Hydrogen-free Wolf-Rayet stars: Helium stars with envelope-inflation structure and rotation
arXiv:2304.05897 · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243188
Abstract
Observations have shown that the effective temperature of hydrogen-free Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars is considerably lower than that of the standard model, which means that the radius of the observed H-free WR stars is several times larger than that estimated by the standard model. The envelope inflation structure (EIS) caused by the radiation luminosity being close to the Eddington luminosity in the iron opacity peak region of H-free WR stars may be the key to resolve the radius problem of H-free WR stars. We try to explain the H-free WR stars observed in the Milk Way (MW) and the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) by the He stars. Using the Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics code, we compute the evolution of He stars with and without MLT++ prescriptions and discuss their effects on the EIS. We have calculated the evolution of He stars using a new mass-loss rate formula and three different relative rotational velocity and compared our results with observations on Hertzsprung-Russell diagrams. The low luminosity (log) H-free WR stars in the MW and the LMC can be explained by the helium giant phase in low-mass He stars, the high and in WC stars can only evolve through low-mass He stars with a rapid rotation. High-mass He stars with the EIS can explain H-free WR stars with a luminosity exceeding and an effective temperature above K in the MW. They can also explain H-free WR stars on the right-hand side of the He zero-age main sequence in the LMC. High-mass stars with the EIS evolve into WO stars at the final evolution stage, and the shorter lifetime fraction is consistent with the small number of observed WO stars.
arXiv comment9 pages, 7 figures 1 tables, Accepted to A&A
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