Measuring the Hubble constant with coalescences of binary neutron star and neutron star-black hole: bright sirens \& dark sirens

Abstract

The observations of gravitational wave (GW) provide us a new probe to study the universe. GW events can be used as standard sirens if their redshifts are measured. Normally, stardard sirens can be divided into bright/dark sirens according to whether the redshifts are measured by electromagnetic (EM) counterpart observations. Firstly, we investigate the capability of the 2.5-meter Wide-Field Survey Telescope (WFST) to take follow-up observations of kilonova counterparts. For binary neutron star (BNS) bright sirens, WFST is expected to observe 10-20 kilonovae per year in the second-generation (2G) GW detection era. As for neutron star-black hole (NSBH) mergers, when a BH spin is extremely high and the NS is stiff, the observation rate is $\sim 10$ per year. Combining optical and GW observations, the bright sirens are expected to constrain the Hubble constant $H_0$ to $\sim 2.8\%$ in five years of observations. As for dark sirens, tidal effects of neutron stars (NSs) during merging time provide us a cosmological model-independent approach to measure the redshifts of GW sources. Then we investigate the applications of tidal effects in redshift measurements. We find in 3G era, the host galaxy groups of around 45\% BNS mergers at $z<0.1$ can be identified through this method, if the EOS is ms1, which is roughly equivalent to the results from luminosity distant constraints. Therefore, tidal effect observations provide a reliable and cosmological model-independent method of identifying BNS mergers' host galaxy groups. Using this method, the BNS/NSBH dark sirens can constrain $H_0$ to 0.2\%/0.3\% over a five-year observation period.

26 pages, 13 figures, submitted to APJS, comments welcome

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