The rotation rates of massive stars: the role of binary interaction through tides, mass transfer and mergers

Abstract

Rotation is thought to be a major factor in the evolution of massive stars, especially at low metallicity, with consequences for their chemical yields, ionizing flux and final fate. Determining the natal rotation-rate distribution of stars is of high priority given its importance as a constraint on theories of massive star formation and as input for models of stellar populations in the local Universe and at high redshift. Recently, it has become clear that the majority of massive stars interact with a binary companion before they die. We investigate how this affects the distribution of rotation rates. For this purpose, we simulate a massive binary-star population typical for our Galaxy assuming continuous star formation. We find that, because of binary interaction, 20^+5_-10% of all massive main-sequence stars have projected rotational velocities in excess of 200km/s. We evaluate the effect of uncertain input distributions and physical processes and conclude that the main uncertainties are the mass transfer efficiency and the possible effect of magnetic braking, especially if magnetic fields are generated or amplified during mass accretion and stellar mergers. The fraction of rapid rotators we derive is similar to that observed. If indeed mass transfer and mergers are the main cause for rapid rotation in massive stars, little room remains for rapidly rotating stars that are born single. This implies that spin down during star formation is even more efficient than previously thought. In addition, this raises questions about the interpretation of the surface abundances of rapidly rotating stars as evidence for rotational mixing. Furthermore, our results allow for the possibility that all early-type Be stars result from binary interactions and suggest that evidence for rotation in explosions, such as long gamma-ray bursts, points to a binary origin.

arXiv comment14 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ., no changes with v1 apart from fixed typos/refs

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• WOCS 4540: Detailed Analysis of a Very Long Orbital Period Blue Straggler
• A 3D short-characteristics method for continuum and line scattering problems in the winds of hot stars
• A VLT/FLAMES survey for massive binaries in Westerlund 1 V. the X-ray selected blue stragglers Wd1-27 and -30a
• The spins of stripped B stars support magnetic internal angular momentum transport
• The chemical composition of red giants in 47 Tucanae. II. Magnesium isotopes and pollution scenarios
• The Three-Dimensional Collapse of a Rapidly Rotating 16 $M_{\odot }$ Star
• Exploring the stellar rotation of early-type stars in the LAMOST Medium-Resolution Survey. II. Statistics
• Supernova 2020wnt: An Atypical Superluminous Supernova with a Hidden Central Engine
• The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula survey XX. The nature of the X-ray bright emission line star VFTS 399
• A Study of Wolf-Rayet stars Formed via Chemically Homogeneous Evolution
• Mapping the core of the Tarantula Nebula with VLT-MUSE II. The spectroscopic Hertzsprung-Russell diagram of OB stars in NGC 2070
• Accretion of sub-stellar companions as the origin of chemical abundance inhomogeneities in globular clusters
• A Spectroscopic Orbit for the late-type Be star $\beta$ CMi
• The dynamical mass and evolutionary status of the type-II Cepheid in the eclipsing binary system OGLE-LMC-T2CEP-211 with a double-ring disk
• Evolution of rotating massive stars with new hydrodynamic wind models
• Impact of binary interaction on the evolution of blue supergiants
• Gaia-ESO Survey: massive stars in the Carina Nebula. A new census of OB stars
• A systematic aging method I: HII regions D118 and D119 in NGC 300
• Mechanical feedback from stellar winds with an application to galaxy formation at high redshift
• Tracing the evolution of short-period binaries with super-synchronous fast rotators
• Modelling stellar evolution in mass-transferring binaries and gravitational-wave progenitors with METISSE
• Red supergiant stars in binary systems. I. Identification and characterisation in the Small Magellanic Cloud from the UVIT ultraviolet imaging survey
• On the origin of the split main sequences of the young massive cluster NGC 1856
• Searching for candidates of coalescing binary black holes formed through chemically homogeneous evolution in GWTC-3
• Populations of evolved massive binary stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud II: Predictions from rapid binary evolution
• An Apparent Precessing Helical Outflow from a Massive Evolved Star: Evidence for Binary Interaction
• M67 Blue Stragglers with High-resolution Infrared Spectroscopy
• Non-synchronous rotations in massive binary systems. HD93343 revisited
• Modeling contact binaries, III. Properties of a population of close, massive binaries
• The magnetic field and magnetosphere of Plaskett's star: A fundamental shift in our understanding of the system
• A Transient Supergiant X-ray Binary in IC10. An Extragalactic SFXT?
• The Demographics of Binary Companions to Stripped-Envelope Supernovae: Confronting Observations with Population Synthesis
• Probing nuclear physics with supernova gravitational waves and machine learning
• The Gaia-ESO survey: A spectroscopic study of the young open cluster NGC 3293
• High-spatial-resolution simulations of Be star disks in binary systems: I. Structure and kinematics of coplanar disks
• Compact Objects in close orbits as Gravitational Wave Sources: Formation Scenarios and Properties
• The spin rates of O stars in WR + O Magellanic Cloud binaries
• Extreme mass ratios and fast rotation in three massive binaries
• Exploring the Correlation between $\mathrm{H}\alpha$-to-UV Ratio and Burstiness for Typical Star-forming Galaxies at $z\sim 2$
• On the distribution of stellar-sized black hole spins
• Effects of the core-collapse supernova ejecta impact on a rapidly rotating massive companion star
• One Year of SN 2023ixf: Breaking Through the Degenerate Parameter Space in Light-Curve Models with Pulsating Progenitors
• On aging star clusters using red supergiants independent of the fraction of interacting binary stars
• CPD-64 2731: a massive spun-up and rejuvenated high-velocity runaway star
• An interferometric study of B star multiplicity
• Mergers all the way down: stellar collisions and kinematics of a dense hierarchically forming massive star cluster in a dwarf starburst
• To clump or not to clump The impact of wind inhomogeneities on the optical and NIR spectroscopic analysis of massive OB stars
• Analytic approximations for massive close post-mass transfer binary systems
• A study of the F-giant star $\theta$ Scorpii A: a post-merger rapid rotator?
• UVIT Study of the MAgellanic Clouds (U-SMAC) II. A Far-UV catalog of the Small Magellanic Cloud: Morphology and Kinematics of young stellar population
• Radio modelling of the brightest and most luminous non-thermal colliding-wind binary Apep
• A fast-rotating blue straggler star in the tidal tail of the open cluster NGC 752
• Numerical Tests of Rotational Mixing in Massive Stars with the new Population Synthesis Code BONNFIRES
• Short-lived radioisotope enrichment in star-forming regions from stellar winds and supernovae
• Applications of Stellar Population Synthesis in the Distant Universe
• The IACOB project XIV. New clues on the location of the TAMS in the massive star domain
• The spectroscopic binary fraction of the young stellar cluster M17
• Exploring extreme brightness variations in blue supergiant MACHO 80.7443.1718: Evidence for companion-driven enhanced mass loss
• SN 2020zbf: A fast-rising hydrogen-poor superluminous supernova with strong carbon lines
• Formation of Wind-Fed Black Hole High-mass X-ray Binaries: The Role of Roche-lobe-Overflow Post Black-Hole Formation
• A Be Star + He Star Binary as an Indicator of a Binary Mass Transfer Phase
• Close binary evolution based on Gaia DR2: the origin of late WC-type Wolf-Rayet stars with low luminosity
• A comprehensive grid of massive binary evolution models for the Galaxy - Surface properties of post-mass transfer stars
• Anomalously low-mass core-He-burning star in NGC 6819 as a post-common-envelope phase product
• Classical Be stars
• LAMOST J040643.69+542347.8: the fastest Rotator in the Galaxy
• Effects of binary stellar populations on direct collapse black hole formation
• HIP 15429: A newborn Be star on an eccentric binary orbit
• Betelgeuse and the red supergiants
• Hydrogen-free Wolf-Rayet stars: Helium stars with envelope-inflation structure and rotation
• Rotational velocities of Blue Straggler Stars in the Globular Cluster M55
• Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): Projected rotational velocities
• Exploring the Stellar Rotation of Early-type Stars in the LAMOST Medium-resolution Survey. III. Evolution
• Origin of Black Hole Spin in Lower-Mass-Gap Black Hole-Neutron Star Binaries
• Multiple variability time-scales of the early nitrogen-rich Wolf-Rayet star WR7
• The luminous red nova AT 2018bwo in NGC 45 and its binary yellow supergiant progenitor
• Gaia-ESO Survey: massive stars in the Carina Nebula. II. The spectroscopic analysis of the O-star population
• Spindown of massive main sequence stars in the Milky Way
• Heavy element contributions of rotating massive stars to Interstellar Medium
• Exploring GRBs and supernovae connection: does a superluminous hypernova population exist?
• An observational study of rotation and binarity of Galactic O-type runaway stars
• Low-metallicity massive single stars with rotation. III. Source of ionization and C-IV emission in I Zw 18
• Blue Supergiant X-ray Binaries in the Nearby Dwarf Galaxy IC 10
• New Field OB and OBe Binaries of the SMC Wing: Observational Properties and Population Modeling
• Betelgeuse's Buddy: X-Ray Constraints on the Nature of $\alpha$ Ori B
• Impact of accretion-induced chemically homogeneous evolution on stellar and compact binary populations
• The evolution of accretor stars in binary systems due to accretion of increasingly helium-rich material
• Thermal-timescale accretion does not always yield critical rotation in mass gainers
• Estimate of the Detectability of the Circular Polarisation Signature of Supernova Gravitational Waves Using the Stokes Parameters
• The evolutionary and asteroseismic imprints of mass accretion. The 10 M${}_{\odot }$ $\beta$ Cep case study
• Detailed Simulations of Massive Hierarchical Triple Star Systems - Exploring the impact of the stellar physics on the evolutionary pathways of massive hierarchical triple systems
• The nature of the Cygnus extreme B-supergiant 2MASS J20395358+4222505
• Be Stars in the Open Cluster NGC 6830
• Improved model of the triple system V746 Cas that has a bipolar magnetic field associated with the tertiary
• The NGC 346 massive star census: Nitrogen abundances for apparently single, narrow lined, hydrogen core burning B-type stars
• Hot Stars in the GALEX Ultraviolet Sky Surveys (GUVcat_AISxSDSS_HS) and the Binary Fraction of Hot Evolved Stars
• Study of a Sample of Faint Be Stars in the Exofield of CoRoT. Part III. Global Spectroscopic Characterization and Astrophysical Parameters of the Central Stars
• Luminous Fast Blue Optical Transients as "Failed" Gravitational-wave Sources: Helium Core$-$Black Hole Mergers Following Delayed Dynamical Instability
• Probing the models: Abundances for high-mass stars in binaries
• Magnetic Fields in Stars: Origin and Impact
• A Spectroscopic and Interferometric Study of W Serpentis Stars. I. Circumbinary Outflow in the Interacting Binary W Serpentis
• Reassessing the Spin of Second-born Black Holes in Coalescing Binary Black Holes and Its Connection to the chi_eff-q Correlation
• Chemical evolution of close massive binaries -- tidally-enhanced or tidally-suppressed mixing?
• AstroSat/UVIT Study of NGC 663: First detection of Be+sdOB systems in a young star cluster
• Rotational velocities of single and binary O-type stars in the Tarantula Nebula
• Ultraviolet photon production rates of the first stars: Impact on the He II $\lambda$ 1640 Å emission line from primordial star clusters and the 21-cm signal from cosmic dawn
• Aluminium-26 production in low- and intermediate-mass binary systems
• Population Synthesis of Massive Close Binary Evolution
• Roadmap on the theoretical work of BinaMIcS
• Asteroseismic Imprints of Mass Transfer in Binary Stars: Probing the Interiors of Donors and Accretors with Gravity and Acoustic Modes
• The VLT-Flames Tarantula Survey: an overview of the VFTS results so far
• Ultraviolet spectroscopy reveals a hot and luminous companion to the Be star+black hole candidate MWC 656
• Engulfment of a hot Jupiter as a possible origin of the rapid spin and internal spin misalignment of the planet-hosting red giant Kepler-56
• Probing evolution of Long GRB properties through their cosmic formation history aided by Machine Learning predicted redshifts
• Large-scale variability in macroturbulence driven by pulsations in the rapidly rotating massive star Zeta Oph from high-cadence ESPRESSO spectroscopy and TESS photometry
• Asymmetric emissions of neutrinos in the cooling of rotating proto-neutron stars
• Nuclear astrophysics
• From gas to stars: MUSEings on the internal evolution of IC 1613
• Spatially resolved centrifugal magnetosphere caught in motion around the secondary component of $\rho$ Oph A
• Tidal interactions in rotating multiple stars and their impact on their evolution
• Eruptive mass loss less than a year before the explosion of superluminous supernovae. II. A systematic search for pre-explosion eruptions with VLT/X-shooter
• Fast Rotating Blue Straggler Stars in the globular cluster NGC 1851
• MONOS: Multiplicity Of Northern O-type Spectroscopic systems. III. New orbits and Gaia TESS analysis for 10 SB2E systems
• Variability of Galactic blue supergiants observed with TESS
• Interpreting Galaxy Properties with Improved Modelling
• On the origin of the rotation of massive stars
• Spectroscopic Line Modeling of the Fastest Rotating O-type Stars
• BCD spectrophotometry for massive stars in transition phases
• Non-parametric identification of single-lined binary candidates in young clusters using single-epoch spectroscopy
• The Age of the R127 & R128 Clusters: Implications for the LBV
• Impact of stellar rotation on type II supernova progenitor masses from pre-explosion imaging
• The symphony of pulsations and binarity among massive stars using HERMES spectroscopy and TESS photometry