Gravitational waves from the remnants of the first stars in nuclear star clusters

Abstract

We study Population III (Pop III) binary remnant mergers in nuclear star clusters (NSCs) with a semi-analytical approach for early structure formation. Within this framework, we keep track of the dynamics of Pop III binary (compact object) remnants during cosmic structure formation, and construct the population of Pop III binary remnants that fall into NSCs by dynamical friction of field stars. The subsequent evolution within NSCs is then derived from three-body encounters and gravitational-wave (GW) emission. We find that 7.5% of Pop III binary remnants will fall into the centres ($<3\mathrm{pc}$) of galaxies. About $5-50\%$ of these binaries will merge at $z>0$ in NSCs, including those with very large initial separations (up to 1~pc). The merger rate density (MRD) peaks at $z\sim 5-7$ with $\sim 0.4-10\mathrm{y}{\mathrm{r}}^{-1}\mathrm{Gp}{\mathrm{c}}^{-3}$, leading to a promising detection rate $\sim 170-2700\mathrm{y}{\mathrm{r}}^{-1}$ for 3rd-generation GW detectors that can reach $z\sim 10$. Low-mass ($\lesssim 10^6{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$) NSCs formed at high redshifts ($z\gtrsim 4.5$) host most ($\gtrsim 90\%$) of our mergers, which mainly consist of black holes (BHs) with masses $\sim 40-85{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$, similar to the most massive BHs found in LIGO events. Particularly, our model can produce events like GW190521 involving BHs in the standard mass gap for pulsational pair-instability supernovae with a MRD $\sim 0.01-0.09\mathrm{y}{\mathrm{r}}^{-1}\mathrm{Gp}{\mathrm{c}}^{-3}$ at $z\sim 1$, consistent with that inferred by LIGO.

18 pages, 22 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

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Cited by in corpus (13)

• Rates of Compact Object Coalescences
• The Science of the Einstein Telescope
• Merger rate density of binary black holes through isolated Population I, II, III and extremely metal-poor binary star evolution
• Public Release of A-SLOTH: Ancient Stars and Local Observables by Tracing Halos
• Quiescent and active galactic nuclei as factories of merging compact objects in the era of gravitational-wave astronomy
• Formation of Massive and Wide First-star Binaries in Radiation Hydrodynamics Simulations
• Gravitational waves from mergers of Population III binary black holes: roles played by two evolution channels
• Can Population III stars be major origins of both merging binary black holes and extremely metal poor stars?
• Compact object populations over cosmic time II. Compact object merger rates and masses over redshift from varying initial conditions
• Detectability of Population III stellar remnants as X-ray binaries from tidal captures in the local Universe
• Modelling the host galaxies of binary compact object mergers with observational scaling relations
• Direct N-body simulations of rotating and extremely massive Population III star clusters
• Capability for detection of GW190521-like binary black holes with TianQin