A spectroscopic survey on the multiplicity of high-mass stars

Abstract

The formation of stars above about twenty solar masses and their apparently high multiplicity remain heavily debated subjects in astrophysics. We have performed a vast high-resolution radial velocity spectroscopic survey of about 250 O- and 540 B-type stars in the southern Milky Way which indicates that the majority of stars (> 82%) with masses above 16 solar masses form close binary systems while this fraction rapidly drops to 20% for stars of 3 solar masses. The binary fractions of O- type stars among different environment classes are: clusters (72 \pm 13%), associations (73 \pm 8%), field (43 \pm 13%), and runaways (69 \pm 11%). The high frequency of close pairs with components of similar mass argues in favour of a multiplicity originating from the formation process rather than from a tidal capture in a dense cluster. The high binary frequency of runaway O stars that we found in our survey (69% compared to 19-26% in previous surveys) points to the importance of ejection from young star clusters and thus supports the competitive accretion scenario.

arXiv comment6 pages, 4 figures, accepted by MNRAS

References in corpus (21)

• Gamma-Ray Bursts as the Death Throes of Massive Binary Stars
• Toward Understanding Massive Star Formation
• On the Formation of Massive Stars
• The Formation of Massive Star Systems by Accretion
• The High Angular Resolution Multiplicity of Massive Stars
• On the formation of massive stars
• The Galactic O-Star Spectroscopic Survey. I. Classification System and Bright Northern Stars in the Blue-Violet at R~2500
• On the origin of the O and B-type stars with high velocities II Runaway stars and pulsars ejected from the nearby young stellar groups
• The Formation of Close Binary Systems by Dynamical Interactions and Orbital Decay
• Circumventing the radiation pressure barrier in the formation of massive stars via disk accretion
• Predicting the Properties of Binary Stellar Systems: The Evolution of Accreting Protobinary Systems
• A disk of dust and molecular gas around a high-mass protostar
• The Primordial Binary Population - I: A near-infrared adaptive optics search for close visual companions to A star members of Scorpius OB2
• The origin of runaway stars
• A hot compact dust disk around a massive young stellar object
• Simulating star formation in molecular cores II. The effects of different levels of turbulence
• N-body simulations of stars escaping from the Orion nebula
• On the origin of field O-type stars
• The mass ratio and formation mechanisms of Herbig Ae/Be star binary systems
• High-resolution imaging of Galactic massive stars with AstraLux. I. 138 fields with delta > -25 degrees
• Mass Transfer in Close, Rapidly Accreting Protobinaries: An Origin for Massive Twins?

Cited by in corpus (239)

• MESA Isochrones and Stellar Tracks (MIST). I: Solar-Scaled Models
• Stellar Multiplicity
• Mind your Ps and Qs: the Interrelation between Period (P) and Mass-ratio (Q) Distributions of Binary Stars
• Mass Loss: Its Effect on the Evolution and Fate of High-Mass Stars
• Southern Massive Stars at High Angular Resolution: Observational Campaign and Companion Detection
• The Galactic O-Star Spectroscopic Survey (GOSSS). II. Bright Southern Stars
• The Evolution of Compact Binary Star Systems
• The incidence of stellar mergers and mass gainers among massive stars
• The evolutionary roads leading to low effective spins, high black hole masses, and O1/O2 rates of LIGO/Virgo binary black holes
• Black Holes: The Next Generation -- Repeated Mergers in Dense Star Clusters and their Gravitational-Wave Properties
• The search for failed supernovae with the Large Binocular Telescope: confirmation of a disappearing star
• A coordinated X-ray and Optical Campaign of the Nearest Massive Eclipsing Binary, $\delta$ Orionis Aa: IV. A multiwavelength, non-LTE spectroscopic analysis
• Toward Complete Statistics of Massive Binary Stars: Penultimate Results from the Cygnus OB2 Radial Velocity Survey
• Massive runaways and walkaway stars
• Preparing for an Explosion: Hydrodynamic Instabilities and Turbulence in Presupernovae
• Extracting Radial Velocities of A- and B-type Stars from Echelle Spectrograph Calibration Spectra
• The ALMA Survey of 70 $\mu$m dark High-mass clumps in Early Stages (ASHES). I. Pilot Survey: Clump Fragmentation
• The Wolf-Rayet stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud: A comprehensive analysis of the WN class
• Spectral models for binary products: Unifying Subdwarfs and Wolf-Rayet stars as a sequence of stripped-envelope stars
• Delay-time distribution of core-collapse supernovae with late events resulting from binary interaction
• Luminous Blue Variables are Antisocial: Their Isolation Implies that they are Kicked Mass Gainers in Binary Evolution
• The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey XXII. Multiplicity properties of the B-type stars
• The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey XVII. Physical and wind properties of massive stars at the top of the main sequence
• Ionizing spectra of stars that lose their envelope through interaction with a binary companion: role of metallicity
• Low-metallicity massive single stars with rotation. Evolutionary models applicable to I Zwicky 18
• Dynamical ejections of massive stars from young star clusters under diverse initial conditions
• Pre-supernova evolution, compact object masses and explosion properties of stripped binary stars
• A Systematic Survey of the Effects of Wind Mass Loss Algorithms on the Evolution of Single Massive Stars
• A Massive Prestellar Clump Hosting no High-Mass Cores
• An Unstable Truth: How Massive Stars get their Mass
• Gravitational Wave Emission from 3D Explosion Models of Core-Collapse Supernovae with Low and Normal Explosion Energies
• On the likelihood of detecting gravitational waves from Population III compact object binaries
• The mmax-Mecl relation, the IMF and IGIMF: probabilistically sampled functions?
• Detection of additional Be+sdO systems from IUE spectroscopy
• The statistical properties of stars and their dependence on metallicity: the effects of opacity
• Variability of OB stars from TESS southern Sectors 1-13 and high-resolution IACOB and OWN spectroscopy
• Wide Binaries in Tycho-{\it Gaia}: Search Method and the Distribution of Orbital Separations
• Stars with Photometrically Young Gaia Luminosities Around the Solar System (SPYGLASS) I: Mapping Young Stellar Structures and their Star Formation Histories
• Wolf-Rayet stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud: II. Analysis of the binaries
• Dependency of dynamical ejections of O stars on the masses of very young star clusters
• Evolution of surface CNO abundances in massive stars
• Speckle interferometry at SOAR in 2014
• G11.92-0.61 MM 1: A fragmented Keplerian disk surrounding a proto-O star
• Neutron Star Kicks and their Relationship to Supernovae Ejecta Mass
• Forming spectroscopic massive proto-binaries by disk fragmentation
• Simulating the Formation of Massive Protostars: I. Radiative Feedback and Accretion Disks
• On the photometric detection of Internal Gravity Waves in upper main-sequence stars I. Methodology and application to CoRoT targets
• OB associations and their origins
• The Multiplicity of Massive Stars: A High Angular Resolution Survey with the HST Fine Guidance Sensor
• Infall Signatures in a Prestellar Core embedded in the High-Mass 70 $\mu$m Dark IRDC G331.372-00.116
• Investigating the lack of main-sequence companions to massive Be stars
• Fundamental properties of nearby single early B-type stars
• Impact of inter-correlated initial binary parameters on double black hole and neutron star mergers
• The diverse lives of progenitors of hydrogen-rich core-collapse supernovae: the role of binary interaction
• The Evolution and Properties of Rotating Massive Star Populations
• Multiplicity of Galactic Cepheids and RR Lyrae stars from Gaia DR2 - I. Binarity from proper motion anomaly
• Endurance of SN 2005ip after a decade: X-rays, radio, and H-alpha like SN 1988Z require long-lived pre-supernova mass loss
• Prevalence of SED turndown among classical Be stars: Are all Be stars close binaries?
• A Comprehensive Comparative Test of Seven Widely-Used Spectral Synthesis Models Against Multi-Band Photometry of Young Massive Star Clusters
• Light-echoes from the plateau in Eta Carinae's Great Eruption reveal a two-stage shock-powered event
• Predicting the Presence of Companions for Stripped-Envelope Supernovae: The Case of the Broad-Lined Type Ic SN 2002ap
• Search for associations containing young stars (SACY). V. Is multiplicity universal? Tight multiple systems
• Clues about the scarcity of stripped-envelope stars from the evolutionary state of the sdO+Be binary system phi Persei
• A VLT/FLAMES survey for massive binaries in Westerlund 1. IV. Wd1-5 - binary product and a pre-supernova companion for the magnetar CXOU J1647-45?
• The interaction of core-collapse supernova ejecta with a companion star
• Rotational modulation in TESS B stars
• Binary Stars in the New Millennium
• Effect of binary evolution on the inferred initial and final core masses of hydrogen-rich, Type~II supernova progenitors
• A new method for an objective, ${\chi }^2$-based spectroscopic analysis of early-type stars
• Burst occurrence in young massive stellar objects
• Massive stars reveal variations of the stellar initial mass function in the Milky Way stellar clusters
• A nearby recent supernova that ejected the runaway star zeta Oph, the pulsar PSRB1706-16, and 60-Fe found on Earth
• Comprehensive study of ejecta-companion interaction for core-collapse supernovae in massive binaries
• Pre-supernova evolution and final fate of stellar mergers and accretors of binary mass transfer
• A perfect starburst cluster made in one go: the NGC 3603 young cluster
• Thermal Jeans fragmentation within 1000 AU in OMC-1S
• Variability of Massive Stars with Known Spectral Types in the Small Magellanic Cloud Using 8 Years of OGLE-III Data
• Gravitational Waves from Fallback Accretion onto Neutron Stars
• Runaway OB Stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud: Dynamical Versus Supernova Ejections
• K2 space photometry reveals rotational modulation and stellar pulsations in chemically peculiar A and B stars
• Massive Star Formation via the Collapse of Subvirial and Virialized Turbulent Massive Cores
• The IMF and multiplicity of stars from gravity, turbulence, magnetic fields, radiation and outflow feedback
• Characterizing a cluster's dynamic state using a single epoch of radial velocities
• A Multiplicity Census of Intermediate-Mass Stars in Scorpius-Centaurus
• The B-type Binaries Characterisation Programme I. Orbital solutions for the 30 Doradus population
• A High Angular Resolution Survey of Massive Stars in Cygnus OB2: Results from the Hubble Space Telescope Fine Guidance Sensors
• Galactic runaway O and Be stars found using Gaia DR3
• Evidence for Radial Expansion at the Core of the Orion Complex with Gaia EDR3
• Binary Properties from Cepheid Radial Velocities (CRaV)
• LOSS's First Supernova? New Limits on the "Impostor" SN 1997bs
• On the true shape of the upper end of the stellar initial mass function: The case of R136
• Multiple Star Systems in the Orion Nebula
• Subaru/SCExAO First-Light Direct Imaging of a Young Debris Disk around HD 36546
• Pair-Instability Supernovae in the Local Universe
• A high-mass protobinary system with spatially resolved circumstellar accretion disks and circumbinary disk
• Discovery of a brown dwarf companion to the star HIP 64892
• Implementing Primordial Binaries in Simulations of Star Cluster Formation with a Hybrid MHD and Direct N-Body Method
• Massive stars in the hinterland of the young cluster, Westerlund 2
• TESS observations of Be stars: a new interpretation
• Disk Kinematics and Stability in High-Mass Star Formation: Linking Simulations and Observations
• Stars and gas in the most metal-poor galaxies I: COS and MUSE observations of SBS 0335-052E
• Dynamics of a Massive Binary at Birth
• Do siblings always form and evolve simultaneously? Testing the coevality of multiple protostellar systems through SEDs
• The multiplicity of massive stars: a 2016 view
• Early-type Eclipsing Binaries with Intermediate Orbital Periods
• The BPT Diagram in Cosmological Galaxy Formation Simulations: Understanding the Physics Driving Offsets at High-Redshift
• The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey: XXXI. Radial velocities and multiplicity constraints of red supergiant stars in 30 Doradus
• Parameter study for the burst mode of accretion in massive star formation
• A relation between the radial velocity dispersion of young clusters and their age: Evidence for hardening as the formation scenario of massive close binaries
• BEAST begins: Sample characteristics and survey performance of the B-star Exoplanet Abundance Study
• No surviving stellar companion for Cassiopeia A
• On the episodic excursions of massive protostars in the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram
• The occurrence of classical Cepheids in binary systems
• The multiplicity of massive stars in the Orion Nebula cluster as seen with long-baseline interferometry
• Supernova explosions of massive stars and cosmic rays
• SNAPSHOT: Connections between Internal and Surface Properties of Massive Stars
• A solar-type star polluted by calcium-rich supernova ejecta inside the supernova remnant RCW 86
• The Binarity of Early-type Stars from LAMOST Medium-resolution Spectroscopic Survey
• The pulsating magnetosphere of the extremely slowly rotating magnetic $\beta$ Cep star ${\xi }^1$ CMa
• Demographics of triple systems in dense star clusters
• Kinematics and stability of high-mass protostellar disk candidates at sub-arcsecond resolution -- Insights from the IRAM NOEMA large program CORE
• MONOS.II. Orbit review and analysis for 35 single-lined spectroscopic binary systems and candidates
• The IACOB project VIII. Searching for empirical signatures of binarity in fast-rotating O-type stars
• The role of the turbulence driving mode for the Initial Mass Function
• Self Regulated Shocks in Massive Star Binary Systems
• Tidal breakup of triple stars in the Galactic Centre
• Multiplicity and disks within the high-mass core NGC7538IRS1: Resolving cm line and continuum emission at ~0.06"x0.05" resolution
• The statistical properties of early-type stars from LAMOST DR8
• Formation of Very Young Massive Clusters and implications for globular clusters
• Star clusters forming in a low metallicity starburst -- rapid self-enrichment by (very) massive stars
• Surveying the Bright Stars by Optical Interferometry III: A Magnitude-Limited Multiplicity Survey of Classical Be-Stars
• Discovery of X-ray emission from young suns in the Small Magellanic Cloud
• Intriguing X-ray and optical variations of the gamma Cas analog HD45314
• New binaries from the SHINE survey
• Delayed Photons from Binary Evolution Help Reionize the Universe
• VLT/MUSE discovers a jet from the evolved B[e] star MWC 137
• Luminous blue variables: An imaging perspective on their binarity and near environment
• Classical OBe Stars as Post-Supernova Runaways: Confirming Binary Origins
• Quantitative spectroscopy of late O-type main-sequence stars with a hybrid non-LTE method
• Binary-corrected velocity dispersions from single- and multi-epoch radial velocities: massive stars in R136 as a test case
• On the ALMA observability of nascent massive multiple systems formed by gravitational instability
• The blue supergiant MN18 and its bipolar circumstellar nebula
• Dark dust II: Properties in the general field of the diffuse ISM
• The role of magnetic fields in the formation of multiple massive stars
• The origin of early-type runaway stars from open clusters
• A radial velocity survey of the Carina Nebula's O-type stars
• The first interferometric survey in the K-band of massive YSOs. On the hot dust, ionised gas, and binarity at au scales
• A photoionized accretion disk around a young high-mass star
• The slowly pulsating B-star 18 Peg: A testbed for upper main sequence stellar evolution
• Physical properties of seven binary and higher-order multiple OB systems
• Suzaku Monitoring of Hard X-ray Emission from Eta Carinae over a Single Binary Orbital Cycle
• Origin of a massive hyper-runaway subgiant star LAMOST-HVS1 -- implication from Gaia and follow-up spectroscopy
• Boron depletion in Galactic early B-type stars reveals two different main sequence star populations
• HD 152246 - a new high-mass triple system and its basic properties
• Spectroscopic study of early-type multiple stellar systems II. New binary subsystems
• SMA Observations of the Hot Molecular Core IRAS 18566+0408
• NuSTAR rules out a cyclotron line in the accreting magnetar candidate 4U2206+54
• A Survey for High-Mass Eclipsing Binaries
• Spectroscopic Detection of the Pre-White Dwarf Companion of Regulus
• On the Simultaneous Modelling of Dust and Stellar Populations for Interpretation of Galaxy Properties
• The first study of the light-travel time effect in massive LMC eclipsing binaries
• HST astrometry in the 30 Doradus region: measuring proper motions of individual stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Colliding Winds in Low-Mass Binary Star Systems: wind interactions and implications for habitable planets
• Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): Enhanced multiplicity of early B-type dwarfs and giants at $Z=0.2{\mathrm{Z}}_{\odot }$
• The Arches cluster revisited: IV. Observational constraints on the binary properties of very massive stars
• The radial distribution of supernovae compared to star formation tracers
• The nebular spectra of SN 2023ixf: A lower mass, partially stripped progenitor may be the result of binary interaction
• On the binary nature of massive blue hypergiants: high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy suggests that Cyg OB2 12 is a colliding wind binary
• Multiples among B stars in the Scorpius-Centaurus association
• Discovery of a 500 au Protobinary in the Massive Prestellar Core G11.92-0.61 MM2
• Spectroscopic monitoring of rapidly-rotating early-type stars in the Pleiades cluster
• An advanced N-body model for interacting multiple stellar systems
• New and revised parameters for several southern OB binaries
• Discovery of a new Wolf-Rayet star and a candidate star cluster in the Large Magellanic Cloud with Spitzer
• OMC/INTEGRAL photometric observations of pulsating components in eclipsing binaries and characterization of DY Aqr
• Surface structure of 45 Hercules: An otherwise unremarkable Ap star with a surprisingly weak magnetic field
• The multiplicity of massive stars in the Scorpius OB1 association through high-contrast imaging
• GRAVITY spectro-interferometric study of the massive multiple stellar system HD 93 206 A
• Extragalactic neutrino emission induced by Supermassive and Stellar Mass Black Hole mergers
• Binary fraction of O and B-type stars from LAMOST data
• The period analysis of V418 Aql, SU Boo, RV CVn, CR Cas, GV Cyg, V432 Per, and BD+42 2782
• Resolving the MYSO binaries PDS 27 and PDS 37 with VLTI/PIONIER
• The blue supergiant Sher 25 revisited in the Gaia era
• The influence of the secular perturbation of an intermediate-mass companion: II. Ejection of hypervelocity stars from the Galactic Center
• CPD-64 2731: a massive spun-up and rejuvenated high-velocity runaway star
• Eclipsing high-mass binaries I. Light curves and system parameters for CPD-518946, PISMIS24-1 and HD319702
• Probing the low-mass end of the companion mass function for O-type stars
• Radio modelling of the brightest and most luminous non-thermal colliding-wind binary Apep
• Apsidal motion and a light curve solution for thirteen LMC eccentric eclipsing binaries
• Variable Stars in Young Open Cluster NGC 2244
• On the binarity of the classical Cepheid X Sgr from interferometric observations
• The Origin of the Possible Massive Black Hole in the Progenitor System of iPTF13bvn
• X-rays from magnetic intermediate mass Ap/Bp stars
• Giant planets population around B stars from the first part of the BEAST survey
• The fate of rotating massive stars across cosmic times
• Accurate fundamental parameters and distance to a massive early-type eclipsing binary in the Danks 2 cluster
• Intriguing detection of ${}^{12}$CO molecular emission in a classical Be star
• The influence of the cloud virial parameter on the initial mass function
• WISE Discovery of Mid-infrared Variability in Massive Young Stellar Objects
• Dark Dust III: The high-quality single-cloud reddening curve sample. Scrutinizing extinction curves in the Milky Way
• The Formation of Electron-capture Supernovae: A Review
• The Radial and Rotational Velocity of $\zeta$ Ophiuchi
• Unveiling the circumstellar environment towards a massive young stellar object
• The ionizing source of the bipolar HII region S106: a close massive binary
• Discovery of an M-type Companion to the Herbig Ae Star V1787 Ori
• LAMOST J040643.69+542347.8: the fastest Rotator in the Galaxy
• Further milliarcsecond resolution results on cool giants and binary stars from lunar occultations at Devashtal
• V1294 Aql = HD 184279: A bad boy among Be stars or an important clue to the Be phenomenon?
• An observational study of rotation and binarity of Galactic O-type runaway stars
• New Massive Contact Twin Binary in a Radio-quiet HII Region Associated with the M17 Complex
• Expanding shells around young clusters -- S 171/Be 59
• The First High-Contrast Images of X-Ray Binaries: Detection of Candidate Companions in the $\gamma$ Cas Analog RX J1744.7$-$2713
• The IACOB project XV. Updated calibrations of fundamental parameters of Galactic O-type stars
• Two circumstellar nebulae discovered with the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer and their massive central stars
• Improved model of the triple system V746 Cas that has a bipolar magnetic field associated with the tertiary
• Does slow and steady win the race? Investigating feedback processes in giant molecular clouds
• Binary Formation in a 100 $\mu$m-dark Massive Core
• Quantitative spectroscopy of multiple OB stars: I. The quadruple system HD 37061 at the centre of Messier 43
• The colliding-wind binary HD 168112
• Searching for Surviving Companion in the Young SMC Supernova Remnant 1E 0102.2-7219
• Detailed evolutionary models of massive contact binaries: I. Model grids and synthetic populations for the Magellanic Clouds
• Observed Consequences of Presupernova Instability in Very Massive Stars
• The VLT-Flames Tarantula Survey: an overview of the VFTS results so far
• Natal molecular cloud of SNR Kes 41. Complete characterisation
• A Recent Supermassive Black Hole Binary in the Galactic Center Unveiled by the Hypervelocity Stars
• The YMDB catalog: Young massive detached binaries for the determination of high-precision absolute stellar parameters
• The Binary Fraction of B-type Runaway Stars from LAMOST DR8
• A New Look at Open Cluster NGC 6520
• Surveys of clumps, cores, and condensations in Cygnus-X: Searching for Keplerian disks on the scale of 500 au
• MONOS: Multiplicity Of Northern O-type Spectroscopic systems. III. New orbits and Gaia TESS analysis for 10 SB2E systems
• A VLA Census of the Galactic H II Region Population
• A magnetic field detection in the massive O-type bright giant 63 Oph
• Formation of massive multiple-star systems: early migration and mergers
• CoronaGraph Instrument Reference stars for Exoplanets (CorGI-REx) I. Preliminary Vetting and Implications for the Roman Coronagraph and Habitable Worlds Observatory
• Stellar Multiplicity in Open Clusters: Investigating Binary Fractions and Their Relationship with Cluster Properties
• Astrophotometric search for massive stars in the Milky way. Confronting Random Forest predictions with available spectroscopy
• A two-step strategy to identify episodic sources of gravitational waves and high energy neutrinos in starburst galaxies
• An Eccentric Massive Protobinary Assembled via a Core-merger Parabolic Encounter
• Differential velocity cumulative distribution (DVCD): an efficient statistical method for binary-star analysis in large stellar catalogues using radial velocities