Impact of Massive Binary Star and Cosmic Evolution on Gravitational Wave Observations I: Black Hole-Neutron Star Mergers

Abstract

Mergers of black hole-neutron star (BHNS) binaries have now been observed by GW detectors with the recent announcement of GW200105 and GW200115. Such observations not only provide confirmation that these systems exist, but will also give unique insights into the death of massive stars, the evolution of binary systems and their possible association with gamma-ray bursts, $r$-process enrichment and kilonovae. Here we perform binary population synthesis of isolated BHNS systems in order to present their merger rate and characteristics for ground-based GW observatories. We present the results for 420 different model permutations that explore key uncertainties in our assumptions about massive binary star evolution (e.g. mass transfer, common-envelope evolution, supernovae), and the metallicity-specific star formation rate density, and characterize their relative impacts on our predictions. We find intrinsic local BHNS merger rates spanning ${\mathcal{R}}_{\mathrm{m}}^0\approx 4$-$830{\mathrm{Gpc}}^{-3}{\mathrm{yr}}^{-1}$ for our full range of assumptions. This encompasses the rate inferred from recent BHNS GW detections, and would yield detection rates of ${\mathcal{R}}_{\det }\approx 1$-$180{\mathrm{yr}}^{-1}$ for a GW network consisting of LIGO, Virgo and KAGRA at design sensitivity. We find that the binary evolution and metallicity-specific star formation rate density each impact the predicted merger rates by order $\mathcal{O}(10)$. We also present predictions for the GW detected BHNS merger properties and find that all 420 model variations predict that $\lesssim 5\%$ of the BHNS mergers have BH masses $\gtrsim 18M_{\odot }$, total masses $\gtrsim 20M_{\odot }$, chirp masses $\gtrsim 5.5M_{\odot }$, mass ratios $\gtrsim 12$ or $\lesssim 2$. Moreover, we find that massive NSs $\gtrsim 2M_{\odot }$ are expected to be commonly detected in BHNS mergers in almost all our model variations.

arXiv comment38 pages, 18 figures, accepted to MNRAS. The authors welcome suggestions and feedback. All data and code to reproduce the results in this paper are publicly available

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• Measuring the Hubble constant with coalescences of binary neutron star and neutron star-black hole: bright sirens \& dark sirens
• Mergers of neutron stars and black holes with cores of giant stars: a population synthesis study
• Nucleosynthesis in outflows of compact objects and detection prospects of associated kilonovae
• The birth mass function of neutron stars
• Ultra wide black-hole - neutron star binaries as a possible source for gravitational waves and short gamma ray bursts
• Tidal Wave Breaking in the Eccentric Lead-In to Mass Transfer and Common Envelope Phases
• Formation and evolution of binary black holes in $N$-body simulations of star clusters with up to two million stars
• The mass distribution of stars stripped in binaries: The effect of metallicity
• Orbital Eccentricity and Spin-Orbit Misalignment Are Evidence that Neutron Star-Black Hole Mergers Form through Triple Star Evolution
• Modelling stellar evolution in mass-transferring binaries and gravitational-wave progenitors with METISSE
• Merger rate density of stellar-mass binary black holes from young massive clusters, open clusters, and isolated binaries: comparisons with LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA results
• Multi-messenger prospects for black hole - neutron star mergers in the O4 and O5 runs
• Simulations of the progenitors of black hole-neutron star gravitational wave sources
• Formation of GW230529 from Isolated Binary Evolution
• An observational upper limit on the rate of gamma-ray bursts with neutron star-black hole merger progenitors
• Primordial Black Hole-Neutron Star Merger Rate in Modified Gravity
• pySTARBURST99: The Next Generation of STARBURST99
• The more accurately the metal-dependent star formation rate is modeled, the larger the predicted excess of binary black hole mergers
• BH-BH mergers with & without EM counterpart: A model for stable tertiary mass transfer in hierarchical triple systems
• Missed opportunities: GRB 211211A and the case for continual gravitational-wave coverage with a single observatory
• Nuclear physics with gravitational waves from neutron stars disrupted by black holes
• Sensitivity of spin-aligned searches for neutron star-black hole systems using future detectors
• Binary imposters: Mergers in massive hierarchical triple stars
• Mechanisms for high spin in black-hole neutron-star binaries and kilonova emission: inheritance and accretion
• The initial mass-remnant mass relation for core collapse supernovae
• On the large apparent black hole spin-orbit misalignment angle in GW200115
• Compact object populations over cosmic time II. Compact object merger rates and masses over redshift from varying initial conditions
• Formation of the First Two Black Hole-Neutron Star Mergers (GW200115 and GW200105) from Isolated Binary Evolution
• Studying Postmerger Outflows from Magnetized Neutrino-cooled Accretion Disks
• Inferring small neutron star spins with neutron star-black hole mergers
• Multi-messenger observations in the Einstein Telescope era: binary neutron star and black hole - neutron star mergers
• Where did Heavy Binaries Go? Gravitational-wave Populations Using Delaunay Triangulation with Optimized Complexity
• Investigating the detection rates and inference of gravitational-wave and radio emission from black hole neutron star mergers
• The Impact of Astrophysical Priors on Parameter Inference for GW230529
• Origin of Black Hole Spin in Lower-Mass-Gap Black Hole-Neutron Star Binaries
• Impact of accretion-induced chemically homogeneous evolution on stellar and compact binary populations
• Rapid stellar and binary population synthesis with COMPAS
• Population synthesis of Thorne-Żytkow objects: Rejuvenated donors and unexplored progenitors in the common envelope formation channel
• Rates and beaming angles of GRBs associated with compact binary coalescences
• Compact object populations over cosmic time I. BOSSA: a Binary Object environment-Sensitive Sampling Algorithm
• Evolutionary tracks of binary neutron star progenitors across cosmic times
• Challenges in Forming Millisecond Pulsar-Black Holes from Isolated Binaries
• Insights into the Milky Way pulsar--black hole population using radio and gravitational wave observations
• Stripping of a neutron star in a close binary system in a pair with a black hole
• Detectability and Parameter Estimation for Einstein Telescope Configurations with GWJulia
• Measuring Hubble Constant with Dark Neutron Star-Black Hole Mergers
• Black Hole - Neutron Star and Binary Neutron Star Mergers from Population III and II stars
• Modelling the formation of the first two neutron star-black hole mergers, GW200105 and GW200115: metallicity, chirp masses and merger remnant spins
• Radio Nebulæ from Hyper-Accreting X-ray Binaries as Common Envelope Precursors and Persistent Counterparts of Fast Radio Bursts
• Impact of Massive Binary Star and Cosmic Evolution on Gravitational Wave Observations II: Double Compact Object Rates and Properties
• Estimating Transient Rates from Cosmological Simulations and BPASS
• Luminous Fast Blue Optical Transients and Type Ibn/Icn SNe from Wolf-Rayet/Black Hole Mergers