VLA Survey of Dense Gas in Extended Green Objects: Prevalence of 25 GHz Methanol Masers

Abstract

We present $\sim 1-4"$ resolution Very Large Array (VLA) observations of four CH${}_3$OH $J_2-J_1$-$E$ 25~GHz transitions ($J$=3, 5, 8, 10) along with 1.3~cm continuum toward 20 regions of active massive star formation containing Extended Green Objects (EGOs), 14 of which we have previously studied with the VLA in the Class~I 44~GHz and Class~II 6.7~GHz maser lines (Cyganowski et al. 2009). Sixteen regions are detected in at least one 25~GHz line ($J$=5), with 13 of 16 exhibiting maser emission. In total, we report 34 new sites of CH${}_3$OH maser emission and ten new sites of thermal CH${}_3$OH emission, significantly increasing the number of 25~GHz Class I CH${}_3$OH masers observed at high angular resolution. We identify probable or likely maser counterparts at 44~GHz for all 15 of the 25~GHz masers for which we have complementary data, providing further evidence that these masers trace similar physical conditions despite uncorrelated flux densities. The sites of thermal and maser emission of CH${}_3$OH are both predominantly associated with the 4.5 $\mu$m emission from the EGO, and the presence of thermal CH${}_3$OH emission is accompanied by 1.3~cm continuum emission in 9 out of 10 cases. Of the 19 regions that exhibit 1.3~cm continuum emission, it is associated with the EGO in 16 cases (out of a total of 20 sites), 13 of which are new detections at 1.3~cm. Twelve of the 1.3~cm continuum sources are associated with 6.7~GHz maser emission and likely trace deeply-embedded massive protostars.

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Cited by in corpus (11)

• Online Database of Class I Methanol Masers
• The SOFIA Massive (SOMA) Star Formation Survey. II. High Luminosity Protostars
• Complex organic molecules detected in twelve high-mass star-forming regions with Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA)
• ALMA observations of the Extended Green Object G19.01$-$0.03: I. A Keplerian disc in a massive protostellar system
• ATLASGAL: 3-mm class I methanol masers in high-mass star formation regions
• SOFIA {\it FORCAST} Photometry of 12 Extended Green Objects in the Milky Way
• VLA Observations of 9 Extended Green Objects in the Milky Way: Ubiquitous Weak, Compact Continuum Emission, and Multi-Epoch Emission from CH${}_3$OH, H${}_2$O, and NH${}_3$ Masers
• Modelling cosmic masers in C-type shock waves -- the coexistence of Class I CH3OH and 1720 MHz OH masers
• WISE Green Objects (WGOs): the massive star candidates in the whole Galactic Plane ($\mid b\mid <2^{\circ }$)
• The candidates for Class I methanol masers
• Broadband VLA Spectral Line Survey of a Sample of Ionized Jet Candidates