Merger rate density of Population III binary black holes below, above, and in the pair-instability mass gap

Abstract

We present the merger rate density of Population (Pop.) III binary black holes (BHs) by means of a widely-used binary population synthesis code BSE with extensions to very massive and extreme metal-poor stars. We consider not only low-mass BHs (lBHs: $5-50M_{\odot }$) but also high-mass BHs (hBHs: $130-200M_{\odot }$), where lBHs and hBHs are below and above the pair-instability mass gap ($50-130M_{\odot }$), respectively. Pop. III BH-BHs can be categorized into three subpopulations: BH-BHs without hBHs (hBH0s: $m_{\mathrm{tot}}\lesssim 100M_{\odot }$), with one hBH (hBH1s: $m_{\mathrm{tot}}\sim 130-260M_{\odot }$), and with two hBHs (hBH2s: $m_{\mathrm{tot}}\sim 270-400M_{\odot }$), where $m_{\mathrm{tot}}$ is the total mass of a BH-BH. Their merger rate densities at the current universe are $\sim 0.1$ yr${}^{-1}$ Gpc${}^{-3}$ for hBH0s, and $\sim 0.01$ yr${}^{-1}$ Gpc${}^{-3}$ for the sum of hBH1s and hBH2s, provided that the mass density of Pop. III stars is $\sim 10^{13}{M}_{\odot }$ Gpc${}^{-3}$. These rates are modestly insensitive to initial conditions and single star models. The hBH1 and hBH2 mergers can dominate BH-BHs with hBHs discovered in near future. They have low effective spins $\lesssim 0.2$ in the current universe. The number ratio of the hBH2s to the hBH1s is high, $\gtrsim 0.1$. We also find BHs in the mass gap (up to $\sim 85M_{\odot }$) merge. These merger rates can be reduced to nearly zero if Pop. III binaries are always wide ($\gtrsim 100R_{\odot }$), and if Pop. III stars always enter into chemically homogeneous evolution. The presence of close Pop. III binaries ($\sim 10R_{\odot }$) are crucial for avoiding the worst scenario.

38 pages, 33 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

References in corpus (83)

• Cosmic Star Formation History
• GWTC-2: Compact Binary Coalescences Observed by LIGO and Virgo During the First Half of the Third Observing Run
• GW190814: Gravitational Waves from the Coalescence of a 23 M${}_{\odot }$ Black Hole with a 2.6 M${}_{\odot }$ Compact Object
• Laser Interferometer Space Antenna
• GW190521: A Binary Black Hole Merger with a Total Mass of $150M_{\odot }$
• Binary Population and Spectral Synthesis Version 2.1: construction, observational verification and new results
• Pulsational Pair-Instability Supernovae
• GW190412: Observation of a Binary-Black-Hole Coalescence with Asymmetric Masses
• Pulsational pair instability as an explanation for the most luminous supernovae
• Gravitational waves from scattering of stellar-mass black holes in galactic nuclei
• The Effect of Pair-Instability Mass Loss on Black Hole Mergers
• Protostar Formation in the Early Universe
• MOCCA-SURVEY Database I: Coalescing Binary Black Holes Originating From Globular Clusters
• Primordial Star Formation under the Influence of Far Ultraviolet Radiation: 1540 Cosmological Halos and the Stellar Mass Distribution
• The Mass Spectrum of the First Stars
• Merging black hole binaries: the effects of progenitor's metallicity, mass-loss rate and Eddington factor
• Lidov-Kozai Cycles with Gravitational Radiation: Merging Black Holes in Isolated Triple Systems
• Merging black holes in young star clusters
• Rotational mixing in massive binaries: detached short-period systems
• Dynamics of stellar black holes in young star clusters with different metallicities - II. Black hole-black hole binaries
• A wide star-black-hole binary system from radial-velocity measurements
• The cosmic merger rate of stellar black hole binaries from the Illustris simulation
• Stellar-mass black holes in young massive and open stellar clusters and their role in gravitational-wave generation
• On the rate of black hole binary mergers in galactic nuclei due to dynamical hardening
• AGN Disks Harden the Mass Distribution of Stellar-mass Binary Black Hole Mergers
• It has to be cool: on supergiant progenitors of binary black hole mergers from common-envelope evolution
• Stellar-mass black holes in young massive and open stellar clusters and their role in gravitational-wave generation II
• Binary black holes in young star clusters: the impact of metallicity
• The properties of merging black holes and neutron stars across cosmic time
• Black hole mergers from quadruples
• Black hole, neutron star and white dwarf merger rates in AGN disks
• The Birth of a Massive First-Star Binary
• Spin Evolution of Stellar-mass Black Hole Binaries in Active Galactic Nuclei
• The Formation and Gravitational-Wave Detection of Massive Stellar Black-Hole Binaries
• Black hole genealogy: Identifying hierarchical mergers with gravitational waves
• Minding the gap: GW190521 as a straddling binary
• Cosmic Rates of Black Hole Mergers and Pair-Instability Supernovae from Chemically Homogeneous Binary Evolution
• GW190521 may be an intermediate mass ratio inspiral
• The cosmic merger rate density evolution of compact binaries formed in young star clusters and in isolated binaries
• Is HR 6819 a triple system containing a black hole? -- An alternative explanation
• The Galactic distribution of X-ray binaries and its implications for compact object formation and natal kicks
• Is GW190521 the merger of black holes from the first stellar generations?
• Cradles of the first stars: self-shielding, halo masses, and multiplicity
• Merge or survive: Number of Population III stars per minihalo
• Population III Binary Black Holes: Effects of Convective Overshooting on Formation of GW190521
• The importance of magnetic fields for the initial mass function of the first stars
• Formation of GW190521 via gas accretion onto Population III stellar black hole remnants born in high-redshift minihalos
• Formation of Binary Black Holes Similar to GW190521 with a Total Mass of $\sim 150M_{\odot }$ from Population III Binary Star Evolution
• Not so fast: LB-1 is unlikely to contain a 70 $M_{\odot }$ black hole
• Conditions for the Formation of First-Star Binaries
• Chemically Homogeneous Evolution: A rapid population synthesis approach
• Jumping the gap: searching for LIGO's biggest black holes
• Predicting the locations of possible long-lived low-mass first stars: Importance of satellite dwarf galaxies
• A stripped-companion origin for Be stars: clues from the putative black holes HR 6819 and LB-1
• Gravitational waves from Population III binary black holes formed by dynamical capture
• Merging Black Holes in the Low-mass and High-mass Gaps from 2+2 Quadruple Systems
• The Population III origin of GW190521
• Birth, life, and death of black hole binaries around supermassive black holes: dynamical evolution of gravitational wave sources
• A stripped helium star in the potential black hole binary LB-1
• The Formation of a 70 Msun Black Hole at High Metallicity
• Chirp Mass and Spin of Binary Black Holes from First Star Remnants
• You Can't Always Get What You Want: The Impact of Prior Assumptions on Interpreting GW190412
• State of the field: Binary black hole natal kicks and prospects for isolated field formation after GWTC-2
• The Origin of inequality: isolated formation of a 30+10Msun binary black-hole merger
• Generation of massive stellar black holes by rapid gas accretion in primordial dense clusters
• The Ultimately Large Telescope -- what kind of facility do we need to detect Population III stars?
• The Detection Rates of Merging Binary Black Holes Originating from Star Clusters and Their Mass Function
• Dynamical evolution of Population III stellar systems and the resulting binary statistics
• MOCCA SURVEY Database I: Binary Black Hole Mergers from Globular Clusters with Intermediate Mass Black Holes
• Was GW190412 born from a hierarchical 3+1 quadruple configuration?
• Observational constraints on the survival of pristine stars
• Implications of inhomogeneous metal mixing for stellar archaeology
• Blocking metal accretion onto population III stars by stellar wind
• A detailed non-LTE analysis of LB-1: Revised parameters and surface abundances
• Phase-dependent study of near-infrared disk emission lines in LB-1
• Orbital period dependent spatial scatter of Galactic Black Hole Transients
• Formation of low-spinning 100 Msun black holes
• Inferring the velocity of early massive stars from the abundances of extremely metal-poor stars
• Being Careful with the Field Formation Interpretation of GW190412
• Accretion Feedback from newly-formed black holes and its implications for LIGO Sources
• Effect of interstellar objects on metallicity of low-mass first stars formed in a cosmological model
• Galactic population of black holes in detached binaries with low-mass stripped helium stars: the case of LB-1 (LS~V+22~25)
• On the formation of exotic, massive, stellar-remnant black holes at solar and sub-solar metallicities through evolution of massive binaries

Cited by in corpus (79)

• Science with the Einstein Telescope: a comparison of different designs
• Hierarchical mergers of stellar-mass black holes and their gravitational-wave signatures
• Rates of Compact Object Coalescences
• The cosmic merger rate density of compact objects: impact of star formation, metallicity, initial mass function and binary evolution
• Formation of GW190521 from stellar evolution: the impact of the hydrogen-rich envelope, dredge-up and ${}^{12}$C($\alpha$, $\gamma$)${}^{16}$O rate on the pair-instability black hole mass gap
• The Cosmic Evolution of Binary Black Holes in Young, Globular and Nuclear Star Clusters: Rates, Masses, Spins and Mixing Fractions
• Is GW190521 the merger of black holes from the first stellar generations?
• The Science of the Einstein Telescope
• Primordial Black Holes
• Population III Binary Black Holes: Effects of Convective Overshooting on Formation of GW190521
• The impact of common envelope development criteria on the formation of LIGO/Virgo sources
• Intermediate mass black holes from stellar mergers in young star clusters
• Formation of Binary Black Holes Similar to GW190521 with a Total Mass of $\sim 150M_{\odot }$ from Population III Binary Star Evolution
• Formation channels of single and binary stellar-mass black holes
• Preparing the next gravitational million-body simulations: Evolution of single and binary stars in Nbody6++GPU, MOCCA and McLuster
• Merger rate density of binary black holes through isolated Population I, II, III and extremely metal-poor binary star evolution
• How to assess the primordial origin of single gravitational-wave events with mass, spin, eccentricity, and deformability measurements
• Grids of stellar models with rotation: V. Models from 1.7 to 120 Msun at zero metallicity
• Deep learning and Bayesian inference of gravitational-wave populations: Hierarchical black-hole mergers
• Compact Binary Coalescences: Astrophysical Processes and Lessons Learned
• Binary black hole mergers from Population III stars: uncertainties from star formation and binary star properties
• On the single-event-based identification of primordial black hole mergers at cosmological distances
• Dynamical evolution of Population III stellar systems and the resulting binary statistics
• Gravitational wave of intermediate-mass black holes in Population III star clusters
• Searching for Primordial Black Holes with the Einstein Telescope: impact of design and systematics
• The Lunar Gravitational-wave Antenna: Mission Studies and Science Case
• Evidence for the evolution of black hole mass function with redshift
• Spin misalignment of black hole binaries from young star clusters: implications for the origin of gravitational waves events
• Formation of black holes in the pair-instability mass gap: Hydrodynamical simulations of a head-on massive star collision
• Constraining accretion efficiency in massive binary stars with LIGO-Virgo black holes
• Stellar winds and metal enrichment from fast-rotating Population III stars
• Formation of Massive and Wide First-star Binaries in Radiation Hydrodynamics Simulations
• Massive binary black holes from Population II and III stars
• Reconstructing the Genealogy of LIGO-Virgo Black Holes
• Measuring properties of primordial black hole mergers at cosmological distances: effect of higher order modes in gravitational waves
• On the population III binary black hole mergers beyond the pair-instability mass gap
• An optimized PyCBC search for gravitational waves from intermediate-mass black hole mergers
• High mass but low spin: an exclusion region to rule out hierarchical black-hole mergers as a mechanism to populate the pair-instability mass gap
• The most luminous AGN do not produce the majority of the detected stellar-mass black hole binary mergers in the local Universe
• SCATTER: A New Common Envelope Formalism
• Stable mass transfer can explain massive binary black hole mergers with a high spin component
• Gravitational waves from Population III binary black holes are consistent with LIGO/Virgo O3a data for the chirp mass larger than $\sim 20M_{\odot }$
• Binary black hole mergers from young massive clusters in the pair-instability supernova mass gap
• Gravitational waves from the remnants of the first stars in nuclear star clusters
• Merging Hierarchical Triple Black Hole Systems with Intermediate-mass Black Holes in Population III Star Clusters
• Inferring, not just detecting: metrics for high-redshift sources observed with third-generation gravitational-wave detectors
• Gravitational waves from mergers of Population III binary black holes: roles played by two evolution channels
• Binary black hole mergers from young massive and open clusters: comparison to GWTC-2 gravitational wave data
• Growth of Massive Disk and Early Disk Fragmentation in the Primordial Star Formation
• The boring history of Gaia BH3 from isolated binary evolution
• Euclid detectability of pair instability supernovae in binary population synthesis models consistent with merging binary black holes
• Can Population III stars be major origins of both merging binary black holes and extremely metal poor stars?
• Backward Population Synthesis: Mapping the Evolutionary History of Gravitational-Wave Progenitors
• No evidence that the binary black hole mass distribution evolves with redshift
• Footprints of population III stars in the gravitational-wave background
• Binary black hole mergers from Population III star clusters
• The THESAN-ZOOM project: Population III star formation continues until the end of reionization
• Merger rate density of stellar-mass binary black holes from young massive clusters, open clusters, and isolated binaries: comparisons with LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA results
• Premature Black Hole Death of Population III Stars by Dark Matter
• New insights on binary black hole formation channels after GWTC-2: young star clusters versus isolated binaries
• Compact Objects in close orbits as Gravitational Wave Sources: Formation Scenarios and Properties
• Classifying binary black holes from Population III stars with the Einstein Telescope: A machine-learning approach
• Implementation of a generalized precession parameter in the RIFT parameter estimation algorithm
• Population Synthesis of Black Hole Binaries with Compact Star Companions
• Merger Conditions of Population III Protostar Binaries
• Fast and accurate parameter estimation of high-redshift sources with the Einstein Telescope
• Light Curves and Event Rates of Axion Instability Supernovae
• On the Formation of GW190521-like Binary Black Hole Merger Systems
• Impact of Population III stars on the astrophysical gravitational-wave background
• Not all roads lead to merger: AGN disc properties influence the interactions of highly unequal mass black holes
• Gravitational wave backgrounds from coalescing black hole binaries at cosmic dawn: an upper bound
• Black Hole - Neutron Star and Binary Neutron Star Mergers from Population III and II stars
• Spin distribution of binary black holes formed in open clusters
• Modelling the host galaxies of binary compact object mergers with observational scaling relations
• Constraining high-redshift stellar-mass primordial black holes with next-generation ground-based gravitational-wave detectors
• Gravitational wave astronomy: astrophysical and cosmological inferences
• Investigating the formation channel of GW231123: Population III stars or hierarchical mergers?
• Direct N-body simulations of rotating and extremely massive Population III star clusters
• Host galaxies and electromagnetic counterparts to binary neutron star mergers across the cosmic time: Detectability of GW170817-like events