GW190412: Observation of a Binary-Black-Hole Coalescence with Asymmetric Masses

Abstract

We report the observation of gravitational waves from a binary-black-hole coalescence during the first two weeks of LIGO's and Virgo's third observing run. The signal was recorded on April 12, 2019 at 05:30:44 UTC with a network signal-to-noise ratio of 19. The binary is different from observations during the first two observing runs most notably due to its asymmetric masses: a ~30 solar mass black hole merged with a ~8 solar mass black hole companion. The more massive black hole rotated with a dimensionless spin magnitude between 0.22 and 0.60 (90% probability). Asymmetric systems are predicted to emit gravitational waves with stronger contributions from higher multipoles, and indeed we find strong evidence for gravitational radiation beyond the leading quadrupolar order in the observed signal. A suite of tests performed on GW190412 indicates consistency with Einstein's general theory of relativity. While the mass ratio of this system differs from all previous detections, we show that it is consistent with the population model of stellar binary black holes inferred from the first two observing runs.

29 pages, 12 figures; data available under https://doi.org/10.7935/20yv-ka61 posterior samples available under https://dcc.ligo.org/P190412/public

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• Merging black holes with Cauchy-characteristic matching: Computation of late-time tails
• A geometric template bank for the detection of spinning low-mass compact binaries with moderate orbital eccentricity
• Assessing gravitational-wave binary black hole candidates with Bayesian odds
• Learning orbital dynamics of binary black hole systems from gravitational wave measurements
• Next-to-leading order spin-orbit effects in the equations of motion, energy loss and phase evolution of binaries of compact bodies in the effective field theory approach
• Improved early warning of compact binary mergers using higher modes of gravitational radiation: A population study
• A general relativistic estimation of the black hole mass-to-distance ratio at the core of TXS 2226-184
• Repeated mergers of black hole binaries: implications for GW190521
• One to many: comparing single gravitational-wave events to astrophysical populations
• Effect of double spin-precession and higher harmonics on spin-induced quadrupole moment measurements
• Autoencoder-driven Spiral Representation Learning for Gravitational Wave Surrogate Modelling
• Exploring field-evolution and dynamical-capture coalescing binary black holes in GWTC-3
• Rarity of precession and higher-order multipoles in gravitational waves from merging binary black holes
• Gravitational wave peak luminosity model for precessing binary black holes
• Compactness peaks: An astrophysical interpretation of the mass distribution of merging binary black holes
• Scalar induced gravitational waves in symmetric teleparallel gravity with a parity-violating term
• Elementary Integral Series for Heun Functions. With an Application to Black-Hole Perturbation Theory
• Accuracy of estimation of parameters with space-borne gravitational wave observatory
• Inconsistent black hole kick estimates from gravitational-wave models
• Constraining black-hole binary spin precession and nutation with sequential prior conditioning
• Constraining hierarchical mergers of binary black holes detectable with LIGO-Virgo
• Towards a robust and reliable deep learning approach for detection of compact binary mergers in gravitational wave data
• Comparing hierarchical black hole mergers in star clusters and active galactic nuclei
• Detectability of gravitational higher order modes in the third-generation era
• On the delay times of merging double neutron stars
• Spins of primordial black holes formed with a soft equation of state
• Searching for candidates of coalescing binary black holes formed through chemically homogeneous evolution in GWTC-3
• Possibility of primordial black holes as the source of gravitational wave events in the advanced LIGO detector
• Hydrodynamic simulations of black hole evolution in AGN discs I: orbital alignment of highly inclined satellites
• Source localizations with the network of space-based gravitational wave detectors
• The imprint of superradiance on hierarchical black hole mergers
• Great Balls of FIRE III: Modeling Black Hole Mergers from Massive Star Clusters in Simulations of Galaxies
• Gravitational wave modes in matter
• Improved parametrized test of general relativity using the IMRPhenomX waveform family: Including higher harmonics and precession
• Prospects for measuring off-axis spins of binary black holes with Plus-era gravitational-wave detectors
• A fully precessing higher-mode surrogate model of effective-one-body waveforms
• Optimizing post-Newtonian parameters and fixing the BMS frame for numerical-relativity waveform hybridizations
• J-GEM optical and near-infrared follow-up of gravitational wave events during LIGO's and Virgo's third observing run
• Computational Techniques for Parameter Estimation of Gravitational Wave Signals
• Numerical relativity surrogate models for exotic compact objects: the case of head-on mergers of equal-mass Proca stars
• Detection of gravitational wave mixed polarization with single space-based detectors
• Model-independent discovery prospects for primordial black holes at LIGO
• A fixed point for black hole distributions
• Outliers in the LIGO Black Hole Mass Function from Coagulation in Dense Clusters
• A Mid-Thirties Crisis: Dissecting the Properties of Gravitational Wave Sources Near the 35 Solar Mass Peak
• Highly accurate simulations of asymmetric black-hole scattering and cross validation of effective-one-body models
• Investigating the shadows of new regular black holes with a Minkowski core: Effects of spherical accretion and core type differences
• Gravitational Wave Signal Extraction Against Non-Stationary Instrumental Noises with Deep Neural Network
• Confronting general relativity with principal component analysis: Simulations and results from GWTC-3 events
• Sensitivity of spin-aligned searches for neutron star-black hole systems using future detectors
• Scalar induced gravitational waves in chiral scalar-tensor theory of gravity
• Waveform systematics in identifying strongly gravitationally lensed gravitational waves: Posterior overlap method
• Can Two Ultrarelativistic Objects Lose Almost All Their Energy to Gravitational Radiation?
• Distinguishing binary black hole precessional morphologies with gravitational wave observations
• Effective chirp mass captures the inspiral frequency evolution of the non-spinning eccentric compact binary
• Who Ordered That? Unequal-Mass Binary Black Hole Mergers Have Larger Effective Spins
• Multiparameter multipolar test of general relativity with gravitational waves
• Octupolar test of general relativity
• LitePIG: A Lite Parameter Inference system for the Gravitational wave in the millihertz band
• Hoyle-Lyttleton accretion on to black hole accretion disks with super-Eddington luminosity for dusty gas
• Untargeted Bayesian search of anisotropic gravitational-wave backgrounds through the analytical marginalization of the posterior
• Hydrodynamic simulations of black hole evolution in AGN discs II: inclination damping for partially embedded satellites
• Inferring Binary Properties from Gravitational Wave Signals
• Estimating Hubble Constant with Gravitational Observations: A Concise Review
• Self-interaction effects on the Kerr black hole superradiance and their observational implications
• Post-adiabatic self-force waveforms: slowly spinning primary and precessing secondary
• A Common Origin for Low Mass Ratio Events Observed by LIGO and Virgo in the First Half of the Third Observing Run
• Minimally-modeled search of higher multipole gravitational-wave radiation in compact binary coalescence
• Reconstruction of binary black hole harmonics in LIGO using deep learning
• Energy flux and waveforms by coalescing spinless binary system in effective one-body theory
• Numerical Relativity Multimodal Waveforms using Absorbing Boundary Conditions
• New approach to template banks of gravitational waves with higher harmonics: Reducing matched-filtering cost by over an order of magnitude
• Navigating Unknowns: Deep Learning Robustness for Gravitational Wave Signal Reconstruction
• Constraining parameters of coalescing stellar mass binary black hole systems with the Einstein Telescope alone
• Average nonlinear dynamics of particles in gravitational pulses: effective Hamiltonian, secular acceleration, and gravitational susceptibility
• Bayesian Search of Massive Scalar Fields from LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Binaries
• Quantum gravity and gravitational-wave astronomy
• Special supernova signature from BH-NS/BH progenitor systems
• Three dimensional charged black holes in Gauss-Bonnet gravity
• A complete measurement of a black-hole recoil through higher-order gravitational-wave modes
• Recent LIGO-Virgo discoveries
• Probing the large-scale structure of the universe through gravitational-wave observations
• Black Hole Merger Rates in AGN: contribution from gas-captured binaries
• Fast and accurate parameter estimation of high-redshift sources with the Einstein Telescope
• Probing Particle Physics with Gravitational Waves
• Mass octupole and current quadrupole corrections to gravitational wave emission from close hyperbolic encounters
• Energy flux and waveform of gravitational wave generated by coalescing slow-spinning binary system in effective one-body theory
• Scalar absorption cross section of rotating black holes with tidal charge
• Constraining parameters of low mass merging compact binary systems with Einstein Telescope alone
• JAXNS: a high-performance nested sampling package based on JAX
• Optimized localization for gravitational-waves from merging binaries
• Probing eccentric higher-order modes through an effective chirp mass model
• Numerical-relativity surrogate modeling with nearly extremal black-hole spins
• Probing black hole `charge' from the binary black hole inspiral
• Parametrized multipolar gravitational waveforms for testing general relativity: Amplitude corrections up to 2PN order
• Strong Lensing Effect and Quasinormal Modes of Oscillations of Black Holes in $\mathbf{f}(\mathbf{R},\mathbf{T})$ Gravity Theory
• Quasinormal Modes and Shadows of Black Holes in Infinite Derivative Theory of Gravity
• An Interactive Gravitational-Wave Detector Model for Museums and Fairs
• Reducing orbital eccentricity in initial data of black hole--neutron star binaries in the puncture framework
• Accounting for the Known Unknowns: A Parametric Framework to Incorporate Systematic Waveform Errors in Gravitational-Wave Parameter Estimation
• The Nature of Gravitational Wave Events with Host Environment Escape Velocities
• Mapping Parameter Correlations in Spinning Binary Black Hole Mergers
• Prospects for estimating parameters from gravitational waves of superspinar binaries
• Exploring the Orbital Alignments of Galactic Close White Dwarf Binaries with LISA
• Hairy black holes in extended Einstein-Maxwell-scalar theories with magnetic charge and kinetic couplings
• Ten years of extreme gravity tests of general theory of relativity with gravitational-wave observations
• Black Hole Quasi-Periodic Oscillations in the Presence of Gauss-Bonnet Trace Anomaly
• Testing general relativity with gravitational waves -- improving and extending Modified Dispersion Relation tests
• Scalar-induced gravitational waves in spatially covariant gravity
• Search for Higher Harmonic Signals from Close White Dwarf Binaries in the mHz Band
• Testing general relativity with amplitudes of subdominant gravitational-wave modes
• Two-body problem in curved spacetime: exploring gravitational wave transient cases
• Chirp mass based glitch identification in long duration gravitational wave transients
• Phase consistency test to identify type II strongly lensed gravitational wave signals using a single event
• Limits on the Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background and Prospects for Single Source Detection with GRACE Follow-On
• Measuring the dipole component of possible Galaxy-binary alignment in the mHz band
• Long-Range Quantum Gravity
• Bounding dark charges on binary black holes using gravitational waves
• First-post-Newtonian generation of gravitational waves in Einstein-Cartan theory
• Neural Post-Einsteinian Test of General Relativity with the Third Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog
• Signatures of Hierarchical Mergers in Black Hole Spin and Mass distribution
• Statistical biases in parametrized searches for gravitational-wave polarizations
• Hierarchical Merger of Primordial Black Holes in Dwarf Galaxies
• A dynamical dark energy solution to Hubble-Lemaître tension in the light of the multimessenger era
• The Response of Optical Fibres to Gravitational Waves
• Ringing Black Hole is Superradiant: Ultra-light Scalar Field
• Calibrating systematic errors in the distance determination with the luminosity-distance space large scale structure of dark sirens and its potential applications
• Lensing by primordial black holes: constraints from gravitational wave observations
• Hierarchical search for compact binary coalescences in the Advanced LIGO's first two observing runs
• The Missing Multipole Problem: Investigating biases from model starting frequency in gravitational-wave analyses
• Superradiant scattering of massive scalar field due to magnetically charged rotating black hole
• Fast Waveform Generation for Gravitational Waves using Evolutionary Algorithms
• Black-box density function estimation using recursive partitioning
• Shadows and photon spheres of static black holes embedded in a Dehnen-(1,4,5/2)-type dark matter halo with a quintessential field
• A template-free approach for waveform extraction of gravitational wave events
• Precisely computing bound orbits of spinning bodies around black holes I: General framework and results for nearly equatorial orbits
• Deep Residual Error and Bag-of-Tricks Learning for Gravitational Wave Surrogate Modeling
• Perturbative Renormalisation Group Improved Black Hole Solution and its Quasinormal Modes
• Uncovering subdominant multipole asymmetries in binary black-hole mergers
• Population Properties of Binary Black Holes with Eccentricity
• Reconsidering the consistent use of precessing, higher order multipole models for gravitational wave analyses
• Linear perturbations of dyonic black holes in the lowest-order $U(1)$ gauge-invariant scalar-vector-tensor theories
• Search for planetary-mass ultra-compact binaries using data from the first part of the LIGO--Virgo--KAGRA fourth observing run
• Probing missing physics from inspiralling compact binaries via time-frequency tracks
• Applying higher-modes consistency test on GW190814 : lessons on no-hair theorem, nature of the secondary compact object and waveform modeling
• Parameter estimation for space-based gravitational wave detectors with ringdown signals
• Search for sub-solar primordial black holes in low mass ratio binaries with LIGO-Virgo O2 data and implications for the primordial black hole dark matter fraction
• The search of higher multipole radiation in gravitational waves from compact binary coalescences by a minimally-modelled pipeline
• Prospects for detecting asteroid-mass primordial black holes in extreme mass-ratio inspirals with continuous gravitational waves
• A Robust and Efficient F-statistic-based Framework for Consistent Bayesian Inference of Compact Binary Coalescences
• Detection of the stochastic gravitational wave background with the space-borne gravitational-wave detector network
• Uncertainty in predicting the stochastic gravitational wave background from compact binary coalescences