Predicting the Presence of Companions for Stripped-Envelope Supernovae: The Case of the Broad-Lined Type Ic SN 2002ap

Abstract

Many young, massive stars are found in close binaries. Using population synthesis simulations we predict the likelihood of a companion star being present when these massive stars end their lives as core-collapse supernovae (SNe). We focus on stripped-envelope SNe, whose progenitors have lost their outer hydrogen and possibly helium layers before explosion. We use these results to interpret new Hubble Space Telescope observations of the site of the broad-lined Type Ic SN 2002ap, 14 years post-explosion. For a subsolar metallicity consistent with SN 2002ap, we expect a main-sequence companion present in about two thirds of all stripped-envelope SNe and a compact companion (likely a stripped helium star or a white dwarf/neutron star/black hole) in about 5% of cases. About a quarter of progenitors are single at explosion (originating from initially single stars, mergers or disrupted systems). All the latter scenarios require a massive progenitor, inconsistent with earlier studies of SN 2002ap. Our new, deeper upper limits exclude the presence of a main-sequence companion star $>8$-$10$ Msun, ruling out about 40% of all stripped-envelope SN channels. The most likely scenario for SN 2002ap includes nonconservative binary interaction of a primary star initially $\lesssim 23$ Msun. Although unlikely ($<$1% of the scenarios), we also discuss the possibility of an exotic reverse merger channel for broad-lined Type Ic events. Finally, we explore how our results depend on the metallicity and the model assumptions and discuss how additional searches for companions can constrain the physics that governs the evolution of SN progenitors.

arXiv commentPublished in ApJ. 24 pages, 8 figures

References in corpus (157)

• Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger
• The chemical composition of the Sun
• Measuring Reddening with SDSS Stellar Spectra and Recalibrating SFD
• On the variation of the Initial Mass Function
• Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics (MESA)
• Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics (MESA): Giant Planets, Oscillations, Rotation, and Massive Stars
• Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics (MESA): Binaries, Pulsations, and Explosions
• MESA Isochrones and Stellar Tracks (MIST). I: Solar-Scaled Models
• Collapsars - Gamma-Ray Bursts and Explosions in "Failed Supernovae"
• How Massive Single Stars End their Life
• Binary interaction dominates the evolution of massive stars
• Evolution of binary stars and the effect of tides on binary populations
• Discovery of the peculiar supernova 1998bw in the error box of GRB980425
• [O III]/[N II] as an Abundance Indicator at High Redshift
• The Supernova -- Gamma-Ray Burst Connection
• Comprehensive analytic formulae for stellar evolution as a function of mass and metallicity
• Mass-loss predictions for O and B stars as a function of metallicity
• A statistical study of 233 pulsar proper motions
• Stellar Multiplicity
• Using Strong Lines to Estimate Abundances in Extragalactic HII Regions and Starburst Galaxies
• Core-Collapse Supernovae from 9 to 120 Solar Masses Based on Neutrino-powered Explosions
• Mass Loss: Its Effect on the Evolution and Fate of High-Mass Stars
• Compact Remnant Mass Function: Dependence on the Explosion Mechanism and Metallicity
• WFPC2 Stellar Photometry with HSTphot
• Pre-Supernova Evolution of Massive Single and Binary Stars
• The Progenitor Stars of Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Nearby Supernova Rates from the Lick Observatory Supernova Search. II. The Observed Luminosity Functions and Fractions of Supernovae in a Complete Sample
• The death of massive stars - I. Observational constraints on the progenitors of type II-P supernovae
• Supernovae, Jets, and Collapsars
• Black Hole Formation in Failing Core-Collapse Supernovae
• A `Hypernova' model for SN 1998bw associated with gamma-ray burst of 25 April 1998
• Evolution of rapidly rotating metal-poor massive stars towards gamma-ray bursts
• The rotation rates of massive stars: the role of binary interaction through tides, mass transfer and mergers
• Observed Fractions of Core-Collapse Supernova Types and Initial Masses of their Single and Binary Progenitor Stars
• The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey VIII. Multiplicity properties of the O-type star population
• Galactic-Field IMFs of Massive Stars
• The effect of massive binaries on stellar populations and supernova progenitors
• Progenitor-Explosion Connection and Remnant Birth Masses for Neutrino-Driven Supernovae of Iron-Core Progenitors
• The gravitational wave signal from the Galactic disk population of binaries containing two compact objects
• Type Ib/c supernovae in binary systems I. Evolution and properties of the progenitor stars
• The First Systematic Study of Type Ibc Supernova Multi-band Light Curves
• A giant outburst two years before the core-collapse of a massive star
• On the origin of the O and B-type stars with high velocities II Runaway stars and pulsars ejected from the nearby young stellar groups
• Wave-Driven Mass Loss in the Last Year of Stellar Evolution: Setting the Stage for the Most Luminous Core-Collapse Supernovae
• A Wolf-Rayet-like progenitor of supernova SN 2013cu from spectral observations of a wind
• Measured Metallicities at the Sites of Nearby Broad-Lined Type Ic Supernovae and Implications for the SN-GRB Connection
• A spectroscopic survey on the multiplicity of high-mass stars
• Bolometric light curves and explosion parameters of 38 stripped-envelope core-collapse supernovae
• The massive binary companion star to the progenitor of supernova 1993J
• The Cassiopeia A Supernova was of Type IIB
• SN 2006jc: A Wolf-Rayet Star Exploding in a Dense He-Rich Circumstellar Medium
• A neutron-star-driven X-ray flash associated with supernova SN 2006aj
• The death of massive stars - II. Observational constraints on the progenitors of type Ibc supernovae
• The Observer's Guide to the Gamma-Ray Burst-Supernova Connection
• The Progenitors of Core-Collapse Supernovae
• The Compactness of Presupernova Stellar Cores
• Post-common-envelope binaries from SDSS. IX: Constraining the common-envelope efficiency
• Optical Photometry and Spectroscopy of the SN 1998bw-like Type Ic Supernova 2002ap
• Theoretical uncertainties of the type Ia supernova rate
• Toward Complete Statistics of Massive Binary Stars: Penultimate Results from the Cygnus OB2 Radial Velocity Survey
• Preparing for an Explosion: Hydrodynamic Instabilities and Turbulence in Presupernovae
• Very Low Energy Supernovae from Neutrino Mass Loss
• The Broad-lined Type Ic SN 2003jd
• The R136 star cluster dissected with Hubble Space Telescope/STIS. I. Far-ultraviolet spectroscopic census and the origin of HeII 1640 in young star clusters
• Discovery, Progenitor & Early Evolution of a Stripped Envelope Supernova iPTF13bvn
• Investigating stellar-mass black hole kicks
• Towards Realistic Progenitors of Core-Collapse Supernovae
• On the alpha formalism for the common envelope interaction
• The Spectral SN-GRB Connection: Systematic Spectral Comparisons between Type Ic Supernovae, and broad-lined Type Ic Supernovae with and without Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Core-Collapse Supernovae and Host Galaxy Stellar Populations
• SN 2004aw: Confirming Diversity of Type Ic Supernovae
• PTF12os and iPTF13bvn. Two stripped-envelope supernovae from low-mass progenitors in NGC 5806
• A Spectroscopic Analysis of the Energetic Type Ic `Hypernova' SN 1997ef
• Delay-time distribution of core-collapse supernovae with late events resulting from binary interaction
• Ejection of the massive Hydrogen-rich envelope timed with the collapse of the stripped SN2014C
• The Abundance Properties of Nearby Late-Type Galaxies.I. The Data
• Early-time light curves of Type Ib/c supernovae from the SDSS-II Supernova Survey
• Efficiency of mass transfer in massive close binaries, Tests from double-lined eclipsing binaries in the SMC
• Revisiting the Lick Observatory Supernova Search Volume-Limited Sample: Updated Classifications and Revised Stripped-Envelope Supernova Fractions
• Neutron star kicks by the gravitational tug-boat mechanism in asymmetric supernova explosions: progenitor and explosion dependence
• The Type Ic Hypernova SN 2003dh/GRB 030329
• Type Ib and IIb supernova progenitors in interacting binary systems
• The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey XXII. Multiplicity properties of the B-type stars
• The ages of young star clusters, massive blue stragglers and the upper mass limit of stars: analysing age dependent stellar mass functions
• The impact of companions on stellar evolution
• The different progenitors of type Ib, Ic SNe, and of GRB
• The Progenitor of SN 2005cs in the Whirlpool Galaxy
• Identification of the Red Supergiant Progenitor of Supernova 2005cs: Do the Progenitors of Type II-P Supernovae Have Low Mass?
• Scattered-Light Echoes from the Historical Galactic Supernovae Cassiopeia A and Tycho (SN 1572)
• An Updated Look at Binary Characteristics of Massive Stars in the Cygnus OB2 Association
• Estimates of black-hole natal kick velocities from observations of low-mass X-ray binaries
• The Tarantula Massive Binary Monitoring: I. Observational campaign and OB-type spectroscopic binaries
• Population Synthesis of Binary Carbon-enhanced Metal-poor Stars
• Analyzing the Largest Spectroscopic Dataset of Stripped Supernovae to Improve Their Identifications and Constrain Their Progenitors
• The type IIb SN 2008ax: the nature of the progenitor
• The effect of common-envelope evolution on the visible population of post-common-envelope binaries
• Models for the Type Ic Hypernova SN 2003lw associated with GRB 031203
• Binary progenitor models of type IIb supernovae
• The Proto-neutron Star Phase of the Collapsar Model and the Route to Long-soft Gamma-ray Bursts and Hypernovae
• Relativistic supernovae have shorter-lived central engines or more extended progenitors: the case of SN\,2012ap
• The Radio Evolution of the Ordinary Type Ic SN 2002ap
• iPTF13bvn: The First Evidence of a Binary Progenitor for a Type Ib Supernova
• Type Ibn Supernovae Show Photometric Homogeneity and Spectral Diversity at Maximum Light
• On the Binding Energy Parameter of Common Envelope Evolution. Dependency on the Definition of the Stellar Core Boundary during Spiral-in
• A Spectroscopic Study of Type Ibc Supernova Host Galaxies from Untargeted Surveys
• Supernova 2002ap - The First Month
• Uncovering the Putative B-Star Binary Companion of the SN 1993J Progenitor
• Evolution of Mass Functions of Coeval Stars through Wind Mass Loss and Binary Interactions
• A Binary Progenitor for the Type IIb Supernova 2011dh in M51
• Monte Carlo simulations of post-common-envelope white dwarf + main sequence binaries: comparison with the SDSS DR7 observed sample
• Possible binary progenitors for the type Ib supernova iPTF13bvn
• On the size distribution of supernova remnants in the Magellanic Clouds
• Hubble Space Telescope imaging of the progenitor sites of six nearby core-collapse supernovae
• The disappearance of the helium-giant progenitor of the type Ib supernova iPTF13bvn and constraints on its companion
• Inferring supernova IIb/Ib/Ic ejecta properties from light curves and spectra: Correlations from radiative-transfer models
• On the nature and detectability of Type Ib/c supernova progenitors
• A Blue Point Source at the Location of Supernova 2011dh
• A Search for Core-Collapse Supernova Progenitors In Hubble Space Telescope Images
• Progenitors of supernova Ibc: a single Wolf-Rayet star as the possible progenitor of the SN Ib iPTF13bvn
• New Radial Abundance Gradients for NGC 628 and NGC 2403
• VLT detection of a red supergiant progenitor of the type IIP supernova 2008bk
• The rise and fall of the Type Ib supernova iPTF13bvn - Not a massive Wolf-Rayet star
• The Aspherical Properties of the Energetic Type Ic SN 2002ap as Inferred from its Nebular Spectra
• Nebular phase observations of the type-Ib supernova iPTF13bvn favour a binary progenitor
• The Progenitor of the Type IIb SN 2008ax Revisited
• The X-ray and radio emission from SN 2002ap: The importance of Compton scattering
• The properties of SN Ib/c locations
• Disappearance of the Progenitor of Supernova iPTF13bvn
• Taking the "Un" out of "Unnovae"
• Massive stars on the verge of exploding: the properties of oxygen sequence Wolf-Rayet stars
• A deeper search for the progenitor of the Type Ic Supernova 2002ap
• A postmortem investigation of the Type IIb supernova 2001ig
• The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey: The fastest rotating O-type star and shortest period LMC pulsar - remnants of a supernova disrupted binary?
• The Supernova Progenitor Mass Distributions of M31 and M33: Further Evidence for an Upper Mass Limit
• The interaction of core-collapse supernova ejecta with a companion star
• The Close Binary Properties of Massive Stars in the Milky Way and Low-Metallicity Magellanic Clouds
• Discovery of an OB Runaway Star Inside SNR S147
• Limits from the Hubble Space Telescope on a Point Source in SN 1987A
• The Progenitor Mass of SN 2011dh from Stellar Populations Analysis
• Did the progenitor of SN2011dh have a binary companion?
• Constraints for the Progenitor Masses of 17 Historic Core-Collapse Supernovae
• On Rejuvenation in Massive Binary Systems
• Early-Phase Spectra of "Hypernova" SN 2002ap
• Planet-Mediated Precision-Reconstruction of the Evolution of the Cataclysmic Variable HU Aquarius
• The possible detection of a binary companion to a Type Ibn supernova progenitor
• Stellar Binary Companions to Supernova Progenitors
• 1E161348-5055 in the Supernova Remnant RCW 103: A Magnetar in a Young Low Mass Binary System?
• Constraints on the Binary Companion to the SN Ic 1994I Progenitor
• The nature of the prompt X-ray and radio emission from SN2002ap
• The Tip of the Red Giant Branch Distance to the Perfect Spiral Galaxy M74 Hosting Three Core-Collapse Supernovae
• A second glance at SN 2002ap and the M74 field with XMM-Newton
• The Neutron Star Born in the Antlia Supernova Remnant
• Observable fractions of core-collapse supernova light curves brightened by binary companions
• The Origin of the Young Pulsar PSR J0826+2637 and Its Possible Former Companion HIP 13962
• A Common Envelope Binary Star Origin of Long Gamma-ray Bursts
• Oxygen Recombination in the nebular phase of supernovae 1998bw and 2002ap
• New Radial Velocities for 30 Candidate Runaway Stars and a Possible Binary Supernova Origin for HIP 9470 and PSR J0152-1637

Cited by in corpus (51)

• Massive runaways and walkaway stars
• Investigating the properties of stripped-envelope supernovae, what are the implications for their progenitors?
• A hot and fast ultra-stripped supernova that likely formed a compact neutron star binary
• A Cool and Inflated Progenitor Candidate for the Type Ib Supernova 2019yvr at 2.6 Years Before Explosion
• The diverse lives of progenitors of hydrogen-rich core-collapse supernovae: the role of binary interaction
• SN 2017ein and the Possible First Identification of a Type Ic Supernova Progenitor
• SN2019dge: a Helium-rich Ultra-Stripped Envelope Supernova
• Effect of binary evolution on the inferred initial and final core masses of hydrogen-rich, Type~II supernova progenitors
• The Nickel Mass Distribution of Stripped-Envelope Supernovae: Implications for Additional Power Sources
• Host Galaxies of Type Ic and Broad-lined Type Ic Supernovae from the Palomar Transient Factory: Implication for Jet Production
• Ultraviolet Detection of the Binary Companion to the Type IIb SN 2001ig
• The very young resolved stellar populations around stripped-envelope supernovae
• Binary-Stripped Stars as Core-Collapse Supernovae Progenitors
• A nearby recent supernova that ejected the runaway star zeta Oph, the pulsar PSRB1706-16, and 60-Fe found on Earth
• Binary population synthesis models for core-collapse gamma-ray burst progenitors
• Origins of Type Ibn SNe 2006jc/2015G in interacting binaries and implications for pre-SN eruptions
• Extreme mass loss in low-mass type Ib/c supernova progenitors
• On the optically-thick winds of Wolf-Rayet stars
• Revisiting the explodability of single massive star progenitors of stripped-envelope supernovae
• Core-Collapse Supernovae in Binaries as the Origin of Galactic Hyper-Runaway Stars
• Stripped-envelope stars in different metallicity environments. II. Type I supernovae and compact remnants
• An Early-Time Optical and Ultraviolet Excess in the type-Ic SN 2020oi
• An environmental analysis of the Type Ib SN 2019yvr and the possible presence of an inflated binary companion
• Establishing a mass-loss rate relation for red supergiants in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Stars stripped in binaries -- the living gravitational wave sources
• No surviving stellar companion for Cassiopeia A
• A UV census of the environments of stripped-envelope supernovae
• Neutron stars colliding with binary companions: formation of hypervelocity stars, pulsar planets, bumpy superluminous supernovae and Thorne-Żytkow objects
• Formation pathway for lonely stripped-envelope supernova progenitors: implications for Cassiopeia A
• The Candidate Progenitor Companion Star of the Type Ib/c SN 2013ge
• Extreme isolation of WN3/O3 stars and implications for their evolutionary origin as the elusive stripped binaries
• Where are the magnetar binary companions? Candidates from a comparison with binary population synthesis predictions
• A Sub-Solar Metallicity Progenitor for Cassiopeia A, the remnant of a Type IIb Supernova
• A population of Type Ibc supernovae with massive progenitors; broad lightcurves not uncommon in (i)PTF
• Binary progenitor systems for Type Ic supernovae
• Synthetic spectra of energetic core-collapse supernovae and the early spectra of SN 2007bi and SN 1999as
• Thermonuclear and Electron-Capture Supernovae from Stripped-Envelope Stars
• The mass distribution of stars stripped in binaries: The effect of metallicity
• Effects of Winds on the Optical Properties of Type Ib and Ic Supernova Progenitors
• Constraining mass transfer and common-envelope physics with post-supernova companion monitoring
• The Demographics of Binary Companions to Stripped-Envelope Supernovae: Confronting Observations with Population Synthesis
• Properties of luminous red supergiant stars in the Magellanic Clouds
• Exploring the Observability of Surviving Companions of Stripped-Envelope Supernovae: A Case Study of Type Ic SN 2020oi
• Large Cold Dust Reservoir Revealed in Transitional SN Ib 2014C by James Webb Space Telescope Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy
• Investigating episodic mass loss in evolved massive stars: II. Physical properties of red supergiants at subsolar metallicity
• Connection of supernovae 2002ap, 2003gd, 2013ej, and 2019krl in M74 with atomic gas accretion and spiral structure
• A new long gamma-ray burst formation pathway at solar metallicity
• The demographics of core-collapse supernovae. The role of binary evolution and CSM interaction
• Searching for Surviving Companion in the Young SMC Supernova Remnant 1E 0102.2-7219
• The Stripped-Star Ultraviolet Magellanic Cloud Survey (SUMS): The UV Photometric Catalog and Stripped Star Candidate Selection
• SNR G292.0+1.8: A Remnant of a Low-Mass Progenitor Stripped-Envelope Supernova