regions -XIII. Ongoing triggered star formation within clump-fed scenario found in the massive ($\sim 1500$ ${\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$) clump
• High-mass star formation in Orion possibly triggered by cloud-cloud collision III, NGC2068 and NGC2071
• Clustered star formation at early evolutionary stages. Physical and chemical analysis of the young star-forming regions ISOSS J22478+6357 and ISOSS J23053+5953
• Line-driven ablation of circumstellar discs: III. Accounting for and analyzing the effects of continuum optical depth
• High Resolution LAsMA ${}^{12}$CO and ${}^{13}$CO Observation of the G305 Giant Molecular Cloud Complex : I. Feedback on the Molecular Gas
• Unraveling the observational signatures of cloud-cloud collision and hub-filament systems in W31
• The structure of molecular gas associated with NGC2264: wide-field 12CO and H2 imaging
• Near-infrared spectroscopic observations of massive young stellar object candidates in the Central Molecular Zone
• Steady-state nucleosynthesis throughout the Galaxy
• An interesting candidate for isolated massive star formation in the Small Magellanic Cloud
• Line-driven ablation of circumstellar discs: IV. The role of disc ablation in massive star formation and its contribution to the stellar upper mass limit
• Probing the envelopes of massive young stellar objects with diffraction limited mid-infrared imaging
• New detections of (sub)millimeter hydrogen radio recombination lines towards high-mass star-forming clumps
• A Sample of Intermediate-Mass Star-Forming Regions: Making Stars at Mass Column Densities <1 g/cm^2
• Testing the Evolutionary Sequence of High Mass Protostars with CARMA
• The sequence of low and high mass star formation in the young stellar cluster IRAS 19343+2026
• High-mass star formation at high luminosities: W31 at >10^6 L_sun
• Unveiling Extragalactic Star Formation Using Radio Recombination Lines: An EVLA Pilot Study with NGC 253
• Disk fragmentation in high-mass star formation. High-resolution observations towards AFGL 2591-VLA 3
• H${}_2$ ortho-to-para conversion on grains: A route to fast deuterium fractionation in dense cloud cores?
• MY Serpentis: a high-mass triple system in the Ser OB2 association
• An ALMA Glimpse of Dense Molecular Filaments Associated with High-mass Protostellar Systems in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Physical properties of seven binary and higher-order multiple OB systems
• The formation of high-mass binary star systems
• Mid-infrared interferometry of the massive young stellar object NGC3603 - IRS 9A
• Dense Molecular Gas In A Young Cluster Around MWC 1080 -- Rule Of The Massive Star
• ALMA reveals a cloud-cloud collision that triggers star formation in N66N of the Small Magellanic Cloud
• The study of a system of H II regions toward l = 24.8 deg, b = 0.1 deg at the Galactic bar - Norma arm interface
• A differentially rotating disc in a high-mass protostellar system
• Probing the massive star forming environment - a multiwavelength investigation of the filamentary IRDC G333.73+0.37
• Unveiling molecular clouds toward bipolar HII region G8.14+0.23
• The Evolutionary Status of Protostellar Clumps Hosting Class II Methanol Masers
• Star-forming gas in young clusters
• NGC7538 IRS1 -- an O star driving an ionized jet and giant N-S outflow
• Star formation and evolution of blister-type H{\sc ii} region Sh2-112
• The Massive Stellar Population of W49: A Spectroscopic Survey
• The Herschel-HIFI view of mid-IR quiet massive protostellar objects
• Triggered massive star formation associated with the bubble HII region Sh2-39 (N5)
• The early dynamical evolution of star clusters near the Galactic Centre
• On the accretion process in a high-mass star forming region - A multitransitional THz Herschel-HIFI study of ammonia toward G34.26+0.15
• Complex molecules in W51 North region
• Ionization toward the high-mass star-forming region NGC 6334 I
• Two O2 If*/WN6 stars possibly ejected from the massive young Galactic cluster Westerlund 2
• HII region variability and pre-main-sequence evolution
• Star Formation Histories Across the Interacting Galaxy NGC 6872, the Largest-Known Spiral
• Formation and evolution of the water maser outflow event in AFGL 2591 VLA 3-N
• Physical characteristics of G331.5-0.1: The luminous central region of a Giant Molecular Cloud
• Hα to FUV ratios in resolved star forming region populations of nearby spiral galaxies
• A large, massive, rotating disk around an isolated young stellar object
• The inflow signature toward different evolutionary phases of massive star formation
• The Astrophysical Environment of the Solar Birthplace
• ALMA observations of CS in NGC 1068: chemistry and excitation
• Chemical evolution of Red MSX Sources in the southern sky
• Supersonic Expansion of the Bipolar Hii Region Sh2-106: A 3,500 Year-Old Explosion?
• A VLT/FLAMES survey for massive binaries in Westerlund 1 V. the X-ray selected blue stragglers Wd1-27 and -30a
• Evolutionary tracks of massive stars during formation
• The Duration of Star Formation in Galactic Giant Molecular Clouds. I. The Great Nebula in Carina
• The mid-infrared environments of 6.7 GHz Methanol Masers from the Methanol Multi-Beam Survey
• The TOP-SCOPE survey of PGCCs: PMO and SCUBA-2 observations of 64 PGCCs in the 2nd Galactic Quadrant
• Sequential star formation in IRAS 06084-0611 (GGD 12-15): From intermediate-mass to high-mass stars
• Star forming activity in the H II regions associated with IRAS 17160-3707 complex
• The HIFI spectral survey of AFGL 2591 (CHESS). II. Summary of the survey
• G048.66-0.29: Physical State of an Isolated Site of Massive Star Formation
• Multiplicity of northern bright O-type stars with optical long baseline interferometry
• ATOMS: ALMA Three-millimeter Observations of Massive Star-forming regions -- VI. On the formation of the "L" type filament in G286.21+0.17
• A Search for In-Situ Field OB Star Formation in the Small Magellanic Cloud
• The effect of diffuse background on the spatially-resolved Schmidt relation in nearby spiral galaxies
• Kompaneets Model Fitting of the Orion-Eridanus Superbubble
• Methyl Cyanide Observations Toward Massive Protostars
• Ongoing Massive Star Formation in NGC 604
• ATLASGAL -- Star forming efficiencies and the Galactic star formation rate
• AFGL 5180 and AFGL 6366S: sites of hub-filament systems at the opposite edges of a filamentary cloud
• Understanding the links among magnetic fields, filament, the bipolar bubble, and star formation in RCW57A using NIR polarimetry
• IRAS16547-4247: A New Candidate of a Protocluster Unveiled with ALMA
• Infrared dust bubble CS51 and its interaction with the surrounding interstellar medium
• Probing the magnetic fields of massive star forming regions with methanol maser polarisation
• The physical environment around IRAS 17599-2148: infrared dark cloud and bipolar nebula
• The First Detection of a Protostellar CO Outflow in the Small Magellanic Cloud with ALMA
• CO observations toward the isolated mid-infrared bubble S44: External triggering of O-star formation by a cloud-cloud collision
• Determining the Parameters of Massive Protostellar Clouds via Radiative Transfer Modeling
• ALMA Observations of the massive molecular outflow G331.512-0.103 II: physical properties, kinematics, and geometry modeling
• Near-infrared spectroscopy of the massive stellar population of W51: evidence for multi-seeded star formation
• Scientific Goals of the Kunlun Infrared Sky Survey (KISS)
• An infrared-submillimeter study of star-forming regions selected by the ISOSS 170um survey
• A Face-on Accretion System in High-Mass Star-Formation: Possible Dusty Infall Streams within 100 AU
• Resolving the stellar components of the massive multiple system Herschel 36 with AMBER/VLTI
• VLT near- to mid-IR imaging and spectroscopy of the M17 UC1-IRS5 region
• CEN34 -- High-Mass YSO in M17 or Background Post-AGB Star?
• Kinematic and Thermal Structure at the onset of high-mass star formation
• Formation of High-Mass stars in an isolated environment in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• High resolution LAsMA ${}^{12}$CO and ${}^{13}$CO observation of the G305 giant molecular cloud complex : II. Effect of feedback on clump properties
• Mid-Infrared diagnostics of metal-rich HII regions from VLT and Spitzer Spectroscopy of Young Massive Stars in W31
• Low-mass pre--main-sequence stars in the Magellanic Clouds
• Spectroscopy and Linear Spectropolarimetry of the early Herbig Be Stars PDS 27 and PDS 37
• On the Diagnostic Power of FIR/Sub-mm SED Fitting in Massive Galactic Molecular Clumps
• Probing the kinematics and chemistry of the hot core Mon R 2 IRS 3 using ALMA observations
• Modelling Herschel observations of infrared-dark clouds in the Hi-GAL survey
• The HIFI spectral survey of AFGL2591 (CHESS). I. Highly excited linear rotor molecules in the high-mass protostellar envelope
• Mid - infrared interferometry of massive young stellar objects II Evidence for a circumstellar disk surrounding the Kleinmann - Wright object
• Near-infrared study of the stellar population of Sh2-152
• The multiplicity of massive stars in the Scorpius OB1 association through high-contrast imaging
• The SiO outflow from IRAS 17233-3603 at high resolution
• Uncovering distinct environments in an extended physical system around the W33 complex
• GRAVITY spectro-interferometric study of the massive multiple stellar system HD 93 206 A
• SiO: Not the perfect outflow tracer: Outflow studies of the massive star formation region IRAS 19410+2336
• SMA observations of C2H in High-Mass Star Forming Regions
• Molecular Clump Extraction Algorithm Based on Local Density Clustering
• Cosmic history of integrated galactic stellar initial mass function : a simulation study
• Dents in the Veil: Protostellar feedback in Orion
• High-resolution APEX/LAsMA ${}^{12}$CO and ${}^{13}$CO (3-2) observation of the G333 giant molecular cloud complex : II. Survival and gravitational collapse of dense gas structures under feedback
• Radiatively driven Rayleigh-Taylor instability candidates around a forming massive star system: NACO adaptive optics and VISIR study of G333.6-0.2
• Near-infrared and Millimeter-wavelength Observations of Mol 160: A Massive Young Protostellar Core
• Millimeter Spectral Line Mapping Observations Toward Four Massive Star Forming HII Regions
• A 4-6 GHz Radio Recombination Line Survey in the Milky Way
• Probing the initial conditions of high-mass star formation -- IV. Gas dynamics and NH${}_2$D chemistry in high-mass precluster and protocluster clumps
• The JCMT Spectral Legacy Survey: physical structure of the molecular envelope of the high-mass protostar AFGL2591
• Carina's Pillars of Destruction: the view from ALMA
• Massive star formation via torus accretion: the effect of photoionization feedback
• The disk-outflow system around the rare young O-type protostar W42-MME
• A new analytic approach to infer the cosmic-ray ionization rate in hot molecular cores from HCO${}^{+}$, N${}_2$H${}^{+}$, and CO observations
• ATOMS: ALMA Three-millimeter Observations of Massive Star-forming regions -- VII. A catalogue of SiO clumps from ACA observations
• Subarcsecond Imaging of the High-Mass Star Forming Region Onsala 1
• VLT/X-shooter spectroscopy of massive young stellar objects in the 30 Doradus region of the Large Magellanic Cloud
• The young stellar content of the giant HII regions M8, G333.6-0.2, and NGC6357 with VLT/KMOS
• Reading between the lines: Disk emission, wind, and accretion during the ZCMa NW outburst
• Ammonia observations towards the Aquila Rift cloud complex
• Contribution of young massive star clusters to Galactic diffuse $\gamma$-ray emission
• No preferential spatial distribution for massive stars expected from their formation
• Early-stage star forming cloud cores in GLIMPSE Extended Green Objects (EGOs) as traced by organic species
• FOREST unbiased Galactic plane imaging survey with the Nobeyama 45 m telescope (FUGIN): Possible evidence of cloud-cloud collisions triggering high-mass star formation in the giant molecular cloud M16 (Eagle Nebula)
• Photon Bubble Turbulence in Cold Atom Gases
• High circular polarization of near infrared light induced by micron-size dust grains
• Megahertz emission of massive early-type stars in the Cygnus region
• Connecting low- and high-mass star formation: the intermediate-mass protostar IRAS 05373+2349 VLA 2
• Magnetic fields and Star Formation around HII regions: The S235 complex
• Direct Spectral Detection: An Efficient Method to Detect and Characterize Binary Systems
• Disk fragmentation around a massive protostar: a comparison of two three-dimensional codes
• A Catalog of Molecular Clumps and Cores with Infall Signatures
• Molecular clouds under the influence of massive stars in the Galactic HII region G353.2+0.9
• New evidences in IRDC G333.73+0.37: colliding filamentary clouds, hub-filament system, and embedded cores
• Extreme Star Formation
• MALT90 molecular content on high-mass IR-dark clumps
• Extremely Energetic Outflow and Decelerated Expansion in W49N
• X-ray emission from Westerlund 2 detected by SRG/ART-XC and Chandra: search for radiation of TeV leptons
• The evolution of the internal structure of massive star forming regions in the Milky Way as revealed by ALMA
• The Massive Stellar Population in the Young Association LH 95 in the LMC
• Census of High- and Medium-mass Protostars V. CO Abundance and the Galactic $X_{\text{CO}}$ Factor
• A spectral survey of CH3CCH in the Hot Molecular Core G331.512-0.103
• Proposed Lunar Measurements of $r$-Process Radioisotopes to Distinguish Origin of Deep-sea 244Pu
• Filamentary Structures and Star Formation Activities in the Sites S234, V582, and IRAS 05231+3512
• Massive star formation around I05345+3157 -- I. The dense gas
• Unraveling the inner substructure of new candidate hub-filament system in the HII region G25.4NW
• Our Knowledge of High-Mass Star Formation at the Dawn of Herschel
• Probing the low-mass end of the companion mass function for O-type stars
• Effects of stellar feedback on cores in STARFORGE
• Spitzer Mid-infrared Study of Compact HII Regions in the Magellanic Clouds
• The HIFI spectral survey of AFGL 2591 (CHESS). III. Chemical structure of the protostellar envelope
• Evidence for a Cloud-Cloud Collision in Sh2-233 Triggering the Formation of the High-mass Protostar Object IRAS 05358+3543
• Investigating inner and large scale physical environments of IRAS 17008-4040 and IRAS 17009-4042 toward l = 345.5 deg, b = 0.3 deg
• Vialactea Visual Analytics tool for Star Formation studies of the Galactic Plane
• Chemical evolution of N2H+ in six massive star-forming regions
• ATLASGAL-selected massive clumps in the inner Galaxy: VIII. Chemistry of photodissociation regions
• High Angular Resolution Observations of Four Candidate BLAST High-Mass Starless Cores
• Pre-mainsequence stellar evolution in N-body models
• The RMS Survey: Ammonia mapping of the environment of young massive stellar objects II
• Massive, wide binaries as tracers of massive star formation
• Massive core/star formation triggered by cloud-cloud collision: II High-speed collisions of magnetized clouds
• ATLASGAL-selected high-mass clumps in the inner Galaxy. VII. Characterisation of mid-J CO emission
• Probing the physical conditions and star formation processes in the Galactic HII region S305
• Aligned grains and inferred toroidal magnetic fields in the envelopes of massive young stellar objects
• Mapping CS in Starburst Galaxies: Disentangling and Characterising Dense Gas
• Improved Selection Criteria for HII Regions, based on IRAS Sources
• The spectroscopic binary fraction of the young stellar cluster M17
• Molecular line mapping of the giant molecular cloud associated with RCW 106 - IV. Ammonia towards dust emission
• Unveiling the near-infrared structure of the massive-young stellar object NGC 3603 IRS 9A with sparse aperture masking and spectroastrometry
• Infrared study of the star-forming region associated with the UC HII regions G45.07+0.13 and G45.12+0.13
• Methanol and water maser observations separate disc and outflow sources in IRAS 19410+2336
• A Low Frequency Pilot Survey of Southern HII Regions in the Vela Constellation
• The Deep SPIRE HerMES Survey: Spectral Energy Distributions and their Astrophysical Indications at High Redshift
• Signatures of UV radiation in low-mass protostars I. Origin of HCN and CN emission in the Serpens Main region
• The Rosette Eye: the key transition phase in the birth of a massive star
• Deuteration in infrared dark clouds
• Cloud structures in M17 SWex : Possible cloud-cloud collision
• Global photometric analysis of galactic HII regions
• Cluster formation induced by a cloud--cloud collision in [DBS2003]179
• WISE Discovery of Mid-infrared Variability in Massive Young Stellar Objects
• A multi-wavelength analysis of the diffuse HII region G25.8700+0.1350
• Photoionization Models of the Inner Gaseous Disk of the Herbig Be Star BD+65 1637
• Measuring Young Stars in Space and Time -- II. The Pre-Main-Sequence Stellar Content of N44
• Near- And Mid-Infrared Imaging Study of Young Stellar Objects around LkH$\alpha$ 234
• VLA OH Zeeman Observations of the star forming region S88B
• Multiple outflows in the high-mass cluster forming region, G25.82-0.17
• A Near-Infrared Study of the Stellar Cluster: [DBS2003] 45
• Structure and kinematics of the clouds surrounding the Galactic mini-starburst W43 MM1
• Determination of a temporally and spatially resolved Supernova rate from OB-stars within 5kpc
• Clustering of low mass stars around Herbig Be star IL Cep -- Evidence of "Rocket Effect" using Gaia EDR3 ?
• Cloud-cloud collision and star formation in G013.313+0.193
• On the dynamical evolution of Cepheid multiplicity in star clusters and its implications for B-star multiplicity at birth
• Mapping and characterizing magnetic fields in the Rho Ophiuchus-A molecular cloud with SOFIA/HAWC$+$
• The physical and chemical structure of high-mass star-forming regions. Unraveling chemical complexity with the NOEMA large program "CORE"
• A clustered origin for isolated massive stars
• Sculpting the Stellar Cusp in the Galactic Center
• A Massive Young Runaway Star in W49 North
• Pilot Observations for MALT-45: A Galactic Plane Survey at 7mm
• SCOTCH -- Search for Clandestine Optically Thick Compact HIIs
• Structure and Kinematics of Sh2-138 -- A distant hub-filament system in the outer Galactic plane
• High-Resolution M-band Spectroscopy of CO towards the Massive Young Stellar Binary W3 IRS5
• Testing Models of Triggered Star Formation with Young Stellar Objects in Cepheus OB4
• A statistical study towards the high-mass BGPS clumps with the MALT90 survey
• The little-studied cluster Berkeley 90. III. Cluster parameters
• Irradiated Interfaces in the Ara OB1, Carina, Eagle Nebula, and Cyg OB2 Massive Star Formation Regions
• ALMAGAL VI. The spatial distribution of dense cores during the evolution of cluster-forming massive clump
• Peculiarities of Open Star Clusters with High Vertical Velocities from the Region of the Sco-Cen OB Association
• Clustered Formation of Massive Stars within an Ionized Rotating Disk
• APEX Millimeter Observations of Methanol Emission Toward High-Mass Star-Forming Cores
• Mapping gravity in stellar nurseries -- establishing the effectiveness of 2D acceleration maps
• High-resolution SOFIA/EXES Spectroscopy of Water Absorption Lines in the Massive Young Binary W3 IRS 5
• High-resolution near-IR Spectral mapping with H${}_2$ and [Fe II] lines of Multiple Outflows around LkH$\alpha$ 234
• Chemical Evolution of HC3N in Dense Molecular Clouds
• New insights in giant molecular cloud hosting S147/S153 complex: signatures of interacting clouds
• A search for the OH 6035 MHz line in high-mass star-forming regions
• Physical and chemical properties of Red MSX Sources in the southern sky: HII regions
• Massive star-formation toward G28.87+0.07 (IRAS 18411-0338) investigated by means of maser kinematics and radio to infrared, continuum observations
• Cloud-cloud collision and star formation in G323.18+0.15
• Digging into the Interior of Hot Cores with ALMA (DIHCA). VII. Disk candidates around high-mass stars and evidence of anisotropic infall
• A new phase of massive star formation? A luminous outflow cavity centred on an infrared quiet core
• Discovery of two infrared objects with strong ice absorption in the AKARI slit-less spectroscopic survey of the Galactic Plane
• Massive Star Formation, Outflows, and Anomalous H2 Emission in Mol 121 (IRAS 20188+3928)
• First embedded cluster formation in California molecular cloud
• [Fe II] 1.64 um Imaging Observations of the Outflow Features around Ultracompact H II Regions in the 1st Galactic Quadrant
• The effects of stellar feedback on molecular clumps in the Lagoon Nebula (M8)
• Metal Enrichment and Reionization Constraints on Early Star Formation
• WISE Green Objects (WGOs): the massive star candidates in the whole Galactic Plane ($\mid b\mid <2^{\circ }$)
• A molecular-line study of the interstellar bullet engine IRAS 05506+2414
• Surveys of clumps, cores, and condensations in Cygnus-X: SMA observations of SiO (5$-$4)
• A Possible Chemical Clock in High-mass Star-forming Regions: N(HC3N)/N(N2H+)?
• Binary Formation in a 100 $\mu$m-dark Massive Core
• Triggered high-mass star formation in the HII region W28A2: A cloud-cloud collision scenario
• [CII] emission properties of the massive star-forming region RCW36 in a filamentary molecular cloud
• The discovery based on GLIMPSE data of a protostar driving a bipolar outflow
• On the central ionizing star of G23.96+0.15 and near-IR spectral classification of O stars
• Milliarcsecond structure and variability of methanol maser emission in three high-mass protostars
• A new tool to derive simultaneously exponent and extremes of power-law distributions
• Long-term variability of Class I methanol masers in the high mass star forming region DR21(OH)
• A High Angular Resolution Survey of Massive Stars in Cygnus OB2: $JHK$ Adaptive Optics Results from the Gemini Near-InfraRed Imager
• Multi-wavelength study of triggered star formation around 25 H II regions
• Bowshocks in a newly discovered maser source in IRAS 20231+3440
• Outflow and accretion detections in the young stellar object IRAS 04579+4703
• Searching for dark clouds in the outer galactic plane I -- A statistical approach for identifying extended red(dened) regions in 2MASS
• Gas and star kinematics in cloud-cloud collisions
• A systematic study of Galactic infrared bubbles along the Galactic plane with AKARI and Herschel. II. Spatial distributions of dust components around the bubbles
• Modeling High-Mass Star Formation and Ultracompact HII Regions
• Investigation of Rocket Effect in Bright-Rimmed Clouds using Gaia EDR3
• A Statistical Study of H I Gas in Nearby Narrow-Line AGN-Hosting Galaxies
• Probing Massive Stars Around Gamma-Ray Burst Progenitors
• A Molecular Line Investigation of the Interaction between Mid-infrared Bubbles and the Interstellar Medium
• Considering light-matter interactions in the Friedmann equations
• CS emission near MIR-bubbles
• Star formation around three co-moving HAeBe stars in the Cepheus Flare
• A search for High Mass Stars Forming in Isolation using CORNISH & ATLASGAL
• Formation of accretion centers in simulations of colliding uniform density H${}_2$ cores
• European VLBI Network observations of 6.7-GHz methanol masers in a candidate circumstellar disc
• Investigating the morphology and CO gas kinematics of Sh2-112 region
• Excited Hydroxyl Outflow in the High-Mass Star-Forming Region G34.26+0.15
• Evolutionary models for the Very Massive Stars in the R136 cluster of 30 Doradus in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• The environment of TeV halo progenitors
• Extended Ionized Fe Objects in the UWIFE Survey
• ALMA 0.1 pc View of Molecular Clouds Associated with High-Mass Protostellar Systems in the Small Magellanic Cloud: Are Low-Metallicity Clouds Filamentary or Not?
• Velocity-resolved high-J CO emission from massive star-forming clumps
• Identifying Stars of Mass >150 Msun from Their Eclipse by a Binary Companion
• Mid-Infrared and Maser Flux Variability Correlation in Massive Young Stellar Object G036.70+00.09
• Synthetic ngVLA line observations of a massive star-forming cloud
• Molecular Clouds Associated with {H \small{II}} regions and Candidates within l = 106.65${}^{\circ }$ to 109.50${}^{\circ }$ and b = $-$1.85${}^{\circ }$ to 0.95${}^{\circ }$
• Fundamental parameters of the massive eclipsing binary HM1 8
• Dense cores in the Seahorse infrared dark cloud: physical properties from modified blackbody fits to the far-infrared-submillimetre spectral energy distributions
• ASAS Census of Twins
• Massive Young Stellar Objects and Outflow in the Infrared-Dark Cloud G79.3+0.3
• Study of the molecular and ionized gas in a possible precursor of an ultra-compact HII region
• Photometric study of the OB star clusters NGC 1502 and NGC 2169 and mass estimation of their members at the University Observatory Jena
• The formation, disruption and properties of pressure-supported stellar systems and implications for the astrophysics of galaxies
• A Refined Sample of Lyman Excess H II Regions
• Rotational velocities of single and binary O-type stars in the Tarantula Nebula
• The stellar content of H72.97-69.39, a potential super star cluster in the making
• ALMA discovery of a dual dense probably rotating outflow from a massive young stellar object G18.88MME
• Discovery of Luminous Star Formation in PMN1452-5910/IRAS14482-5857: the Pterodactyl Nebula
• Episodic accretion in high-mass star formation: An analysis of thermal instability for axially symmetric disks
• Herschel-HIFI observations of H2O, NH3 and N2H+ toward high-mass starless and proto-stellar clumps identified by the Hi-GAL survey
• The Sharpest Ultraviolet view of the star formation in an extreme environment of the nearest Jellyfish Galaxy IC 3418
• Measuring Young Stars in Space and Time -- I. The Photometric Catalog and Extinction Properties of N44
• MAGellanic Outflow and chemistry Survey (MAGOS): Hot cores in the LMC
• The environment and star formation of HII region Sh2-163: a multi-wavelength study
• The spectral energy distribution of protoplanetary diss around Massive Young Stellar Objects
• MeerKAT and ALMA view of the AGAL045.804-0.356 clump
• The Region of Triggered Star Formation W40: Observations and Model
• Numerical Simulation and Completeness Survey of Bubbles in the Taurus and Perseus Molecular Clouds
• Star formation in the circumgalactic high-velocity cloud Complex H
• The low mass companion of HIP 45314 (HR 3672)
• ATLASGAL-selected high-mass clumps in the inner Galaxy: XI. Morphology and kinematics of warm inner envelopes
• Disk-outflow models as applied to high mass star forming regions through methanol and water maser observations
• CHemical Evolution in MassIve star-forming COres (CHEMICO). I. Evolution of the temperature structure
• Linear filament and nested cluster evolution tomography (LANCET) I. Capture the evolution of dense gas in 14-parsec filament G316.8
• Water masers in bowshocks: Addressing the radiation pressure problem of massive star formation
• The origin of very wide binary systems
• Sapaki: Galactic O3If* star possibly born in isolation
• Cosmic Radioactivity and Galactic Chemical Evolution
• Investigating the physical conditions in extended system hosting mid-infrared bubble N14
• Dust and Gas environment of the young embedded cluster IRAS 18511+0146
• Near-Infrared Photometry and Radio Continuum Study of the Massive Star Forming Regions IRAS 21413+5442 and IRAS 21407+5441
• High-mass stars in Milky Way clusters
• Infrared observations of the flaring maser source G358.93-0.03 -- SOFIA confirms an accretion burst from a massive young stellar object
• The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey
• Massive envelopes and filaments in the NGC 3603 star forming region
• Linking simulations and observations of star-forming regions I. Masses and temperatures of ALMAGAL-like cores
• Time Variability in Simulated Ultracompact and Hypercompact HII Regions
• Weak CS Emission in an Extremely Metal-poor Galaxy DDO 70
• Interstellar medium and star formation studies with the Square Kilometre Array
• Sub-arcsecond Imaging of the Complex Organic Chemistry in Massive Star-forming Region G10.6-0.4
• Effect of dust rotational disruption by radiative torques on radiation pressure feedback from massive protostars
• The Properties of Early-type Stars in the Magellanic Clouds
• Research on the Interstellar Medium and Star Formation in the Galaxy: An Indian Perspective
• Non-parametric identification of single-lined binary candidates in young clusters using single-epoch spectroscopy
• A hybrid SLAM-Payne framework for atmospheric parameter and abundance determination of early-type Stars from LAMOST DR9 low-resolution Spectra
• A comprehensive catalogue of OB cluster candidates in M31 and their association with giant molecular clouds
• Using a neural network approach and starspots dependent models to predict effective temperatures and ages of young stars
• Isolated massive star candidates in NGC 4242 with GULP
• The fragmentation properties of massive star-forming regions in 30Dor-10 at 2000 au resolution
• Galactic cold cores II. Herschel study of the extended dust emission around the first Planck detections
• On the coupled origin of the stellar IMF and multiplicity
• Formation of massive multiple-star systems: early migration and mergers
• Astrophotometric search for massive stars in the Milky way. Confronting Random Forest predictions with available spectroscopy
• Broadband VLA Spectral Line Survey of a Sample of Ionized Jet Candidates
• Synthetic observations using POLARIS: an application to simulations of massive prestellar cores
• Godzilla, a monster lurks in the Sunburst galaxy
• Young massive stars and their environment in the mid-infrared at high angular resolution
• ATOMS: ALMA Three-millimeter Observations of Massive Star-forming regions -- V. Hierarchical fragmentation and gas dynamics in IRDC G034.43+00.24
• Evolutions of CH${}_3$CN abundance in molecular clumps
• Herbig Ae/Be candidate stars in the innermost Galactic disk: Quartet cluster
• Random fragmentation of turbulent molecular clouds lying in the central region of giant galaxies
• Oxygen and silicon abundances in Cygnus OB2: Chemical homogeneity in a sample of OB slow rotators
• Populations of OB-type stars in galaxies